[AMIM]Cl为溶剂的纤维素溶液流变性能

 以离子液体氯化1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑（[AMIM]Cl）为纤维素溶剂,制备3种不同质量分数的纤维素溶液,测定纤维素溶液在不同条件下的静态及动态流变性能,分析实验数据,计算溶液的黏流活化能 及结构黏度指数 。静态流变结果表明,实验范围内的纤维素溶液均为假塑性流体,表观黏度、剪切应力、结构黏度指数均随温度升高而下降,当温度达到100℃,溶液表观黏度趋于恒定。动态流变结果表明：该体系的损耗模量和储能模量随溶液质量分数的增加而增大,随温度的升高而减小;损耗模量和储能模量的曲线都有1个交点,交点前粘性效应占优,交点后弹性效应占优。     

Supplementation with Yucca schidigera improves antioxidant capability and immune function and decreases fecal score of dairy calves before weaning

Yucca schidigera (YS) is a species of plant rich in antimicrobials, antioxidants, and immunomodulators. It has been used as feed additive to improve animal performance and decrease methane emissions in cattle. However, few studies have evaluated YS in dairy calves. In this study, we evaluated the effects of YS on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in dairy calves before weaning. We randomly assigned 40 newborn female Holstein calves (4 d old; 40 ± 5 kg of body weight) to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 10 per treatment), which were fed 0, 3, 6, or 9 g/d of YS powder. The YS allowance was mixed into milk or milk replacer and fed twice daily. Dry matter intake (both liquid and starter feed) and fecal score were recorded daily, and body weight, withers height, body length, and heart girth were measured at 4, 14, 28, 42, and 60 d of age. Blood was sampled from the jugular vein at 14, 42, and 60 d of age after the afternoon feeding for analysis of serum antioxidant capacity and immune function. Feeding YS did not affect dry matter intake, but decreased the feed-to-gain ratio with a quadratic dose effect. Over the whole study period, the average daily gain tended to linearly increase with the increasing YS doses, and it was 6.8% higher in diets supplemented with 9 g/d of YS than in the basal control diet without YS. The YS supplementation linearly decreased fecal score in a dose-dependent manner, and the frequency of diarrhea was significantly decreased as the YS supplementation increased throughout the whole study period. The YS supplementation also linearly decreased maleic dialdehyde concentration in the serum compared with the control group. The activity of catalase tended to linearly and quadratically increase, and that of glutathione peroxidase increased linearly with the increased YS supplementation. Serum concentrations of IgA and IgG increased linearly with the increased YS supplementation, and that of IgG tended to increase quadratically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated that feeding YS to young calves could improve growth, feed efficiency, and immunity, and decrease fecal score and diarrhea. The results of this study indicated that feeding YS at 9 g/d may be recommended to benefit dairy calves before weaning.     

牛磺酸对高胆固醇血症小鼠胆固醇/胆汁酸吸收与排出的影响

为探讨牛磺酸对高胆固醇血症小鼠胆固醇/胆汁酸代谢的影响,本文以10周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠为实验对象,根据体重和血清胆固醇水平随机分为6组,对照组(N)、高胆固醇膳食组(C)、高胆固醇/胆盐膳食组(CB)以及分别与这三组相对应的牛磺酸添加组(NT、CT、CBT).给与各组相应膳食1周后,测定血清和肝脏胆固醇含量,粪胆汁酸和中性固醇含量,以及胆固醇/胆汁酸稳态相关因子肝脏ABCG5/ABCG8、BSEP,空肠ABCG5/ABCG8,回肠BABP、BAT mRNA表达.结果显示:分别与C、CB组相比较,CT、CBT组小鼠血清和肝脏胆固醇显著降低(P<0.05)、粪胆汁酸量明显增加(P<0.05)、粪中性固醇量无显著变化;与N组相比较,C/CT/CB/CBT四组小鼠肝脏ABCG5/ABCG8、BSEP,空肠ABCC5/ABCG8 mRNA表达增加,但四组问无显著差异;与N组相比较,C/CT/CB/CBT四组小鼠回肠BATmRNA表达明显减少,CT组比C组进一步降低.以上结果提示,牛磺酸增加了高胆固醇血症小鼠粪胆汁酸的排出,并不影响粪中性固醇的排出,并且在无外源性胆盐的条件下显示抑制回肠BAT mRNA表达的倾向.     

Effect of orally administered pilocarpine on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility in cattle

Four barren Holstein cows weighing 637 kg were fed a 45% concentrate diet plus the following amounts of pilocarpine: 1) 0 mg/kg; 2) 1 mg/kg; 3) 2 mg/kg; 4) 4 mg/kg body weight in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Cows were administered the treatments for a 14-d adaptation period followed by an 8-d collection period. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, cellulose, and hemicellulose were determined during the first 3 d of the collection period. Ruminal liquid volume, volatile fatty acids, NH3N, bacterial mass production, viable bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, liquid dilution rate, and particulate rate of passage were measured during the remainder of the collection period. As pilocarpine increased from 0 to 4 mg/kg body weight, digestibility of dry matter and cellulose increased by 8.5%. Digestibility of crude protein increased by 6.1%. Digestibility of hemicellulose was unchanged. Ruminal liquid volume was unchanged by treatment, whereas liquid dilution rate and particulate rate of passage increased 30% as pilocarpine increased. Ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations and proportion were unchanged by treatment. Ruminal pH increased 4.2% and NH3N decreased by 37% as pilocarpine increased. Percent cellulolytic and bacterial mass production tended to increase as pilocarpine increased.     

The effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae supplementation in milk replacer on performance and selected immune system functions in calves

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae (DHA-RA) supplementation in milk replacer (MR) on performance, selected cytokine expression in lymphocytes, and blood immunoglobulin concentration in newborn dairy calves. Forty female Holstein-Friesian calves (8.6 ± 0.8 d old and 41.1 ± 4.3 kg; mean ± standard deviation) were blocked by date of birth and allocated into 4 experimental groups (10 animals/group): (1) not supplemented with DHA-RA, (2) supplemented with 9 g of DHA-RA/d in MR, (3) supplemented with 18 g of DHA-RA/d in MR, and (4) supplemented with 27 g of DHA-RA/d in MR. Milk replacer was fed in an amount equal to 900 g of MR powder/d (as fed), 2 times a d, for 49 d. Starter mixture (SM) was fed ad libitum beginning on d 15 of the study. Each calf was in the study over a period of 49 d. The MR and SM intake and fecal score were recorded daily and body weight was recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding, at the beginning of the study, every consecutive week, and at the end of the study for morphology and smear analysis, serum immunoglobulin level (IgG, IgA, and IgM), and lymphocyte isolation. The mRNA isolated from lymphocytes was checked for TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and p65 expression. Average daily gain between d 1 to 14 of the study increased quadratically with increasing dose of DHA-RA. However, average daily gain between d 15 to 49 of the study tended to linearly decrease and over the whole study linearly decreased with increasing dose of DHA-RA. The MR intake decreased linearly between d 1 to 14 of the study and over the whole study, and mean SM intake decreased quadratically with increasing dose of DHA-RA. Feed efficiency increased quadratically and fecal score decreased quadratically during the first 14 d of the study. Increasing dose of DHA-RA led to cubic changes in feed efficiency and fecal score between d 15 and 49 of the study. Overall, over the whole study period a tendency was observed for lower fecal score for the DHA-RA supplemented groups. Interleukin-1β mRNA expression decreased linearly, whereas the mRNA expression of p65 and TNFα as well as serum IgG concentration tended to decrease linearly with increasing dose of supplemental DHA-RA. No effect of group was found on IgA and IgM serum level and the majority of blood parameters. Altogether, treatment worsened production variables but seemed to have a beneficial effect on the immune system of calves.     

Effects of long-term ingestion of difructose anhydride III (DFA III) on intestinal bacteria and bile acid metabolism in humans

Changes in the intestinal microbiota of 10 human subjects with long-term ingestion of 3 g/d difructose anhydride III (DFA III; 4 persons, 2 months; 3 persons, 6 months; and 3 persons, 12 months) were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). According to the answers to questionnaires, the subjects were divided into two groups (constipated and normal). The DGGE profile was different for every individual and each subject had unique profiles of intestinal microbiota. In the DGGE profiles of constipated subjects, the intensities of bands related to Bacteroides spp. increased. Moreover, the DFA III-assimilating bacteria, Ruminococcus sp. were isolated from subjects who ingested DFA III for 12 months. These strains showed 95% similarity of their 16S rDNA sequences with that of Ruminococcus obeum ATCC 29174(T) (X85101) and produced large amounts of acetic acid. DFA III ingestion for 2 months tended to increase total organic acids in feces, and tended to decrease fecal pH and the secondary bile acid (SBA) ratio in total bile acids. The SBA ratio in total bile acids corresponded to fecal pH. The production of SBA was decreased by low pH in vitro. These results indicated that DFA III ingestion in humans tended to lower intestinal pH, inhibited bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation activities and also tended to decrease the SBA ratios in total bile acids. Moreover, as another cause for the decrease in the SBA ratio in total bile acids, it was suggested that the number of bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria were decreased by DFA III ingestion.     

白灵菇菇脚饮品的酶法制备工艺研究

采用蛋白酶、纤维素酶进行两步法酶解,并采用正交试验对白灵菇菇脚工艺进行优化,所得产物进行调配,获得浅棕褐色、酸甜适宜、无异味、无沉淀、透明的白灵菇菇脚饮品。     

Effect of abomasal pectin infusion on digestion and nitrogen balance in lactating dairy cows

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing carbohydrate fermentation in the large intestine would increase intestinal conversion of blood urea N to microbial protein, thereby reducing urinary N output. In experiment 1, 3 multiparous Holstein cows were used in an incomplete 4 × 4 Latin square with 14-d periods. Cows were fed the same basal diet and treatments were the abomasal infusion of 0, 0.5, or 1 kg/d of citrus pectin, or the addition of 1 kg/d of molasses to the basal diet. Experiment 2 used 6 cows in a double reversal design with four 21-d periods. Cows were fed one basal diet and treatments were the abomasal infusion of either 0 or 1 kg/d of pectin. In experiment 1, pectin infusion linearly decreased basal ration intake from 25.0 to 23.2 kg/d. This was prevented in experiment 2 by restricted feeding, and basal ration intake was 22.2 kg/d. Abomasal pectin caused numeric decreases in total tract apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and neutral detergent solubles in experiment 1 and significantly decreased starch digestibility in experiment 2, suggesting that pectin may have reduced postruminal nutrient digestibility. Pectin infusion did not affect milk yield but decreased milk fat percentage from 3.69 to 3.53% in experiment 2. Increasing abomasal pectin tended to decrease urinary N and increase fecal N in experiment 1 and these effects were significant in experiment 2. For both experiments, urinary N decreased 26 g/d, approximately 10% of daily urine N output. Abomasal pectin did not affect fecal pH or DM content; however, in experiment 2, pectin decreased fecal ammonia from 19.8 to 13.4 mmol/kg of DM and increased fecal purines from 13.8 to 15.8 mmol/kg of DM. In both experiments, excretion of fecal purines was increased from 15 g/d for 0 kg/d pectin to 18 g/d for 1 kg/d pectin, although this increase was only significant in experiment 2. These results suggest that manipulating dairy diets to increase postruminal fermentation may reduce urinary N and consequently manure ammonia losses. However, abomasal pectin tended to decrease both ruminal ammonia concentration and urinary purine derivative output in experiment 2, suggesting that postruminal pectin fermentation may have compromised rumen microbial protein production.     

聚合硅酸硫酸铝的铝形态及其水解稳定性

利用２７Ａｌ核磁共振技术分析了聚合硅酸硫酸铝的铝形态,发现铝单双核组分随碱化度的提高和硅铝比的降低而增加,表明硅的引入相对降低了聚合硅酸硫酸铝的聚合程度。但未发现Ａｌ１３的存在。聚合硅酸硫酸铝的水解稳定性随其聚合程度的提高及水解ｐＨ值的增加而下降。     

优化陈米糖化液提高细菌纤维素产量的研究

以木醋杆菌（Acetobacter xylinum）为发酵菌种,通过Plackett-Burman试验设计确定了陈米糖化液培养基中酵母膏、KH2PO4、FeSO4、乙醇对木醋杆菌发酵产细菌纤维素具有显著影响,并采用Box-Behnken试验设计对各显著影响因子进行优化,获得最优的陈米糖化液发酵培养基配方为：在陈米糖化液培养基基料中加入酵母膏13.1 g/L、蛋白胨10 g/L、KH2PO4 5.7 g/L、MgSO4 3.1 g/L、FeSO4 0.3 g/L、柠檬酸0.3 g/L、无水乙醇4.0%。在此优化条件下,细菌纤维素的产量为7.08 g/L,是陈米糖化液培养基基料发酵产细菌纤维素（0.38 g/L）的18.6倍,比基础发酵培养基细菌纤维素产量（4.80 g/L）提高了47.5%。     

Fate and effects of Camembert cheese micro-organisms in the human colonic microbiota of healthy volunteers after regular Camembert consumption

The objective of this study was to determine i) if Camembert cheese micro-organisms could be detected in fecal samples after regular consumption by human subjects and ii) the consequence of this consumption on global metabolic activities of the host colonic microbiota. An open human protocol was designed where 12 healthy volunteers were included: a 2-week period of fermented products exclusion followed by a 4-weeks Camembert ingestion period where 2x40 g/day of Camembert cheese was consumed. Stools were collected from the volunteers before consumption, twice during the ingestion period (2nd and 4th week) and once after a wash out period of 2 weeks. During the consumption of Camembert cheese, high levels of Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were measured in fecal samples using real-time quantitative PCR, reaching median values of 8.2 and 7.5 Log(10) genome equivalents/g of stool. For Ln. mesenteroides, persistence was observed 15 days after the end of Camembert consumption. The survival of Geotrichum candidum was also assessed and the fecal concentration reached a median level of 7.1 Log(10) CFU/g in stools. Except a decreasing trend of the nitrate reductase activity, no significant modification was shown in the metabolic activities during this study.     

钒钼黄分光光度法检测液态特殊食品中磷含量的优化

目的建立钒钼黄分光光度法检测低磷含量液态婴幼儿配方食品、液态特殊医学用途配方食品等特殊食品中磷含量的分析方法。方法试样经消解,磷在酸性条件下与钒钼酸铵生成黄色络合物钒钼黄,于440 nm测定试样溶液中钒钼黄的吸光度值,幵与标准系列比较定量。对3种基质液态特殊食品的磷含量进行测定。结果增大称样量能满足方法准确度和精密度要求;称样量为4 g时,回收率范围为92.4%～107.0%,相对标准偏差为0.8%～3.7%;方法定量限为30 mg/100 g。结论该方法能够准确测定液态配方食品中较低含量的磷,适合液态婴幼儿配方食品、液态特殊医学用途配方食品等特殊食品中磷含量的测定。     

Effects of size of cellulose granules on dough rheology, microscopy, and breadmaking properties

ABSTRACT:  Breadmaking was performed with cellulose-blended wheat flour. Cellulose granules (7 types) of various sizes (diameter) were prepared by kneading. With increase of the blend percent of the cellulose samples from 10% to 20%, breadmaking properties such as bread height and specific volume (SV) gradually decreased in every sample; however, the decreasing levels of the properties in 7 types of various sizes varied. The decrease of bread height and SV was associated with the size of the cellulose granule. It was observed at both 10% and 20% blends that the same bread height and SV as for bread baked with only wheat flour could be obtained when the diameter of cellulose granule was above 154 μm in cellulose/wheat flour breadmaking, while they gradually decreased with granules below 154 μm. When the largest cellulose granules were mechanically ground to make smaller ones, the bread height and SV decreased with increasing grinding time. It was ascertained that the size of the cellulose granule was important for breadmaking properties. Cellulose-blended wheat flour was subjected to mixograph tests. When cellulose granules above 154-μm dia were blended with wheat flour, the profile of the mixogram was almost the same as that for wheat flour; that is, the profile had a short mixing requirement and showed a viscous gluten matrix. However, when cellulose granules below 81-μm dia were blended, a different curve showing a nonviscous dough due to breakdown of the gluten protein was observed, as ascertained by microscopy. Farmograph test showed that the amount of the released gas from cellulose-blended bread dough increased with decrease of the size of the cellulose granule due to breakdown of the gluten protein.     

Effects of the insoluble fiber derived from Passiflora edulis seed on plasma and hepatic lipids and fecal output

The influence of the insoluble fiber-rich fraction (FRF) prepared from defatted Passiflora edulis seed, a potential fiber source, on plasma and hepatic lipids and fecal output were investigated in hamsters fed a hypercholesterolemic diet containing 5% insoluble FRF. The results showed that the consumption of insoluble FRF diet relative to cellulose diet could effectively (P < 0.05) decrease the levels of serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol, and liver cholesterol, and increase (P < 0.05) the levels of total lipids, cholesterol, and bile acids in feces. The consumption of insoluble FRF also increased (P < 0.05) the fecal bulk and moisture. The marked cholesterol- and lipid-lowering effects of insoluble FRF might be partly attributed to its ability to enhance the excretion of lipids and bile acids via feces. Our results suggested that insoluble FRF could be a potential hypocholesterolemic ingredient for fiber-rich functional foods, but some further researches in humans may be needed to confirm its benefits.     

不同溶剂溶解制备纤维素溶液及其流变性能

分别采用N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([BMIM]Cl)离子液体(ILS)、二甲基乙酰胺/氯化锂(DMAc/LiCl)、NaOH/尿素(Urea)以及传统的铜乙二胺(CED,铜氨法)和二硫化碳/氢氧化钠(CS2/NaOH,黏胶法)6种不同的溶剂体系溶解纤维素得到均匀的纤维素溶液,研究相同条件下不同纤维素溶液的稳态和动态流变性能。结果表明,所有纤维素溶液均属于假塑性流体,表观黏度随剪切速率的增大而降低;CED和CS2/NaOH溶剂体系制得的纤维素溶液加工性能相对较好,但对纤维素大分子的破坏性相对较强;NMMO和ILS溶剂体系制得的纤维素溶液加工性能相对较差,但对纤维素大分子的破坏性相对较小;DMAc/LiCl和NaOH/Urea溶剂体系制得的纤维素溶液的加工性能和对纤维素大分子的破坏性则介于传统溶剂体系(CED及CS2/NaOH)和新型溶剂体系(NMMO及ILS)之间。     

不同形态烟碱在电子烟气溶胶中的释放研究

  目的  研究游离烟碱、吸附烟碱、包合烟碱、不同比例烟碱和酒石酸调配物在电子烟气溶胶中释放规律。  方法  测定含有不同形态烟碱的电子烟烟液中烟碱含量及pH值变化,比较不同形态烟碱在电子烟气溶胶中释放情况及感官质量评价差异。  结果  相对于含游离烟碱的电子烟烟液对照,（1）添加环糊精修饰氧化石墨烯、氧化碳纳米管、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基环糊精和酒石酸的处理,可测定烟碱浓度均有降低,酒石酸处理pH值降低,其余不变;（2）添加氧化碳纳米管的处理,气溶胶中烟碱释放稳定性降低;添加环糊精修饰氧化石墨烯、羟丙基环糊精、羧甲基纤维素和酒石酸的处理,烟碱释放稳定性较好;（3）添加羟丙基环糊精的处理,喉部冲击感降低,添加酒石酸的处理,烟碱气息较弱,喉部劲头和刺激明显降低。  结论  在含有游离烟碱的电子烟烟液中添加适量的羟丙基环糊精、羧甲基纤维素和酒石酸可以有效增加烟气气溶胶中烟碱释放的稳定性、提升电子烟的感官质量。      

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOOD PARTICLES ON THE DEGREE OF GRAININESS PERCEIVED IN THE MOUTH

Nineteen food materials were pulverized and passed through standard sieves to prepare samples with different particle sizes (23–500 μm). Each sample was tested for physical properties, and sensory evaluation tests were conducted to obtain the graininess threshold value and the degree of graininess discrimination. The graininess threshold value tended to decrease and the degree of graininess discrimination tended to increase with increasing degree of circularity, with decreasing solubility, with decreasing water absorption rate- particle size coefficient, and with increasing WK₂/K₁. The degree of graininess discrimination tended to increase with increasing particle size and increasing WK₂. With a multiple-regression analysis, the graininess threshold value was expressed by six physical properties, and the degree of graininess discrimination was expressed by eight physical properties, each with high contribution rates.     

Effects of feeding different levels of dietary fiber through the addition of corn stover on nutrient utilization of dairy heifers precision-fed high and low concentrate diets

The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of manipulating dietary fiber by replacing corn silage (CS) with lower quality forage as corn stover (CST) when used in high concentrate (HC) and low concentrate (LC) diets for precision-fed dairy heifers. Eight Holstein heifers (335.6 ± 7.41 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to 2 levels of concentrate: HC (20% forage) and LC (80% forage), and to a forage type sequence [0% of forage as corn stover (CST), 100% corn silage (CS); 20% CST, 80% CS; 40% CST, 60% CS; and 60% CST, 40% CS] within concentrate level administered according to a split-plot, 4 × 4 Latin square design (21-d periods). Heifers fed HC had higher apparent total-tract dry matter digestibility (DMD). Increasing the fiber level by increasing the amount of CST in the diet resulted in a linear decrease of DMD and organic matter digestibility. Heifers fed LC diets had higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and tended to have lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility than those fed HC diets. Substituting CS with 20% CST resulted in the highest NDF and ADF digestibilities. Digestibility of N was not different, but N retention increased for HC and decreased quadratically for LC diets. Heifers fed HC diets decreased fecal output, and CST linearly increased these parameters. Urine volume tended to be higher for HC-fed heifers, and increasing dietary fiber through CST inclusion tended to decrease urine output. This shift in water excretion resulted in similar total manure output. Total purine derivative excretion did not differ between treatments, but interacted with CST addition, resulting in a linear increase in microbial protein flow to the duodenum in HC-fed heifers and in a linear decrease in LC diets as CST increased. In conclusion, increasing dietary fiber through CST decreased DMD and organic matter digestibility linearly, whereas NDF and ADF digestibility were maximized when 20% CST was added to HC and LC diets. Microbial protein synthesis increased and decreased linearly with CST addition in HC and LC diets, respectively. Retention of N increased and decreased quadratically with CST addition in HC and LC diets, respectively. Total manure excretion was not different between HC or LC diets.     

Two cases of hemorrhagic diarrhea caused by Cronobacter sakazakii in hospitalized nursing infants associated with the consumption of powdered infant formula

Two cases of acute gastroenteritis occurred in 5-month-old infants hospitalized in a mother-and-child hospital in Queretaro, Mexico, on 24 January 2010. C. sakazakii was recovered from the powdered infant formula (PIF), rehydrated PIF (R-PIF) fed to infants, and their fecal samples. The microorganism was present at levels of 0.33 most probable number (MPN)/g and 24 MPN/ml in PIF and R-PIF, respectively. The total ingested dose for the day before the onset of the diarrheic syndrome ranged between 2,160 and 3,600 MPN/ml. All strains of C. sakazakii recovered from the three sources (R-PIF, PIF, and fecal matter) showed identical biotypes, adhesion and invasiveness factors, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. No deaths were observed. Salmonella, Shigella, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were not found in food or fecal samples.