Germinated Cajanus cajan seeds as ingredients in pasta products: Chemical,biological and sensory evaluation

Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) seeds were germinated for 4 days at 20 °C in darkness in order to improve the nutritional quality of seeds. Germination brought about a sharp reduction of α-galactosides, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity (83%, 61% and 36%, respectively) and an increment of vitamin B₂ (145%), vitamin C (from negligible amounts to 14 mg/100 g d.m.), vitamin E (108%) and total antioxidant capacity (28%). These flours were used as ingredients to produce pasta products in a proportion of 5%, 8% and 10%. The supplemented pasta products had shorter cooking time and higher water absorption, cooking and protein losses in water than had control pasta (100% semolina). From sensory evaluation, fortified pasta generally had acceptability similar to control pasta. Cooked pasta with the highest level of substitution (semolina:germinated pigeon pea flour at 10%) was chemically and biologically evaluated and results showed that protein, fat, dietary fibre and mineral contents were improved. Fortified pasta provided more vitamin B₁, B₂, E and antioxidant capacity than did control pasta. Biological assessment of fortified, cooked pasta indicated that true TD and PER value increased by 12% and 64%, respectively, in comparison with control. The germinated pigeon pea flour can be an excellent ingredient to increase the nutritional value of semolina pasta without affecting the sensory properties.     

In vitro starch digestion and technological properties of spaghetti fortified with lupin protein isolate

Spaghetti commonly made with durum wheat, typically lacks essential amino acids and with low fibre. Legumes offer potential to improve these properties and lupin is a good choice because it is cheaper with fewer antinutritional compounds than other legumes. Spaghetti was prepared with 0%, 5%, 17% and 30% lupin protein isolate (LPI) using both single-screw (SSEP) and twin-screw extrusion (TSEP). LPI increased protein up to 129%, reduced cooking time, water absorption and cooked firmness while stickiness and cooking loss were increased, especially using TSEP. LPI made the dried pasta more red and yellow and decreased brightness. The percentage of starch digested under in vitro conditions was reduced using 17%LPI with TSEP and 30%LPI with SSEP compared vs. control. Microscopy revealed changes in structure by LPI which may explain impacts on technological properties and digestion. Inclusion of LPI in pasta represents a potential approach for a low-cost improvement of nutritional value of spaghetti and potentially reducing its starch digestibility.     

Suitability of pigeon pea and rice starches and their blends for noodle making

The physicochemical and pasting properties of pigeon pea and rice starches were studied to assess their suitability for noodle making. Amylose content, solubility and freeze thaw stability of pigeon pea starch were significantly higher than those of rice starch (p < 0.05). The pasting properties of peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and set back showed higher values for pigeon pea starch, whereas hot paste viscosity and pasting temperature were higher for rice starch. Rice starch noodles revealed less cooking time (4 min) and less percent solids loss, whereas pigeon pea starch noodles had higher cooking time (12 min), higher percentage of water absorbed during cooking, more hardness and cohesiveness. Rice starch noodles scored higher for their transparency and slipperiness over pigeon pea starch noodles. Blending of pigeon pea starch with rice starch had significant effects on the cooking and sensory quality of noodles. Among starch blends, 70:30 blend of the pigeon pea and rice starches respectively resulted in good quality of noodles especially in terms of their higher transparency, slipperiness, overall acceptability and cohesiveness values. Blending of pigeon pea starch with 30% rice starch could produce noodles with superior quality as compared to native pigeon pea and rice starch noodles.     

Gluten-free pasta production from banana and cassava flours with egg white protein and soy protein addition

Egg white protein and soy protein were incorporated into a banana and cassava flour blend (75:25) to produce gluten-free pasta. The objectives of study were to investigate the effects of the different protein sources on the physico-chemical properties of gluten-free pasta. The levels of protein inclusion were 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of composite flour (w/w) for each type of protein. Pasta made from 100% durum wheat semolina was used as controls. The protein fortification affected the total starch, resistant starch and protein content of gluten-free pasta compared to semolina pasta. No significant effects of soy/egg white protein addition were found in either insoluble or soluble dietary fibre content. Cooking properties of pasta (optimum cooking time, swelling index, water adsorption index and cooking loss) and texture properties (firmness and extensibility) were affected by the level of protein addition and the type of protein. Results showed the utilisation of 25% cassava flour and protein inclusion have a promising application in gluten-free pasta production.     

Variation in contents of phenolic compounds during growth and post-harvest storage of pigeon pea seedlings

The variation in contents of seven phenolic compounds in pigeon pea seedlings during growth and storage was investigated. Maximum contents of vitexin, isovitexin and orientin were found in leaves growing 40 days, which were 0.99 ± 0.06, 6.63 ± 0.35 and 30.89 ± 1.92 mg/g DW. Apigenin and luteolin were extensively distributed in leaves, stems and roots. Pinostrobin and cajaninstilbene acid were mainly accumulated in leaves, the peak values 3.53 ± 0.18 and 2.49 ± 0.13 mg/g DW appeared at the 60th day. Slight and steady increases of seven phenolic compounds were found in room temperature (25 °C) stored pigeon pea leaves up to 120 days. The highest accumulation of seven phenolic compounds at chilling temperature (4 °C) was observed at the 45th day, after which the contents decreased sharply. The stems extracts exhibited more efficient DPPH radical-scavenging ability while the roots extracts demonstrated the strongest lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity.     

Use of ultrasonication to enhance pea seed germination and microbial quality of pea sprouts

This study investigated the effects of ultrasonication, heating and chemical washing on decontamination of seeds of three pea (Pisum sativum) varieties and the microbial safety of their sprouts. Most of the decontamination treatments increased germination, decreased microbial load and enhanced sprout growth. Ultrasonication and NaOCl treatments reduced total aerobic counts on sprouts by 5.86 and 5.51 log units (averages of three varieties), respectively; while other chemical treatments (350 mL L^?1 ethanol, 350 mL L^?1 vinegar and 10 g L^?1 NaCl solutions) failed to reduce total aerobic counts sufficiently enough to secure microbial safety. The ultrasonication not only improved germination (increased from an average of 83 to 97%), but also reduced the total aerobic counts to 2.21 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 on seed sprouts. Ultrasonication also increased the sprouts yield to 301.83 g per 10 g seeds. Therefore, ultrasonication can be used as a microbial control treatment for pea sprout production.     

Fortification of pasta with split pea and faba bean flours: Pasta processing and quality evaluation

Nutritionally enhanced spaghetti was produced by adding high amounts (35% db) of legume flour (split pea or faba bean) to durum wheat semolina. The production of fortified pasta required an adaptation of the pasta making process (higher hydration level and mixing speed) to limit agglomeration of particles during mixing. Moreover, addition of legume flour induced a decrease in some pasta quality attributes (e.g. higher cooking loss, lower breaking energy). This could be attributed to the introduction of non-gluten proteins and insoluble fibres which weakened the overall structure of pasta. A modification of the sensorial properties including higher hardness and higher fracturability were also observed. Some quality attributes (e.g. lower cooking loss) of fortified pasta were improved by applying high and very high temperatures during the drying cycle, reflecting strengthening of the protein network. However, these treatments resulted in excessively firm and rubbery pasta according to the panelists.     

Combined effects of chitosan and MAP to improve the microbial quality of amaranth homemade fresh pasta

In this work a study on the combined effects of chitosan and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) to improve the microbiological quality of amaranth-based homemade fresh pasta is presented. In particular, two different chitosan concentrations were combined to three different MAP conditions and tested against the following spoilage microorganisms: mesophilic bacteria, Staphylococcus spp., yeasts, moulds and total coliforms. Their viable cell concentrations were monitored for about 2 months at 4 °C. Results suggest that there is a combined effect between MAP and chitosan in delaying the microbial quality loss of pasta during storage. Moreover, it was also found that among the tested MAP conditions, the combination of 30:70 N₂:CO₂ is the most efficient, promoting an extension of the microbial acceptability limit beyond two months.     

Chemical,biological and sensory evaluation of pasta products supplemented with α‐galactoside‐free lupin flours

α‐Galactoside‐free lupin flour has been used to supplement durum wheat semolina flour in order to increase the nutritive value of pasta products. Supplemented pasta products had a shorter cooking time, higher cooking water absorption, cooking loss and protein loss in water than control pasta prepared with only semolina. Sensory evaluation of cooked pastas showed that products supplemented with 80 g kg^?1 of α‐galactoside‐free Lupinus angustifolius var. Emir flour or with 100 g kg^?1 of α‐galactoside‐free Lupinus angustifolius var. Troll flour showed the same acceptability by panellists as the semolina pasta. These levels of supplementation were selected for further studies. The cooked α‐galactoside‐free lupin/semolina pastas showed higher amounts of protein, dietary fibre, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and antioxidant capacity than control pasta and a reasonable level of vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂ and vitamin E. Biological assessment of cooked pastas indicated that the true protein digestibility did not change after the fortification of semolina but protein efficiency ratio increased sharply in the pasta supplemented with α‐galactoside‐free lupin flours (2.07 and 1.92 for Emir and Troll lupin varieties, respectively) in comparison with the control pasta (1.11). It is concluded that the α‐galactoside‐free lupin flours are an adequate ingredient to improve the nutritional quality of pasta products without adding flatulent oligosaccharides. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Optimization of process parameters for the development of a cheese analogue from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and soy milk using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was used to optimize starter culture concentration (3–7%), pigeon pea–soy solids ratio (1 : 0.3–1 : 1.1), pigeon pea–water ratio (1 : 12–1 : 9), incubation temperature (37–45C) and coagulation temperature (75–95C) in the development of a cheese analogue from pigeon pea and soy milk. Pigeon pea milk and soy milk were prepared by a hot water grinding method, followed by filtration and inoculation. Cheese analogue was obtained through coagulation of the fermented milk by boiling for 15 min, followed by filtration using double-layered muslin cloth and pressing at 1 kg/cm ² pressure for 1 h. The results showed that the total solids recovery (TSR), protein content, fat content and pH varied from 51.09–62.61%, 40.04–55.93%, 9.35–15.36% and 4.48–4.9, respectively, depending on the experimental conditions. The optimum conditions of process parameters for maximum total solids recovery were 6.0% starter culture concentration, 1 : 0.4 pigeon pea–soy solids ratio, 1 : 11 pigeon pea–water ratio, 40.5C incubation temperature and 88.5C coagulation temperature.     

Effect of supplementation of wheat flour with resistant starch and monoglycerides in pasta dried at high temperatures

Quality of pastas made from wheat flour (WF) and durum wheat semolina (DWS) with added resistant starch (RS) and distilled monoglyceride was evaluated through a central composite rotational design. A press extruder was used to produce the pasta. Water absorption index showed statistical difference between the WF and DWS indicating that proteins present in each samples were different. Pasta samples obtained with the WF presented a shorter cooking time and less solid loss than those obtained with DWS. Increase in volume and weight gain was similar for both samples. Instrumental texture responses showed that pasta made from DWS had higher values for firmness and springiness and lower for adhesiveness when compare to WF pastas. Nevertheless, pasta made from both samples showed similar behaviours of final RS contents of 4% after cooking. Therefore, they could be considered as a source of fibres according to the Brazilian Laws (3 g dietary fibre/100 g product).     

In-vitro digestibility,textural and quality characteristics of ditalini pasta fortified with green banana flour and its type -IV modified starch

Resistant starch in unripe banana offers a possibility to alter the glycemic properties in convenience foods, such as pasta. In this study, pasta formulations were tried by replacing 30% semolina with varying proportions of green banana flour (GBF) and banana-modified starch (MS). The effect of substitution on physicochemical and functional properties, including in-vitro starch digestibility, antioxidant property and consumer acceptability, was evaluated. Among the composite flours, MS recorded higher swelling power and water holding capacity. The replacement of semolina with GBF resulted in higher resistant starch, 4–5 times enhanced indigestible fraction, phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in pasta. Pronounced increment was also observed in potassium, calcium and magnesium content in blended pasta. Optimal cooking time was reduced with the addition of GBF, whereas it was enhanced with MS. GBF and MS in the blends, decreased the hydrolysis rate (up to 24%) and glycemic index (up to 17%) of pasta. However, the addition of MS beyond 10% negatively influenced springiness and chewiness. Microstructural studies explained the positive structural changes with the addition of GBF and MS. Sensory attributes disclosed that the addition of 25% GBF and 5% MS is a desirable proportion for pasta with a functional characteristics.     

Chemical composition,cooking quality,texture and consumer acceptance of pasta with Eruca vesicaria leaves

In this study, pasta with dried Eruca vesicaria leaves commonly known as Rocket salad and spinach leaves flours were prepared. Samples were evaluated for its chemical composition, cooking quality, textural, colour and consumer acceptance. Results showed that pasta with Eruca vesicaria had the highest dietary fibre content (5.30–9.50 g/100 g) and the lowest fat content (2.13–2.80 g/100 g). The optimally cooked pasta with 5% of leaves (stored 30 days) and pasta with 10% of leaves (stored 14 days) have good cooking quality with cooking loss ≤8%. The green colour and textural characteristics of pastas were stable during all period at 4 °C. Textural characteristics of pasta with rocket and spinach were similar. Pasta with 10% of rocket leaves has presented the highest overall acceptability score.     

Combination of resistant starches types II and IV with minimal amounts of oat bran yields good quality,low glycaemic index pasta

The objective of this work was to study the effects of the combination of resistant starch type II (RSII), resistant starch type IV (RSIV) and oat bran (OB) on technological and nutritional properties of pasta, applying response surface analysis. Cooking properties were improved by combining RSII and RSIV in pasta formulation, while OB addition negatively affected all technological attributes, and a negative synergistic effect was observed between this fibre and resistant starches in cooking losses. Considering nutritional properties, substitution of bread wheat flour with resistant starch type II and IV increased starch resistant to digestion and OB addition increased pasta starch hydrolysis. A positive synergistic effect was observed on glycaemic index by combining both types of resistant starches. Finally, we optimised the formulation considering three aspects separately: technological properties, nutritional attributes and these two features together. The combination of RSII 12.6, RSIV 3.1 and OB 0.6 g per 100 g of wheat flour will allow to obtain a pasta with low glycaemic index (GI = 69) and good technological characteristics.     

Evolution of porosity, shrinkage and density of pasta fortified with pea protein concentrate during drying

The aim of this work was to study the impact of fortification with commercial pea protein concentrate on the evolution of the moisture content, density, shrinkage and porosity of pasta made from durum wheat semolina during drying. Pasta were processed from durum wheat semolina enriched with pea protein concentrate at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g 100-g-dry matter⁻¹ and dried at low (40 °C) and high (80 °C) temperature. Moisture content, density, shrinkage and porosity and effective moisture diffusivity coefficients were linked through theoretical development. It enabled to study the behaviour of the properties as a function of drying time. The results showed that drying temperature has a greater effect on the studied properties than enrichment with pea protein concentrate. Drying at 80 °C increased radial and total shrinkage compared to drying at 40 °C, but no differences were observed for longitudinal shrinkage. Pasta dried at 80 °C were denser and overall less porous, but had greater internal porosity. The volumetric percentage of water lost during drying replaced by air within the pasta matrix was lower at 80 °C. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the gluten network of pasta dried at 80 °C seems denser and more continuous. Effective moisture diffusivity coefficients of pasta dried at 80 °C were higher at 5 and 10 g 100-g-dry matter⁻¹ enrichment level compared to the control.     

The in vitro protein digestibility,microbiological quality and gelatinization behaviour of macaroni as affected by cowpea flour addition

Cowpeas were germinated, fermented, cooked, ground to flour and added to standard durum wheat semolina at 20% (w/w) level for macaroni production. Macaroni samples were analysed for in vitro protein digestibility, microbial count (total bacteria, mould and yeast) and gelatinization behaviour over a 6-month storage period at room temperature (<25 °C). Starch gelatinization behaviour of the samples was analysed using differential scanning calorimetry. Supplementing semolina with cowpea flour did not have a significant affect on in vitro protein digestibilities or aerobic plate counts of macaroni samples (p < 0.05). There was a small but significant increase in mold and yeast counts after 6 months of storage in cowpea treated samples. Two endothermic peaks were observed with significant differences in ΔH values of control and cowpea treated macaroni samples. The transition peak (T_p) temperatures were in the range of 66.9–67.9 and 86.9–100.4 °C for the first and second peaks, respectively. The transition enthalpies (ΔH) were in the range 2.41–4.21 and 1.71–3.86 J/g for the first and second peaks, respectively.     

3种己糖糖基化修饰对豌豆蛋白结构和抗氧化活性的影响

目的 探究3种己糖糖基化修饰对豌豆蛋白结构和抗氧化活性的影响。。方法 通过自由氨基含量测定、内源荧光及表面疏水性变化、ABTS+·清除能力、DPPH·清除率、Fe2+螯合能力和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力分析研究豌豆蛋白糖基化产物的结构和 抗氧化活性。结果 经糖基化处理后,豌豆蛋白的自由氨基含量降低,空间结构发生改变,其中以半乳糖制备的豌豆蛋白糖基化产物（Pea protein-galactose conjugated compound,PP-gal）糖基化程度最大。就抗氧化性而言,PP-gal具有更好的ABTS+·清除能力、DPPH·清除率、Fe2+螯合能力和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力,即抗氧化活性最强。结论 本研究可为具有良好抗氧化活性的豌豆蛋白制备提供参考。