Cryo-sectioning and chemical-fixing ultramicrotomy techniques for imaging rubber latex particle morphology

Two methods adapted from biological microscopy are described for a new application in imaging the morphology of rubbery latex particles. In the first method, a drop of latex is frozen in liquid nitrogen, sectioned with a diamond knife and vapour-stained with osmium tetroxide, then viewed by transmission electron microscopy. When applied to latexes made by emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in a natural rubber latex seed, inclusions are clearly visible. A chemical fixation method is then described for imaging the morphology of such rubbery latex particles. Glutaraldehyde is added to the latex, followed by osmium tetroxide. The sample is then dehydrated in ethanol, epoxy resin added, and the sample cured, ultramicrotomed, and imaged with transmission electron microscopy. An inclusion morphology is again clearly seen.     

不同磁特性填料对环氧胶剪切强度的影响

采用自制的装置研究了在环氧胶中加入不同磁特性的填料后,对经磁场处理钢-环氧胶接头剪切强度的影响。研究结果表明:逆磁性填料对磁处理效果的影响不明显;顺磁性填料可进一步提高磁处理效果;加入铁磁性填料会由于在胶层中受到明显的磁场力作用导致接头的强度下降。     

Preparation of cross-sectional TEM samples with observable thin sections at desired regions of non-uniform surfaced semiconducting devices

Transmission electron microscopy of cross-sectional samples offers an attractive means to study process evaluation and failure analysis of many semiconducting devices. In the present work, a technique to prepare cross-sectional TEM samples, containing thin sections of specifically desired regions within nonuniform surfaced semiconducting devices, is described.     

Ultrasound Measurement of Two-Filler Concentrations in Polypropylene Compounds. Part 1: Static Calibration

Ultrasound waves are used to measure the concentration levels of mica and glass, simultaneously, in polypropylene polymer compounds. A test chamber was designed to accommodate a 1 MHz ultrasound transducer for static calibration of the system response to various levels of glass and mica concentration in the polymer blend. Temperature and pressure calibrations of the transducer response were also performed under controlled experiments. Attenuation and time-of-flight measurements of ultrasound waves propagating through the polymer blend were used to determine the relative concentrations of the fillers. The experimental results show that the system is capable of measuring the filler concentration of mica and glass fibres within _0.5% and _1.0%, respectively.     

Ultrasound Measurement of Two-Filler Concentrations in Polypropylene Compounds. Part 2: On-Line Calibration

An ultrasound system capable of measuring the concentration levels of two fillers, glass fibres and mica flakes, in polypropylene blends during extrusion compounding, has been successfully developed. The system is capable of operating under harsh conditions of the extruder settings while efficiently measuring the acoustic properties of the polymer melt. The attenuation and time-of-flight measurements of 1 MHz ultrasound waves propagating continuously through the polymer stream, prior to exiting the extrusion die, are used to characterise the morphology of the polymer blend and to determine the relative concentrations of blend additives. Prior work on the static calibration of the ultrasound set-up (Part 1) has been used to evaluate the real-time performance of the system. The ultrasound measurements showed a good match with the laboratory analysis. ID="A2"Correspondance and offprint requests to: Dr N. H.Abu-Zahra, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 784, Wisconsin, WI 53201, USA. E-mail:nidal@uwm.edu     

On the use of TEM cells for the calibration of power frequency electric field meters

This paper focuses on the performances of TEM cells when used in the calibration of power frequency environmental electric field meters. The spatial non-uniformity of the electric field inside a TEM cell is analyzed through experimental investigations and three-dimensional Boundary Element modeling to evaluate the field experienced by the sensing elements of actual 3D meter probes. The perturbation caused by the probe support is also taken into account. The uncertainty component associated with the spatial non-uniformity in the volume taken up by typical power and low frequency field probes is estimated. The field non-uniformity is also evaluated in relation to the use of TEM cells of reduced size. Finally, the field non-uniformity is exploited to predict the performance of an actual field meter operating in significant field gradients.     

金属橡胶减振器在同轴两反空间相机中的应用

为了减少振动对同轴两反空间相机的影响,研究了金属橡胶减振结构及同轴两反空间相机的随机振动响应.分析金属橡胶结构的力学模型,研制出串联金属橡胶减振结构,建立空间相机的有限元模型并进行模态分析和随机振动响应分析;最后,通过正弦扫频试验和随机振动试验验证有限元分析的准确性.试验结果表明,装配有金属橡胶减振器的同轴两反空间相机...     

一种合成孔径声呐图像目标分割方法

合成孔径声呐图像的信噪比低于普通光学图像,使图像分割成为合成孔径声呐图像处理中的重要环节。本文研究了表示合成孔径声呐图像数据分布的瑞利混合模型,结合马尔科夫随机场模型,将其应用于声呐图像水下目标(亮区)分割;通过最大期望算法分别估计目标和背景的瑞利混合模型参数,并利用该参数使用Graph cut方法进行马尔科夫随机场图像分割,通过重复迭代,最后形成稳定的目标分割结果;对实际的声呐图像进行了数据分析及目标分割,结果表明瑞利混合模型在描述合成孔径声呐声图上有良好的性能,可以改善目标分割的效果。     

挤压旋转的橡胶辊滞后生热温度场分析

为了研究橡胶材料非线性黏弹性行为表现出的滞后生热的影响,以一对挤压对滚的钢辊-橡胶辊为研究对象,先采用解耦方法进行瞬态力学场分析,再通过损耗计算得出节点生热率,最后将滞后生热作为内热源进行热分析,得到其稳态温度场分布。结果表明,胶辊产生的滞后温升为6～13 ℃,周向两端的温度最高,径向中部的温度最高。仿真结果与试验结果的良好一致性证明了该方法的可行性,也证明了滞后生热是运动过程中的主要生热因素。     

金属橡胶减振器随机振动有限元仿真

提出一种金属橡胶减振器随机振动有限元仿真方法,采用正交各向异性阻尼材料模拟金属橡胶材料。相关仿真参数由金属橡胶减振器正弦扫频试验确定。对金属橡胶减振器进行正弦扫频试验和随机振动试验,利用有限元仿真软件ANSYS Workbench对金属橡胶减振器随机振动进行有限元仿真模拟,并将仿真结果与试验结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,所提出的有限元仿真方法能够很好地对金属橡胶减振器随机振动进行仿真,且计算结果具有较高精度。     

A modified goodman's technique for obtaining rocking-beam type patterns

A new method was developed for convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) and large angle convergent beam electron diffraction (LACBED) in the JEM-100CXII. This method is obtained in the imaging mode using the defocus objective lens and by re-setting condenser-2. A multi-dark field CBED pattern was achieved in two ways.     

Large-area plan-view sample preparation for gaas-based systems grown by molecular beam epitaxy

We describe a method for plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation that takes advantage of extreme etch-rate selectivity in GaAs and AlAs in HF/H₂O solutions. GaAs/In_xGa_1-xAs/GaAs strained-layer films (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.19, 0.22) were chemically lifted off using this technique and were mounted on Cu TEM grids such that TEM transparent areas of up to 1 × 2 mm of constant thickness (196.4 nm) could be viewed. This simple, large-area plan-view technique uses only chemical methods and significantly extends the usefulness of TEM for the evaluation of crystal quality in GaAs-based epitaxial systems. The method requires the growth of a release layer of AlAs (10 nm thick) prior to the layered structure of interest.     

Development of fly ash-based automotive brake lining

Coal-fired power plants all over the world generate huge amounts of fly ash each year, 70 million tons of which are produced in the United States alone. Only 40% of all fly ashes generated in the USA find beneficial applications and rest have to be disposed off, which is burden for the generation industry. Fly ash particles possess certain characteristics that make them suitable for use in friction composites as a filler material. An attempt has been made through this research to incorporate more than 50 wt% of fly ash particles in automotive brake lining friction composites. This paper presents the research carried out on development of friction composites, using fly ash obtained from a specific power plant in Illinois. Ingredients such as phenolic resin, aramid pulp, glass fiber, potassium titanate, graphite, aluminum fiber and copper powder were used in the composite development phase, in addition to the fly ash. The developed brake lining composites have exhibited consistent coefficients of friction in the range of 0.35–0.4, and wear rates lower than 12 wt%.     

夹芯复合材料π型接头失效实验研究

针对夹芯复合材料π型接头的拉伸和侧弯承载能力以及连接需求,并充分考虑温度的影响,设计了复合材料π型胶结接头,对其在上述两种载荷工况下分别进行了常温、低温、高温干态三种环境试验。分析π型接头失效过程:三角填充区为夹芯复合材料π型接头最薄弱部位,容易发生破坏,并决定结构承载能力;拉伸载荷下夹芯复合材料π型接头承载能力明显高于侧弯载荷;夹芯复合材料π型接头对低温不敏感,对高温较为敏感。     

二级柔性减振系统设计及力学性能分析

为解决二级减振引起个别仪器振动的局部放大、使得力学环境不能满足运行要求的问题,首先,针对金属橡胶双层减振系统,充分考虑安装板的柔性刚度,建立了刚柔复合的二级减振系统模型;其次,基于目标频率对二级减振的频率响应函数进行系统的刚度解耦,实现了减振器刚度的求解,并应用有限元进行随机振动分析,验证了刚柔复合二级减振系统理论模型的可行性;最后,利用振动台进行了试验验证.结果表明,当二级减振系统满足工程刚度需求,其一阶固有频率低于40 Hz时,减振效率可达到70％以上,试验与仿真结果基本一致.     

柱塞往复泵填料寿命周期及失效模式分析

为了延长泵设备中填料的使用寿命,减少泵的被迫停机次数,运用RCM方法中的可靠性技术对填料的寿命周期及失效模式进行研究分析。整理某厂填料的维修记录,统计出其有效运行时间,通过K-S检查法进行拟合优度检验,知道填料的有效运行时间服从威布尔分布。然后利用三参数威布尔分布得出填料寿命时间概率密度函数、可靠性趋势及失效率函数等。通过分析可知:现阶段泵填料的维修大多集中于2000h左右;在可靠度0.9下,填料的寿命周期为982.2h;磨损和表面拉毛是引起填料故障的主要原因。