Effect of adding citrus waste water, thyme and oregano essential oil on the chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of a bologna sausage

The industrial transformation of citrus fruits generates large quantities of co-products rich in bioactive compounds that may well be suitable for other purposes. One such co-product is the water used in the process of obtaining fibre from orange. It was found that the addition of citrus waste water (5–10%) obtained as co-product during the extraction of dietary fibre and oregano or thyme essential oils (0.02%) to the bologna samples reduced the residual nitrite levels and the degree of lipid oxidation. The flavonoids hesperidin and narirutin were detected in all the samples, while those prepared with 5% of citrus waste water and 0.02% of either essential oil were the most highly valued from a sensory point of view.

Industrial relevance

The object of the present work was to study the effect of adding different concentrations (5–10%) of orange juice waste water obtained as co-product during the extraction of dietary fibre, and oregano or thyme essential oils (0.02%), on the chemical, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of a bologna-type sausage, to extend its shelf life. Addition of orange juice waste water and spices essential oil had a significant effect on shelf-life extension because of a reduction of the lipid oxidation degree.     

Effect of various levels of rosemary or Chinese mahogany on the quality of fresh chicken sausage during refrigerated storage

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rosemary or Chinese mahogany, at levels of 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm, of the phenolic compounds, on the quality of fresh chicken sausage stored at 4 °C for 14 days. The results showed that sausages with addition of Chinese mahogany or rosemary underwent less pH value reduction. The intense colour of Chinese mahogany or rosemary resulted in samples with lower L values and higher a values. Samples with more Chinese mahogany or rosemary added had higher total phenolic compounds. Lower TBA (thiobarbituric acid) and VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) values, and lower total plate counts were observed for the samples with Chinese mahogany or rosemary added. Samples with Chinese mahogany added had higher overall acceptance than had samples with rosemary added. Some volatile compounds, including alcohols, acids, esters, aldehydes, ethers and phenolic compounds, were isolated from the samples and identified.     

添加葡萄球菌和微球菌对广式腊肠品质的影响

本研究将从广式腊肠中依据其蛋白酶、脂肪酶和亚硝酸盐还原酶活性筛选出来的葡萄球菌和微球菌2株菌株应用到腊肠中,通过色差计及紫外图谱扫描、不同蛋白组分含量、脂肪氧化、蛋白氧化和色素氧化值测定及感官评价来研究其对广式腊肠色泽、质构、风味及贮藏期氧化稳定性的影响。研究表明:微生物的添加显著提高了a*值及亚硝基肌红蛋白含量。与对照组相比,接菌组腊肠中肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白含量显著增加,不溶性蛋白减少,从而引起接菌组腊肠硬度值和咀嚼性显著降低,另外接菌组比对照组具有更低的硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值、羰基值及高铁肌红蛋白含量和更高的感官评分。因此合适发酵剂的使用有助于色泽和质构的改善,氧化稳定性的提高,从而提高广式腊肠品质及延长货架期。      

Comparison of two isolation methods for essential oil from rosemary leaves: Hydrodistillation and microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity

Traditional hydrodistillation (HD) and innovative Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) methods have been compared and evaluated for their effectiveness in the isolation of essential oil from fresh Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. The microwave method offers important advantages over traditional alternatives, namely: shorter isolation times (15 min against 3 h for hydrodistillation), environmental impact (energy cost is fairly higher to perform HD than that required for rapid MHG isolation), cleaner features (as no residue generation and no water or solvent used), increases antimicrobial activities, increases antioxidant activity and provides a more valuable essential oil (with high amount of oxygenated compounds). It offers also the possibility for a better reproduction of natural aroma of the essential oil from rosemary leaves than the HD essential oil. Moreover, microwave procedure yielded essential oils that could be analysed or used directly without any clean-up, solvent exchange or centrifugation steps. Scanning electron microscopy shows important structural changes for MHG extraction in contrast to those obtained by HD. Electron micrographs show clearly that the cells are broken and damaged during microwave treatment. Finally, the mechanism of Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity is proposed and discussed.     

添加酪蛋白酸钠对低脂乳化香肠食用品质的影响

本研究测定不同添加量的酪蛋白酸钠(0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2%)对各组乳化香肠保水性、蒸煮损失、色泽、p H、感官品质和质构特性等食用品质的影响。结果表明:添加酪蛋白酸钠组与对照组(酪蛋白酸钠添加量0)的保水性、蒸煮损失、色泽、感官品质和质构特性存在显著差异(p<0.05),而p H无显著差异(p>0.05)。随着酪蛋白酸钠添加量的增加,保水性、硬度、胶黏性、胶着性、咀嚼性和感官得分显著提高,亮度(L*)和蒸煮损失显著降低。酪蛋白酸钠添加量为1.5%的样品组,香肠保水性、硬度、胶黏性、胶着性、咀嚼性和感官评定得分最高,蒸煮损失最小,添加1.5%的酪蛋白酸钠可作为脂肪替代品在肉制品中推广应用。      

添加超细粉碎盐煸鸡骨泥对鸡肉肠品质的影响

在鸡肉肠中添加一定比例的超细粉碎盐焗鸡骨泥会增加肉肠的风味和营养,但添加后可能会对鸡肉肠凝胶的质构带来不利影响。以普通鸡肉肠的加工为基础,分别添加4%、8%、12%、16%(按干基计)的骨泥,通过采用单因素实验,根据色泽和质构特性测定,并结合感官评定分析,探讨了盐焗鸡骨泥对鸡肉肠品质特性的影响。当骨泥添加量增加,鸡肉肠和鸡肉糜的L*值下降,b*值上升;鸡肉肠的凝胶强度、硬度、咀嚼性均下降,弹性先下降(0%～8%骨泥添加量)后上升(8%～16%骨泥添加量);鸡肉肠的感官得分先上升后下降。当骨泥添加量为12%时,鸡肉肠的感官接受度最高,为最佳盐焗鸡骨泥添加量。     

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of donkey milk kefir fortified with sulla honey and rosemary essential oil during refrigerated storage

The aim of this work was to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of donkey kefir fortified with sulla honey and rosemary essential oil, during refrigerated storage. The type of flavouring strongly influenced the antioxidant activity of the kefir: rosemary essential oil kefir showed the highest 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid values; sulla honey kefir showed the highest ferric‐reducing antioxidant power values but, at the same time, in both fortified kefirs, the thiol content decreased, probably because of the formation of polyphenol‐protein complexes that would have influence the availability of bioactive components. The antioxidant activity increased significantly during refrigerated storage, showing the highest values after 15 days. Sensory analysis highlighted the fact that the donkey kefir was well accepted by consumers. Addition of sulla honey resulted in the highest acceptability, while addition of rosemary essential oil kefir was less accepted by consumers. This knowledge provides a basis that could lead to the production of fortified donkey kefir with specific nutraceutical characteristics.     

Effects of incorporation of sugarcane fibre on the physicochemical and sensory properties of chicken sausage

Improving functional and eating qualities of processed meat products through incorporation of plant fibre is of interest to both consumers and food industry. This project investigated the physicochemical and sensory properties of chicken sausages with incorporation of up to 3% sugarcane fibre, a by-product of sugarcane processing. Compared with no sugarcane fibre sample, the cooking yield of chicken sausage with 3% of fibre and 10% of water addition was increased from 94.20% to 97.52%, total phenolic content from 25.43 to 57.09 mg GAE/100 g and radical scavenging activity from 28.11% to 60.72%, whereas lipid oxidation of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value was decreased from 0.535 to 0.428 malondialdehyde mg kg⁻¹. Moreover, consumer overall liking of chicken sausages was not affected by the incorporation of sugarcane fibre. This research suggested that incorporation of sugarcane fibre could improve eating quality and health benefits of the chicken sausage product, and add value to both the food and sugarcane industry.     

Effect of replacing beef fat with hazelnut oil on quality characteristics of sucuk - A Turkish fermented sausage

Turkish fermented sausages (sucuk) were produced by replacing 15, 30 and 50% of beef fat with hazelnut oil incorporated as pre-emulsified with simplesse^® 100 (whey protein powder) Each treatment was formulated to contain 20% total fat and beef fat was the only fat material used in the control (C) group. After 12 days of fermentation and ripening, all sucuk samples had TBA values within acceptable limits (<1.0). Increasing levels of hazelnut oil in sucuk formulation increased penetrometer values (softer texture) and moisture content. Hazelnut oil replacement had a significant effect on redness values of the samples. Cholesterol content decreased progressively as the percentage of hazelnut oil increased in the formulation. Replacement of 50% beef fat with 50% hazelnut oil significantly increased MUFA, PUFA and MUFA + PUFA/SFA ratios. The use of hazelnut oil resulted in significant decreases in the slice appearance, texture and taste scores. However there was no significant difference in the overall acceptability score of samples, except those in which hazelnut oil replaced 15% beef fat, which had the highest score.     

Effect of substituting pork backfat with rind on quality characteristics of pork sausage

A study was conducted in which pork backfat in pork sausage was replaced with rind at 0, 33, 66 and 100% levels. The high moisture and high protein content of rind consequently influenced the moisture and protein content of the final products. The fat level decreased with increase in the level of rind in the sausage. The lowest fat content of 7.99% was recorded on batch 4 sausage with 100% rind replacement level. Replacement of pork backfat with rind decreased refrigeration and cooking weight losses. The values obtained for sensory properties decreased with increase in the level of rind in the sausage. Up to 66% pork backfat can be replaced with rind in pork sausage without adverse effect on processing yield.     

柑橘精油熏蒸对草莓贮藏品质的影响

为研究柑橘精油对草莓贮藏品质的影响,以柑橘精油为熏蒸剂,研究不同熏蒸时间（4h、6h、8h）对草莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,熏蒸处理能够抑制腐烂率,延缓VC、可溶性糖损失,抑制花青素类黄酮含量变化,减缓丙二醛（MDA）的累积,抑制脂氧合酶（LOX）活性,减缓膜脂过氧化作用,延缓果实的后熟衰老进程;通过提高苯丙氨酸解胺酶（PAL）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）含量,使草莓保持较高的清除活性氧能力和抗病力,从而达到保持品质、延长货架期的目的。其中,6h柑橘精油熏蒸处理对于草莓品质保持效果最好。     

干燥工艺对低温肉肠品质的影响

以猪肉、鱼浆为主要原料制备低温肉肠,对其干燥工艺条件进行了优化,探讨了热风干燥时间、微波功率、微波时间对低温肉肠品质的影响。结果表明,随着热风干燥时间的延长,肉肠的形态、色泽、滋味和口感均呈上升趋势且内外水分差减小,再经过微波处理,有助于平衡内外水分,提高色度均匀性和感官品质,然而时间过长会造成肉肠口感变差、硬度过大、色度下降等。该低温肉肠的最适干燥工艺为采用55℃的热风干燥箱干燥14h后,用250W的微波干燥90s。      

Effect of sodium citrate, carboxymethyl cellulose and carrageenan levels on quality characteristics of low-salt and low-fat bologna type sausages

Quality characteristics of low-salt bologna-type sausage manufactured with sodium citrate (NAC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carrageenan (CAR) were examined. Three levels of salt, NAC, CMC and CAR, and two levels of fat were used. Batter and sausage pH values were measured and the frying loss of sausages was analysed by frying slices in an electric grill. Firmness, juiciness, saltiness and flavour intensity of the sausages were sensorically evaluated. Altogether 20 separate sausage batches were prepared. In low-salt sausages containing less than 1.4% NaCl, the use of NAC, CAR and CMC decreased frying loss and increased saltiness. NAC and CAR also increased flavour intensity, but CMC did not. Furthermore, NAC, CAR and CMC increased the firmness of the low-salt sausage, while only NAC increased juiciness when the NaCl content was below 1.4%. NAC increases, however, the sodium content of the product. Therefore, it can be concluded that in low-salt sausages no additive alone is suitable. A mixture of NAC and CAR appears to be the best combination.     

Effect of added citrus fibre and spice essential oils on quality characteristics and shelf-life of mortadella

The objective of this work was to study the effect of adding orange dietary fibre (1%), rosemary essential oil (0.02%) or thyme essential oil (0.02%) and the storage conditions on the quality characteristics and the shelf-life of mortadella, a bologna-type sausage. The moisture, fat, ash content and colour coordinates lightness (L∗) and yellowness (b∗) were affected by the fibre content. The treatments analysed lowered the levels of residual nitrite (57.56% and 57.61%) and the extent of lipid oxidation, while analysis of the samples revealed the presence of the flavonoids, hesperidin and narirutin. No enterobacteria or psychotropic bacteria were found in any of the treatments. The treated samples stored in vacuum packaging showed the lowest aerobic and lactic acid bacteria counts. Sensorially, the most appreciated sample was the one containing orange dietary fibre and rosemary essential oil, stored in vacuum packaging. Orange dietary fibre and spice essential oils could find a use in the food industry to improve the shelf-life of meat products.     

亚硝基血红蛋白与防腐剂复合使用对红肠品质的影响

将猪血制备的亚硝基血红蛋白与防腐剂进行一定的复合并添加于哈尔滨红肠中,与添加100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠、0.15%亚硝基血红蛋白以及单独添加防腐剂的红肠为对比,研究不同添加物对产品颜色、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值(TBARS)、菌落总数、亚硝酸钠残留量以及感官质量的影响。结果表明,复合物具有增加红肠制品红度值a*的作用,可以明显降低肉制品的TBARS值,表明复合物具有抗氧化作用;同时,亚硝基血红蛋白也可以降低肉制品菌落总数以及亚硝酸钠残留量;对红肠进行感官评定表明,添加复合物的红肠具有最好的感官可接受度。结果表明由猪血制备的亚硝基血红蛋白与防腐剂复合可以替代亚硝酸盐应用于红肠制品,起到发色、抑菌和抗氧化的作用,而且可以提高产品的感官质量。     

添加蒜泥对广式腊肠品质的影响

通过在广式腊肠中分别添加1%、2%、3%的蒜泥,探究不同比例的蒜泥对广式腊肠脂肪和蛋白质氧化、亚硝酸盐残留量以及感官特性的影响,以此确定最佳蒜泥添加量。结果表明:2%蒜泥可以显著提高广式腊肠的a^*值(红度值)(p<0.05),并对广式腊肠的质构参数无显著影响(p>0.05),而3%蒜泥显著提高了腊肠的硬度(p<0.05)。添加1%蒜泥的AV(酸价)、POV(过氧化值)和TBA(硫代巴比妥酸值)始终与空白组无显著性差异(p>0.05),而在贮藏期间添加2%和3%蒜泥的AV、POV、TVB-N、TBA值以及亚硝酸盐残留量显著低于空白组(p<0.05)。通过感官评价得知,添加1%和2%蒜泥对腊肠的风味和味道无显著影响(p>0.05)。2%蒜泥保持了广式腊肠原有的质构和风味特征,提高了红度值,有效延缓广式腊肠脂肪和蛋白质氧化腐败以及降低亚硝酸盐残留量。因此,2%为最佳蒜泥添加量。     

Effect of kimchi powder level and drying methods on quality characteristics of breakfast sausage

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the addition of kimchi powder on the quality characteristics of meat batter and breakfast sausage. Breakfast sausages were supplemented with freeze dried kimchi powder (FKP) or hot air dried kimchi powder (HKP) at levels of 1% (FKP-1 and HKP-1) or 2% (FKP-2 and HKP-2). The emulsion stability, cooking yield, and apparent viscosity in meat batters improved with increments of kimchi powder (p < 0.05). Increased levels of kimchi powder in breakfast sausage decreased the L^∗ value, pH, and springiness, and increased the a^∗ value, b^∗ value, hardness, chewiness, and gumminess (p < 0.05). Sensory evaluations indicated that a higher overall acceptability was attained when the kimchi powder was added to breakfast sausage at a level of 2%.     

Antioxidant and antilisterial activity of olive oil,cocoa and rosemary extract polyphenols

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from olive oil, cocoa, and rosemary extract was tested. Antimicrobial activity against Listeria strains was assessed using broth dilution and time-kill curve methods. The 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging method, Folin–Ciocalteu method, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for phenolics identification and determination of antioxidants level. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of main pure phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol in olive oil, epicatechin in cocoa and carnosic acid in rosemary was each compared with their extracts.     

添加可得然胶对法兰克福香肠品质特性的影响

在法兰克福香肠的制作中,分别添加0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%和0.5%（可得然胶与总肉重的质量比）的可得然胶。测定蒸煮损失、乳化稳定性、色差、质构以及流变特性,同时应用低场核磁技术（LF-NMR）测定香肠内部水分子的迁移规律,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜（CLSM）研究香肠微观结构的变化。结果表明,随着可得然胶添加量的增加,法兰克福香肠的蒸煮损失显著降低（p<0.05）,亮度、硬度和粘结性均显著增加（p<0.05）。同时,LF-NMR研究结果表明添加可得然胶可以限制水分子在肉糜加热过程中的移动,并增强对水分子的束缚能力。流变学测试结果表明可得然胶添加能够显著提高法兰克福肉糜的储能模量、损失模量以及弹性（p<0.05）。CLSM结果表明可得然胶的添加促进了香肠内部凝胶网络结构的形成。因此,可得然胶在一定程度上可以改善法兰克福香肠的品质特性,并且在本研究设定范围内的最佳添加量为0.3%。