Functional food oil coloured by pigments extracted from microalgae with supercritical CO2

A functional food oil, rich in fatty acids and antioxidants, coloured with pigments (carotenoids) extracted with supercritical CO₂ from the microalga Chlorella vulgaris, was produced, having in view its use in food industry (namely for derived seafood). The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was carried out in order to study the effect of several modifiers (oil mixed with the microalga and ethanol with the supercritical CO₂), the degree of crushing of the microalga and the supercritical fluid flow rate, at a pressure of 300 bar and temperature of 40 °C. Moreover, the microalga pigments were also extracted with acetone and with vegetable oil at room and high temperature. The recovery of carotenoids was 100% with oil at room temperature for 17 h, 70% with oil at 100 °C for 30 min, 69% with supercritical CO₂ at 40 °C and 300 bar. In SFE the degree of crushing strongly influenced the extraction recovery and higher pigment recoveries were obtained with well crushed biomass.     

Effects of supercritical fluid extraction parameters on lycopene yield and antioxidant activity

The effects of various parameters of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) fluid extractions of tomato skins on the extraction yields and antioxidant activities of lycopene-rich extracts were investigated. A Box–Behnken design was applied to study the effects of three independent variables (temperature ranging from 40 to 100 °C, pressure ranging from 20 to 40 MPa, and flow rate ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 mL/min) on lycopene yield. The model showed good agreement with the experimental results, by the coefficient of determination (r² = 0.9834). Temperature, pressure, and the quadratic term for the temperature of SC-CO₂ extraction were large significantly positive factors affecting lycopene yield (P < 0.05). The maximum total lycopene content of 31.25 μg/g of raw tomato was extracted at the highest temperature of 100 °C, 40 MPa and 1.5 mL/min. TEAC assay was applied to assess the antioxidant activity of lycopene-rich extracts from SC-CO₂ fluid extraction. The effects of SC-CO₂ fluid extraction parameters on the antioxidant activities of the extracts differed with the yield. For each unit of lycopene extract, the antioxidant activity level was constant below 70 °C, but then gradually decreased above 70 °C due to isomerization occurring as a result of the higher temperature. The ratio of all-trans-lycopene to the cis-isomers changed from 1.70 to 1.32 when the operating temperature was adjusted from 40 to 100 °C, indicating an increased bioavailability due to the generation of the cis-isomers. No significant effects of pressure or flow rate of SC-CO₂ fluid extraction on the antioxidant activity were observed.     

Extraction of alkylresorcinols from wheat bran with supercritical CO2

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of wheat bran alkylresorcinols has been studied. Extractions were carried out at 40.0 MPa. The effect of particle size, static extraction pretreatment with supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) and extraction temperature on the extraction kinetics was investigated. The extraction yield increased as the particle size decreased and with temperature. Extraction curves present a faster and linear initial extraction period followed by a slower extraction period. Based on these results the approximate mathematical model of Sovová was successfully applied to describe the extraction curves. The total content of alkylresorcinols was determined and compared with the alkylresorcinol content obtained by conventional organic solvent extraction. Due to the amphiphilic nature of these resorcinolic lipids, the extraction yield was higher for polar organic solvents than for SC-CO₂. Characterization of supercritical extracts was also performed by determining the fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity.     

超临界CO2流体萃取技术提取南瓜籽油的研究

研究了南瓜籽油的超临界CO2提取工艺,探讨了CO2流量以及萃取时间、温度、压力对南瓜籽油萃取率的影响,并检测了超临界萃取南瓜籽油的质量。结果表明超临界CO2流体萃取南瓜籽油的最佳工艺条件为萃取压强30MPa、CO2流量30kg/h、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间180min,此条件下南瓜籽油的萃取率可达95.24%,所萃取出的南瓜籽油外观为淡黄色透明油状物,香气纯正,其质量与纯精炼油接近。     

冷冻干燥生姜超临界CO2萃取物组成特性研究

试验研究了超临界CO2萃取姜油树脂过程中生姜的干燥方式对萃取物主要成分的影响.采用真空冷冻干燥方法脱除莱芜生姜中的水分,然后用超临界CO2萃取生姜中的姜油树脂.对所得萃取物进行气相色谱-质谱联用分析.并与常规的常温干燥脱水生姜超临界CO2萃取物的分析结果比较.结果表明冷冻干燥与常温干燥脱水所得姜油树脂主要成分不同,冷冻干燥处理样品提取物中含量最高的物质为姜酮,占提取物总量的20.802％,姜辣素组分占52.410％,挥发油组分占22.740％,姜辣素含量高于挥发油含量;常温干燥样品其中含量最高的为没药烯,占总含量的28.157％,挥发油组分占52.410％,姜辣素组分占26.738％,挥发油含量高于姜辣素含量.物料干燥方式对超临界CO2萃取姜油树脂成分有较大影响,与常温干燥相比冷冻干燥生姜的超临界CO2萃取物中含有更多的姜辣素类成分.     

Extraction of sesame seed oil using supercritical CO2 and mathematical modeling

In this work, extraction of sesame oil from sesame seeds using supercritical CO₂ was carried out. The effect of operating parameters such as pressure, temperature, and supercritical CO₂ flow rate and particle size on extraction yield were investigated. An increase in the pressure and the supercritical CO₂ flow rate improved the extraction yield and also shortened the extraction time. The extraction yield increased as the particle size decreased depending on decreasing intraparticle diffusion resistance. The maximum extraction yield obtained was about 85% (relative to Soxhlet extraction by hexane) at 50 °C, 350 bar, 2 mL CO₂/min, 300–600 μm of particle size. Some extraction curves were modeled with two mathematical approaches as shrinking core model and broken and intact core model. The evaluation of model parameters showed that shrinking core model, however, is better than broken and intact cell model.     

酶辅助超临界CO2提取柚皮甙的研究

研究了以柚皮为原料,酶辅助超临界二氧化碳提取柚皮甙的工艺条件。以提取率为指标,研究了酶处理条件的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交试验优化酶处理条件。结果表明,在酶处理温度50℃、pH4.0、加酶量3%、处理时间2.5h的条件下,柚皮甙的提取率可达到3.68%,用酶辅助超临界二氧化碳提取法提取所得的菊苣酸较传统提取方法具有提取率高,产品的纯度好,流程简单的优点,相对直接使用超临界二氧化碳提取能够进一步提高提取率的优点。     

超临界CO_2流体萃取人参籽油工艺研究

该研究以人参籽为原料,采用超临界CO2流体技术萃取人参籽油。以单因素实验为基础,通过正交试验优化萃取人参籽油工艺参数条件,并测定人参籽油脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,在萃取压力45 MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间2.5 h、夹带剂用量10%优化工艺条件下,人参籽油得率为48.90%。经检测,人参籽油脂肪酸组成不饱和脂肪酸占99%以上,其中油酸含量极高,可达94.70%。     

超临界CO2法萃取树莓籽油的成分分析

采用超临界CO_2技术萃取树莓籽油,利用GC法测定脂肪酸组成,GC-MS联用法测定甾醇组成,HPLC测定生育酚含量,紫外可见分光光度计测定多酚含量。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取树莓籽油的平均出油率为17.90%±0.3%;共检测到10种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸相对含量(57.44%)最高,其次是α-亚麻酸(26.58%)、油酸(11.94%)和棕榈酸(2.10%);脂肪伴随物中,共检测出7种甾醇,总甾醇含量为861.85 mg/100 g;γ-生育酚、α-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量分别达到799.248、602.996 mg/kg及13.371 mg/kg;多酚平均含量为(341.19±8.94)mg GAE/kg。此研究为树莓籽油及其他蔷薇科植物油的进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

Fatty acid compositions of fish oil extracted from different parts of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) using various techniques of supercritical CO2 extraction

Fatty acid compositions of fish oil extracted from different parts of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) using various techniques of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at optimised conditions (35 MPa, 60 °C, 2 ml/min) were analysed and compared to the results of Soxhlet extraction. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) recovered (as a percentage of total extracted fatty acids) were within the ranges of 73.24–74.68% in the skin, 68.36–69.37% in the flesh, 56.20–57.3% in the viscera and 61.21–62.09% in the heads. The greatest amount of the ω-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were found in fish skin followed by flesh, heads and viscera. The greatest amounts of EPA (9–12%) and DHA (10–14%) were obtained using the soaking and pressure swing techniques. The pressure swing and soaking techniques are the most effective techniques for extracting the ω-3 family of fatty acids from fish samples.     

柠条锦鸡儿籽油超临界CO2流体萃取及成分分析

采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术对柠条锦鸡儿籽油进行萃取,并运用响应面法优化工艺条件.同时采用HPLC - APCI - MS柱前衍生法分析柠条锦鸡儿籽油的组成.结果表明,超临界CO2流体萃取柠条锦鸡儿籽油的最佳工艺条件为萃取压力35 MPa,萃取温度45 ℃,萃取时间70 min,在此条件下柠条锦鸡儿籽油萃取率为6.70％;柠条锦鸡儿籽油主要由不饱和脂肪酸组成,含量为71.84％,其中亚油酸与油酸含量最高,分别为51.79％和17.03％.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids from Scenedesmus almeriensis

Scenedesmus almeriensis is a fast-growing highly productive new strain and is also a good producer of lutein.     

On-line color monitoring of solid foods during supercritical CO2 pasteurization

An on-line color monitoring system for solid foods to be used during supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) pasteurization was designed and tested. The experimental apparatus described here allowed for the measurement of reflectance spectra and color parameters (L^∗, a^∗, b^∗) during (on-line) as well as before and after treatments (off-line).The results demonstrated that SC-CO₂ pasteurization applied at 12.0 MPa, 40 °C slightly affected the color of freshly cut pieces of coconut and carrot during the process performed at different treatment times (10, 20, and 30 min). Reflectance spectra of coconut, acquired on-line, showed that CO₂ influenced the color immediately upon treatment: lightness (L^∗) changed from 86.10 ± 2.80 at 1 min to 79.57 ± 0.74 at 30 min. The decompression was demonstrated to be the critical parameter affecting the color of carrot. The off-line measurements showed that 30 min of treatment induced 38% and 22% decrease of redness (a^∗) and yellowness (b^∗), respectively.The proposed apparatus allowed for a non-invasive, immediate and direct monitoring of food color before, during and after SC-CO₂ pasteurization.     

Optimization of SC-CO2 extraction of oil from almond pretreated with autoclaving

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction parameters affecting oil recovery from almond were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction pressure, 44.1 MPa; extraction temperature, 43.8 °C; dynamic extraction time, 93.6 min; and CO₂ flow rate, 10.1 mL/min. Under these conditions, a mean value of 86.54 ± 0.66 g/100 g (n = 3) was observed, which is well matched with the predicted value of 87.32 g/100 g. Furthermore, the effects of autoclaving pretreatment for the almond particles on the oil recovery, fatty acids' composition, and almond particles' microstructure were also investigated by calculating the percentages of the oil yield, gas chromatograph fitted with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, respectively. The results showed that autoclaving pretreatment had minor modifications of the fatty acids' profile of the extracted oil, but greatly promoted the disturbing of almond cell walls, and increased the oil recovery by 6.44%.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取石榴籽油工艺条件的研究

以石榴籽为原料,对超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的工艺条件进行了研究。通过单因素试验,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对石榴籽油得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力40 MPa,萃取温度55℃,萃取时间80 min,分离釜Ⅰ温度60℃,压力10 MPa,分离釜Ⅱ温度35℃,压力6 MPa。在最佳工艺条件下,石榴籽油得率为18.6%。     

Extraction of tocopherol-enriched oils from Kalahari melon and roselle seeds by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-CO2)

Tocopherol-enriched oil was extracted by supercritical fluid extraction of carbon dioxide (SFE-CO₂) from Kalahari melon and roselle seeds. The SFE-CO₂ process was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). Three SFE-CO₂ parameters namely extracting pressure, extracting temperature, and flow rate of carbon dioxide were examined. The optimal SFE-CO₂ conditions were determined and the quadratic response surfaces were drawn from the mathematical models. The optimal SFE-CO₂ conditions for the extraction tocopherol-enriched oil from Kalahari melon seeds were: extracting pressure 290 bar, extracting temperature 58 °C, and flow rate of carbon dioxide 20 ml/min. The optimum conditions for roselle seeds were extracting pressure 200 bar, extracting temperature 80 °C, and flow rate of carbon dioxide 20 ml/min. These optimum conditions yielded tocopherol concentration of 274.74 and 89.75 mg/100 g oil from Kalahari seed and roselle seed, respectively. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were obtained between the experimental and predicted values.     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of trans-lycopene from Portuguese tomato industrial waste

Supercritical CO₂ extraction of trans-lycopene from Portuguese tomato industrial wastes (skins and seeds) was carried out in a flow apparatus. The effects of moisture content, feed initial composition, particle size, solvent flow-rate, pressure and temperature on the extraction yield and recovery were evaluated.     

Effects of supercritical CO2 and N2O pasteurisation on the quality of fresh apple juice

Supercritical pasteurisation is receiving increasing attention as an alternative technology for foodstuff pasteurisation, but often the possible effects on the perceptible quality are not sufficiently considered.     

陆英挥发油超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及其成分分析

以陆英为原料,采用单因素和响应面试验优化其挥发油的超临界CO_2萃取工艺,重点探讨CO_2流量、萃取压力、萃取时间、萃取温度对陆英挥发油得率的影响,并通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对陆英挥发油成分进行定性定量分析。结果表明,优化的陆英挥发油提取工艺条件为:CO_2流量25L/h、萃取压力30.5 MPa、萃取温度45.0℃、萃取时间2.8h,该条件下陆英挥发油得率为0.86%。从陆英挥发油中鉴定出了16个成分,占挥发油含量约93.87%,其中含量较多的有3-甲基戊酸(29.37%)、3-甲基丁酸(13.83%)、E-4-己烯-1-醇(8.27%)等,另外3-乙硫基丁醛(6.46%)含量也较多。     

超临界CO2流体技术萃取姜油树脂的研究

比较系统地研究了超临界CO