Stabilizing control for overvoltages in a separated power system with heavy load and large shunt capacitance

This paper deals with overvoltages caused by self-excitation in a separated power system, which has some generators, heavy load and large shunt capacitance of underground cables and/or shunt capacitors. The condition of voltage stability in a separated power system is analysed in the G-B_c (admittance) plane. Even when the system is stable, there is a possibility that the voltage is too high or too low, or the frequency is not in the desired range. These phenomena are also analysed in the G-B_c plane. In stabilizing the separated system, it is necessary to consider not only the active power balance, but also the reactive power balance. Stabilizing control strategy for the separated system is proposed based on the analysis in the G-B_c plane, and the simulation results of the stabilizing control strategy are presented.     

Control algorithms for shunt VAR systems

Experimental investigations of shunt VAR systems (SVSs) on a model machine network illustrate the desirability of changes in the control system of the SVS as the operating conditions of the network vary. The fast time constant and the increase of stabilizing effectiveness at high load angles both favour the use of SVSs in damping of power system oscillations. As with AVRs, the control algorithms to give good damping must use signals other than voltage error. Experiments demonstrated that power swing damping can be obtained using a power signal in a micro-processor implemented feedback control system.     

State-variable control of shunt FACTS devices using phasor measurements

This paper addresses the problem of state-variable stabilizing control of power system using shunt FACTS devices. This stabilizing control is activated in the transient state of a power system and is supplementary with respect to the main steady-state control of a FACTS device. Stabilizing control laws have been derived for a non-linear multi-machine system model using direct Lyapunov method with the aim to maximize the rate of energy dissipation during power swings and therefore maximization of damping. The proposed control strategy is executed by a non-linear multi-loop controller with rotor angles and speed deviations of synchronous generators used as the input signals. The input signals, obtained from a phasor measurement system, are necessary only from a small area around the controlled shunt FACTS device. Validity of the proposed state-variable control has been confirmed by computer simulation for a small multi-machine test system.     

计及负荷特性的配电网多时间尺度电压控制及协调修正

针对第三方光伏电源大量并入配电网的市场背景,提出了一种计及负荷特性及光伏无功成本的配电网电压协调控制方法。该方法分为日前优化和实时优化两个阶段。日前优化以网损及有载调压变压器和并联电容器组动作成本最优为目标,优化产生未来24h有载调压变压器分接头和并联电容器组动作方案;日内优化中建立了光伏电源无功输出成本模型,以网损和光伏无功成本最优为目标,通过优化光伏无功输出消除预测误差产生的影响,并增加了对日前优化的校正环节。同时,为了能在工业负荷和商业负荷占比较高的地区达到更好的优化效果,在无功优化中考虑了负荷静态电压特性,建立了考虑负荷特性的潮流计算模型,改善了优化效果。通过实例仿真表明,所提出的协调控制方法能够很好地消除预测误差对实时运行的影响,平抑电压波动,减少控制成本。     

适用于飞机电网的并联型有源电力滤波器功率电路及其控制策略

针对飞机电网频率较高、电源内阻抗较大的特点,采用并联型有源电力滤波器实现对电网谐波的集中抑制。采用改进的交叉矢量算法实现对基准补偿电流的检测和计算,采用滞环电流控制实现对较高频率电源系统瞬时电流的补偿,同时对直流侧电压进行稳压调节,并推导其传递函数。仿真和实验结果验证了将APF应用于飞机电网的正确性和可行性,表明采用本文的有源滤波器可集中抑制电网谐波电流,具有较好的补偿效果。     

Development of a large static VAr generator using self-commutatedinverters for improving power system stability

A static VAr generator (SVG) using self-commutated inverters of 80 MVA capacity was developed and successfully applied to an annual 154 KV power system to stabilize the power system. The SVG consists of 48 pulse multiple inverters whereby gate turn-off (GTO) thyristors are applied. After installing it at a power system site, a field test was conducted to confirm the system stabilizing effect. The test results displayed the expected performance, and the SVG was proven to be effective power system stabilizer. The outline of the 80 MVA SVG, technical features, and the test results are described     

基于p-q-r理论的UPQC直接控制策略

阐述了p-q-r瞬时功率理论的原理,提出了基于该理论的统一电能质量控制器(UPQC)的直接控制策略,探讨了将其用于三相四线非线性及不平衡系统中的实现方法。着重介绍了p-q-r参考波形的产生方法,以及串联补偿电流和并联补偿电压的计算方法,并将其应用于非线性不平衡负载在电源电压不平衡及电压跌落情况下UPQC直接控制策略中。分析了控制策略的原理,推导出相关运算公式,给出了详细的控制框图。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果表明,采用该方法可以有效地消除非线性及不平衡负载对电网的影响,使电网输入功率因数为1,同时,串联补偿器隔离了电网电压对负载电压的扰动,并联补偿器给负载提供三相平衡及正弦的额定电压,不受电网电压变化的影响。     

高温超导电缆在城市地下输电系统应用的可行性研究

大城市有可能最先采用商业化运行高温超导电缆 ,用于城市地下交流输电系统。其主要应用目标是用于地下电缆工程改造 ,利用现有排管以高温超导电缆取代现有的常导电缆 ,增加地下电缆传输容量以及采用高温超导电缆将巨大电能 (1GVA以上 )输入到城市负荷中心。采用常导电力电缆传输 1GVA以上的电能进入中心城区 ,输电电压一般要求为 5 0 0 k V。在城市中心区不可能建设 5 0 0 k V变电站。 5 0 0 k V电缆线路所需的 5 0 0 k V大长度电缆和相应附件 ,目前尚未研制开发。采用高温超导电缆将有可能降低输电电压等级 ,可以采用 2 2 0 k V高温超导电缆将 1GVA以上的电能输入到城市负荷中心 ,满足特大型城市负荷中心供电需求。采用 110 k V高温超导电缆 ,亦有可能传输 1GVA左右电能。本文通过对交流高温超导电缆系列设计计算对额定电压 35 k V、110 k V、2 2 0 k V的高温超导电缆 ,按不同传输电流 (或传输容量 ) ,以高温超导电缆的传输效率 (损耗与传输容量比 )、高温超导电缆外径限值和超导导体绕制结构限制条件 ,确定高温超导电缆适用性界定条件 ,提出城市地下输电、配电系统用高温超导电缆可行方案。     

Study of a future metropolitan electric network adapted to introduction of cryogenic high-power cables

The authors have investigated the operational feasibility of a future metropolitan electric power system associated with highly densified cryogenic cables. A new concept of power system configuration with cryogenic cables and its operation have been proposed. Three different models of future power transmission systems in large cities of Japan have been constructed as the background systems prior to introduction of cryogenic cables in the 21st century. This paper considers one of the three models which is characterized by its conventional transmission system constructed mainly by 154-kV transmission lines stepping down directly from the 500-kV outer ring without any intermediate voltage class. This paper also discusses whether or not the power system model will be operated effectively together with cryogenic cables to supply demands forecasted in the period subsequent to the first decade of the 21st century. The computer simulations are carried out to obtain power flow and bus voltage distributions for a peak load period as well as for an off-peak one in the power system model. These simulations reveal that the conventional background power system should be arranged very carefully before introducing the cryogenic cables to facilitate their operations. (1) On a contingent trip of a cryogenic cable in the peak in the peak load period, not all bus voltages are expected to be kept within a tolerant zone due to the high impedance of 154-kV conventional transmission lines in the power system model. (2) Thus it is proposed that the background conventional system prior to introduction of cryogenic cables should be developed not only by extension of 154-kV conventional transmission lines but also by introduction of 275-kV lines. (3) Bus voltage rises induced in the off-peak load period are reduced by effective utilization of 275-kV conventional transmission lines.     

Load voltage compensation using series–shunt power converter

This paper presents a method of amplitude control and unbalance compensation of the load voltage using a series–shunt power converter. The series power converter works to obtain a constant balanced sinusoidal load voltage. The shunt converter regulates the DC link voltage and compensates for the reactive current of the source within the rated current of the converter. To design the required capacity for the series–shunt power converter, the relation between the converter capacity and the load power factor at constant compensation voltage is introduced. The required capacity of the series–shunt power converter is reduced by more than 50% compared with that of a conventional series power converter. The effectiveness of the proposed load voltage compensation technique using the series–shunt power converter is verified by experiments. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 39–48, 2001     

基于系统电流检测的并联有源电力滤波器新型数字控制方法

提出了一种基于系统电流检测的并联有源电力滤波器数字控制方法,应用于以PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)电压源型变流器为主电路结构的并联有源电力滤波器中,对三相三线制系统中非线性负载的谐波和无功电流有理想的补偿效果.该控制方法只需检测系统电流和直流侧电压,无需参考电流,与传统控制方法相比具有检测量少、计算简单等优点.文章给出了理论分析和仿真结果,并以ADMC326(DSP)为控制核心设计了一套三相并联有源滤波器实验装置.仿真和实验结果证明了所提出控制方法的可行性和有效性.     

海上风电场无功配置优化方案

根据海上风电场无功配置原则,分析包含风电机组、海缆、主变压器的海上风电场无功损耗。在满足无功补偿及工频过电压要求的情况下,应尽可能提高并联电抗器容量,从而给出并联电抗器和动态无功补偿装置SVG的配置优化方案。研究结果表明：当220 kV海缆长度增加和风电机组出力减少时,海上风电场容性无功会增加。当220 kV海缆长度增加时,海上风电场空载过电压、甩负荷过电压及单相接地故障过电压会增加。最后,基于某实际案例,给出并联电抗器和SVG装置的最优容量。所提方法简单实用,经济可行,可应用于工程实践。     

海上风电场无功配置优化方案

根据海上风电场无功配置原则,分析包含风电机组、海缆、主变压器的海上风电场无功损耗。在满足无功补偿及工频过电压要求的情况下,应尽可能提高并联电抗器容量,从而给出并联电抗器和动态无功补偿装置SVG的配置优化方案。研究结果表明：当220 kV海缆长度增加和风电机组出力减少时,海上风电场容性无功会增加。当220 kV海缆长度增加时,海上风电场空载过电压、甩负荷过电压及单相接地故障过电压会增加。最后,基于某实际案例,给出并联电抗器和SVG装置的最优容量。所提方法简单实用,经济可行,可应用于工程实践。     

10kV地下排管电缆的分布式光纤在线测温技术的应用研究

在电力电缆监测中,温度是一个非常关键的参数,精确的、连续的温度数据对于电力电缆的工作状态监测、动态负荷测定、过热点报警和电缆管道的火灾监测等都具有非常重要的意义。笔者采用基于拉曼散射效应和拉曼光学时域反射测量技术的分布式光纤测温系统,对10kV地下排管敷设的电缆温度进行实时地、多测量点监测,获得了精确的点位温度值,可有效用于在线连续监测,为电缆载流量的确定提供了参考数据。     

基于可控超导储能的波动负载补偿

提出了一种应用可控超导储能(SMES)装置对波动负载进行补偿的方法。它可以使电网输入的有功功率保持恒定,同时对负载的无功功率进行补偿以提高功率因数。为了有效地进行功率控制,SMES装置的变流器采用电流源型的拓扑结构并与负载并联连接,同时采用闭环控制方法以提高系统的动态性能。为减小交流电流谐波成分,采用了优化脉宽调制开关策略。最后给出了一套20kJ／15kW SMES装置的仿真和实验结果。     

基于有功和无功功率协调分配的统一电能质量调节器控制策略

统一电能质量调节器(UPQC)由串联型有源滤波器和并联型有源滤波器组合而成。在常规功率控制策略中,串、并联变流器与馈线之间存在的有功功率环流增大了串、并联单元的容量负担和损耗,且当电源电压跌落较大时,串、并联单元在补偿电能质量过程中有可能发生容量越限。提出了基于有功和无功功率协调分配的UPQC控制策略,通过合理分配串、并联变流器的功率输出,充分发挥串联变流器的作用,使得串联变流器承担部分负载无功功率以减轻并联变流器的负担,并消除有功功率环流;基于并联变流器补偿容量恒定的原则分配电源与储能单元提供的有功功率,以减小配电网馈线过电流的风险,并保证串、并联单元在补偿电能质量过程中不会发生容量越限。在电源电压完全跌落的极限情况下,负载有功完全由储能提供,实现了不间断电源的功能。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了仿真算例,结果验证了所提策略的正确性和有效性,能够实现UPQC串、并联变流器以及储能单元的协调控制。     

基于状态变量反馈的并联型综合电能质量调节器控制方法

分析了仅由1套逆变器构成的并联型综合电能质量调节器的结构特点和控制目标,提出了一种基于状态变量反馈的系统控制方法,通过控制电源电流来间接控制负载电压,很好地解决了常规比例–积分控制时电源和负载间的连接电感所导致的供电电流直流暂态分量不衰减的问题。运用Matlab分别对系统接线性和非线性负载的情况进行仿真,验证了该控制方法的正确性和有效性。     

自并励励磁系统发电机空载电压阶跃响应指标对电力系统扰动品质的影响

为研究自并励静止励磁系统的发电机空载电压阶跃响应品质对电力系统扰动品质的影响，确定分析电力系统扰动种类和扰动品质，按照相同上升时间不同超调量和相同超调量不同的上升时间建立了自并励静止励磁系统各参数组；对电力系统扰动进行计算分析，按照优劣排序，得到较小上升时间和超调量的自并励静止励磁系统在多数扰动下品质较优的结论；对自并励静止励磁系统发电机空载阶跃指标提出整定范围。     

DSTATCOM在电网中的应用

根据传统电网所采用的并联电容器组无功补偿方式及自动投切方式的诸多弊端,提出一种对已有并联电容器补偿装置的变电站进行智能化改造的最优方案.通过电网220kV某变电站电网负荷对系统电压影响的研究,确定DSTATCOM（配电网静止同步补偿装置）无功补偿容量,并设计综合控制策略控制并联电容器组的自动投切,实现无功补偿容量的柔性...     

控制电缆电阻值超标问题分析及实例计算

变电站运行中控制电缆电阻值超标极易带来事故隐患。采用实测的电阻值超标的控制电缆数据,对不同用途（控制及信号回路电缆、测量表计电流回路电缆、保护电流回路电缆、电压回路电缆）下控制电缆的长度进行了计算,得出该型号电缆在实际工程中使用的极限长度,为电力电缆设计、工程施工提供参考。