荷兰城乡规划体系中的乡村规划考察

荷兰作为欧洲国家中人多地少、高密度发展的典型国家,和我国国情背景较为相似,但较之我国却拥有更为优质的乡村自然环境和农业产业化前景,并在乡村规划上具备悠久传统和卓越表现。基于荷兰乡村规划与城市规划两者间有着不同起源和关注焦点,通过系统梳理荷兰城乡规划体系中的乡村规划脉络,介绍了荷兰乡村地区规划的演变历程,并从土地整理与开发、空间规划这两大层面剖析荷兰乡村地区发展规划的理念流变,以期为中国乡村地区建设提供可资借鉴的经验。     

Statistics on housing and construction in the Netherlands

This column is composed by the Sector Sociocultural Household Statistics Netherlands. The contribution for this issue was prepared by Pieter Everaers and Hub Janssen, who may be contacted at Statistics Netherlands, Heerlen (telephone +31 45 5 70 74 77 or +31 45 5 70 74 75). More detailed information is available in publications of Statistics Netherlands and on request.     

从土地整理到综合规划 荷兰乡村景观整治规划及其启示

荷兰具有深厚的乡村规划传统,千年的圩田开垦形成了美丽、丰产、耐用的乡村景观,20世纪以来农业机械化、集约化和专业化迫使乡村景观在改善水管理、优化土地划分和完善道路基础设施建设3方面加以整治。在20世纪荷兰政府陆续颁布了主要的4个相关法规,乡村景观规划经历了从早期的农业优先到1970年代以后关注历史性和生态敏感性景观的保护,再到目前景观保护的多元化和任务的综合性。荷兰的乡村景观整治提高了农业生产,但也对传统乡村景观结构也造成了巨大的冲击,相关的经验和教训值得我们借鉴。     

透过Archiprix毕业设计奖看荷兰风景园林教育的特点

Archiprix毕业设计奖是荷兰优秀毕业设计作品的比赛场。文章首先对Archiprix毕业设计奖的自身情况进行了介绍,继而对近年来参加Archiprix奖的风景园林作品进行分析和评价,总结出荷兰风景园林教育的特点和理念。     

竞赛

胡志明Thu Thiem新城区设计竞赛获奖者公布;“森禾杯”中日韩大学生风景园林设计竞赛揭晓（图03）。     

A geological approach to traditional and alternative aggregates in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands aggregates are mainly used for construction materials. Because of the almost total absence of hard-rock outcrops in this country, all of the aggregates derive from unconsolidated deposits. This article reviews the distribution, provenance, depositional environment, composition and exploitation of the main traditional aggregates in The Netherlands and in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. Most of this information is provided by the Quarternary geological history of the North Sea Basin in which this country is situated. Attention is also paid to the present and possible future application of alternative aggregates in The Netherlands.     

The Effect of Housing Expenses and Subsidies on the Income Distribution in Flanders and the Netherlands

This study explores the role of housing expenses and subsidies with respect to income distribution in Flanders (the northern part of Belgium) and the Netherlands in 2005–2006. It analyses income poverty and inequality by comparing equivalent disposable income before and after housing expenses with a relative poverty threshold and the Gini coefficient. Poverty and income inequality increase in both ‘countries’ when equivalent disposable income is corrected for housing expenses. Furthermore, the relative position of outright owners and social tenants regarding poverty improves. Housing subsidies play a (partly) different role in Flanders and the Netherlands. The implicit social rent subsidy in Flanders and the explicit housing allowance in the Netherlands serve the same goal; however, they both redistribute income relatively strongly in favour of low-income tenants. The tax relief system on the other hand increases income inequality in society, in both Flanders and the Netherlands, whereas our comparative analysis suggests that tax relief does not have a moderating effect on net housing expenses.     

Urbanization and spatial planning in an international perspective

This contribution compares Germany, France, and the United Kingdom with the Netherlands on a number of issues. The focus is on (a) processes of urbanization and (b) urban policies (broadly defined in an economic, social, and ecological sense). These issues are seen in relation to national spatial planning. The authors combine the findings of this comparative analysis with the results of previous research by one of the authors. At the end, they draw some conclusions and make recommendations for the next (Fifth) Report on Physical Planning in the Netherlands. Ton Kreukels is professor of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences at Utrecht University. From 1986 to 1992, he was also a member of the Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy. Then, and especially in this last position, his research was focused on a study of the four big cities and city regions in the Netherlands: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht. From 1992 up to the present, he has been involved in a comparative study of urban regions in Europe, including those of the Netherlands. Egge-Jan Pollé is a human geographer from Utrecht University. In 1996, while a junior-researcher at Utrecht University, he worked together with the first author on the study about Germany, France, and the United Kingdom that is reported in this article. That study was commissioned by the Netherlands National Spatial Planning Agency.     

从荷兰景观魅力看中国景观设计前景

通过分析荷兰景观发展的社会历史条件及其地域特点,指出荷兰景观在时代发展中的优势和影响,进一步提出借鉴荷兰景观对中国景观设计发展有重要意义,强调中国景观的发展方向应在尊重历史现实的基础上顺应时代需求,兼容并蓄。     

荷兰现代景观设计概览

对荷兰现代景观的诸多设计理念与创作风格进行了简要介绍。艺术、功能和技术，以及人与自然的关系，是荷兰现代景观设计力求解决的问题，景观设计师正努力实现它们的完美结合。     

Job-related migration in the Netherlands. The role of geographical access to employment in a polynucleated urban region

Over the last few decades, the Netherlands’ economic urban landscape has developed into a polynucleated urban structure. The resulting spatial distribution of job opportunities influences geographical job access at the individual level. This paper addresses the question, to what extent does spatial variation in job access within the Netherlands polynucleated urban structure influence job-related migration? First, it is shown that there are large differences in job access in the Netherlands in both the total number of jobs and in job levels. Scores on job access are higher in strategic residential locations in between the major cities in the polynucleated urban region of the Randstad than in the major cities themselves. Second, using data from the Netherlands Housing Demand survey and logistic regression models, it is shown that the probability of job-related migration decreases as the number of jobs within reach of the residence increases. The analyses control for both individual and household characteristics. The results show that strategic residential locations in between the major cities are as favourable as the cities themselves in terms of avoiding high spatial mobility costs.     

Groundwater quality in the netherlands — collection and interpretation of data

In The Netherlands many groundwater quality data are available. At the same time, much research is being done on groundwater quality and groundwater pollution. This paper deals with problems of interpretation of groundwater quality data related to hydrogeological conditions, location of boreholes and sample handling. Attention will be paid to the quality of groundwater in The Netherlands.     

Editorial

Though the British and Dutch approaches to disability in the construction sector exhibit common features, Britain tends towards a capabilities model compared with the Netherlands which is closer to a social model. The construction sector is considerably more regulated in the Netherlands but is in both countries highly disabling and exclusive. Sector‐specific disabling and enabling factors and policy measures were investigated in the two countries with a view to identifying which policies might facilitate labour market participation. The investigation was based on interviews using similar questionnaires with key stakeholders, firms and disabled employees and a focus group. Policy in each country addresses the nature of exclusion in different ways. The conclusion drawn is that a sector‐specific approach is needed if disability policy in Britain is to be more in tune with the social model—as apparent from the comparison with the Netherlands.     

Timber-framed Town Houses in the Northern Netherlands Before 1600. Construction and Geographical Distribution

Timber-framed buildings can be found in large parts of Western Europe. The Glossary of Prehistoric and Historic Timber Buildings refers to the broad similarities between Dutch timber framing and that of neighbouring countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Germany, but describes the lack of many special wall framing features, particularly bracings and jetties. The timber frame distribution map of Europe leaves out parts of the Netherlands (Figure 1) (Volmer and Zimmermann, Glossary, 23–24.). Although some critical remarks can be made about statements made in the Glossary, it is true that timber-framed town houses, as they are found in the Northern Netherlands, rarely fit the wider traditional picture of timber building. This contribution will investigate the construction of town house walls until around 1600 to gain improved understanding of the vernacular landscape in the Netherlands. After a brief historiography, the main principles of timber frame building and their regional distribution across the Netherlands will be elucidated. The conclusion will examine the motives behind the relatively divergent building solutions and their distribution.     

Strategic study on the utilization of underground space in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, interest in utilization of underground space has been increasing over the pastdecade. To examine the potential for subsurface space use, a national lldStrategic Study on the Utilization of Underground Space” was carried out by the Centre for Underground Construction (Centrum Ondergrounds Bouwen, COB) and Delft University of Technology (TUD), on the initiative of the National Physical Planning Service (Rijksplanologische Dienst, RPD) of Service (Rijksplanologische Dienst, RPD) of the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. The paper describes the objectives of the study, the characteristics of underground space use in the Netherlands, positive and negative influences on the potential use of such space, and conclusion of the Strategic Study, including likely prospective applications of subsurface space in the Netherlands.     

作为公共绿地的墓园——Almere-Haven案例研究

在荷兰的阿米尔·哈温新城,有一座由克里斯蒂安·扎姆于1972年设计的现代墓园.它也是一处成功的公共绿地。墓园的建设正值荷兰围海造田运动高潮以及由于城市人口密集化而发起的卫星城建设。20世纪60年代末,卫星城开始蓬勃发展,其理念是反对建设功能性城市,提倡营造混合型社区以寻求更广泛的民主。这种理念也影响到该墓园的设计：墓葬单元大小相仿,暗示平等;在空间规划上没有等级划分,而自然有机;同时,清晰的总体规划框架在不影响总体视觉效果的基础上实现了单体墓穴的个性化设计。公共流线的组织强化了空间布局、场地的公共属性以及社区归属感,成功地将墓园与日常生活空间融为一体。     

表皮·类型·空间--纽特林和李迪克事务所作品印象

纽特林和李迪克是当代荷兰重要的青年建筑师事务所.他们的建筑设计不仅继承了荷兰建筑一贯的理性主义和功能主义特点,还发展出自己独特的建筑语汇.本文着重分析他们的三个建筑作品,并阐述了在探索各种与众不同的建筑模式过程中,他们所采用的新颖方法和观念.     

Research information: Open Building Systems: a case study

Karel Dekker from TNO Building & Construction Research in The Netherlands explains the Open Building approach for design and construction as the principles of ordering and combining subsystems to create variety and efficiency. The disentanglement of subsystems allows for alteration over time and higher possibility of user choice. The case study of a post-war housing estate in the Netherlands demonstrates how Open Building strategies combined with a flexible rent policy have been used to improve quality on three scales (neighbourhood, building and dwelling interior) and to provide residents with choices about their living conditions.     

The Effect of EU-Legislation on Rental Systems in Sweden and the Netherlands

Both Sweden and the Netherlands had housing systems that include broad models of municipal housing (Sweden) or social housing (Netherlands). These broad models, however, came under discussion due to the competition policy of the European Commission. Financial government support – state aid – for public or social housing is considered to create false competition with commercial landlords. The countries chose different ways out of this problem. The Netherlands choose to direct state aid to a specified target group and had to introduce income limits for dwellings owned by housing associations. Sweden instead chose to change the law regulating municipal housing companies and demands that these companies should act in a ‘businesslike way’ and with that aims to create a level playing field. This paper will describe why the two countries chose different options, the development during the first years, and also speculate about the consequences on the longer run and the future role of the public/social housing sector in housing and urban policy.     

Spatial variation in nitrogen dioxide in three European areas

In order to estimate the spatial variation within well-defined study areas, nitrogen dioxide was measured with diffusion samplers (Palmes tube) in 40-42 sites each in Germany (Munich), the Netherlands and Sweden (Stockholm County). Each site was measured over four 2-week periods during 1 year (spring 1999 to summer 2000). In each country, one reference site was measured during all periods and the results were used to adjust for seasonal variability, to improve the estimates of the annual average. Comparisons between the chemiluminescence method (European reference method) and Palmes tube measurement indicated a good agreement in Germany (with a ratio of 1.0 for Palmes tube/chemiluminescence) but underestimation for Palmes tube measurement in the Netherlands and Sweden (0.8 for both countries). The r2 values were between 0.86 and 0.90 for all three countries. The annual average values for NO2 for different sampling sites were between 15.9 and 50.6 (mean 28.8 microg/m3) in Germany, between 12.1 and 50.8 (mean 28.9 microg/m3) in the Netherlands and between 6.1 and 44.7 (mean 18.5 microg/m3) in Sweden. Comparing spatial variation between similar sites in the three countries, we did not find any significant differences between annual average levels for urban traffic sites. In Sweden, annual average levels in urban background and suburban backgrounds sites were about 8 microg/m3 lower than comparable sites in Germany and the Netherlands. Comparing site types within each country only urban traffic sites and suburban background sites differed in Germany. In the Netherlands and Sweden, the urban traffic sites differed from all other sites and in Sweden also the urban background sites differed from the other background sites. The observed contribution from local traffic was similar in the Netherlands and Sweden (10 and 8 microg/m3, corresponding to 26-27% of the NO2 concentration found in the urban traffic sites). In Germany, the contribution from local traffic was only 3 microg/m3, corresponding to 9% of the NO2 concentration found in the urban traffic sites. The spatial variation was substantially larger for NO2 than the variation for PM2.5 and similar to PM2.5 absorbance, measured in the same locations.