三维角联锁机织复合材料的冲击破坏有限元模拟分析

为研究层层接结三维角联锁机织复合材料的抗高速冲击性能,以指导抗冲击材料的结构设计,通过有限元分析的方法,计算此材料在具有不同入射速度弹体冲击下的动态响应。通过对比各种冲击条件下弹体的速度与时间曲线、加速度与时间曲线、材料渐进破坏扩展及最终破坏形态等的结果发现：冲击过程中,弹体的速度变化可被划分成2个阶段;弹体的加速度波动情况可直接反映复合材料靶体吸收弹体动能的动态规律;此外,经纱发生波浪状屈曲的区域是该类材料的重要结构部位,应在设计抗冲击型三维角联锁机织复合材料时进行局部强化与结构优化。     

角联锁复合材料的拉伸破坏

为说明角联锁机织复合材料在准静态拉伸加载下的破坏行为,通过实验分析的方法,考察了材料的应力-应变曲线以及破坏形态,说明了角联锁机织复合材料在准静态拉伸载荷下的破坏模式与机制。结果表明:角联锁机织复合材料在整个拉伸过程中经历了3个阶段。此外,树脂碎裂、纱线的断裂抽拔是角联锁机织复合材料在准静态拉伸加载下的主要破坏模式,且材料断口较为整齐,断口处可发现纱线上几乎不黏附树脂,说明拉伸过程中纱线与树脂界面发生脱黏现象。     

锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料的弯曲性能

为解决层合间隔复合材料易开裂和整体性差的问题,采用绿色环保的玄武岩低捻长丝作为经、纬纱,合理设计经向截面图和组织图,并在普通织机上织造3种不同间隔高度的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物。以所织得的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物作为增强材料,环氧乙烯基树脂作为基体,利用真空辅助成型工艺,制备锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料,同时对三维机织间隔复合材料进行三点弯曲性能测试,得到弯曲载荷-位移曲线、能量吸收图和破坏模式。结果表明:复合材料的纬向是主要承力方向;组织循环个数越多的材料表现出更好的弯曲性能;在一定间隔高度范围内,间隔高度越高的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物承受的弯曲载荷和吸收的能量也越高;锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料的破坏模式是材料上表层受压,下表层受拉,而连接层受压;在作用力下材料只是出现明显的变形,但并未出现材料整体的破坏。     

三维机织角联锁SiCf/SiC复合材料弯曲性能及损伤机制

为解决陶瓷基复合材料在服役环境中由于弯曲而导致失效的问题,从理论上分析了经向和纬向弯曲过程中复合材料弯曲受力与内部纤维之间的相互作用机制。以SiC_f/SiC复合材料为例,利用微计算机断层扫描技术获得其内部纤维结构和孔隙等三维图像;并在此基础上,分别对三维机织角联锁SiC_f/SiC复合材料经向和纬向进行弯曲性能测试,从细观、微观尺度分析弯曲损伤机制。结果表明:三维机织角联锁SiC_f/SiC复合材料的纬向和经向性能明显不同,且纬向试样的弯曲强度大于经向试样;SiC_f/SiC复合材料的弯曲损伤模式复杂,经向试样裂纹主要沿着经纱与纬纱接触点扩展,而纬向试样裂纹主要在纬纱束之间产生,并最终导致弯曲破坏。     

三维角联锁机织复合材料低速冲击压缩性质研究

通过试验测量和有限元分析研究了三维角联锁机织复合材料经向低速冲击压缩性质。利用落锤冲击仪测量复合材料在不同冲击能量下的载荷位移关系,利用光学显微镜观察低速冲击压缩后试样的破坏形貌和损伤机理,建立了细观结构有限元模型来进一步解析其低速冲击压缩行为。结果表明:随着冲击能量增加,材料刚度增加,最大载荷下降,总吸收能上升,破坏程度加剧;在破坏形态上表现为高冲击能量会导致裂纹变大、变宽,更易沿经纱方向扩展,并伴有剪切、分叉、界面脱黏分层和纤维断裂抽拔等现象;有限元所得到的载荷-位移曲线和破坏形貌与试验结果具有较好的一致性。     

2.5D角联锁芳纶机织复合材料的压缩性能研究

探讨2.5D角联锁芳纶机织复合材料的压缩性能。测试了4种结构的2.5D角联锁芳纶机织复合材料的经向压缩强度和压缩模量及纬向压缩强度和压缩模量,分析了其结构与压缩性能间的关系。试验结果表明:伸直状态的衬经纱对2.5D角联锁芳纶机织复合材料的经向压缩性能有较大贡献;伸直状态的衬纬纱对2.5D角联锁芳纶机织复合材料的纬向压缩性能有较大贡献。认为应根据实际应用环境所需要的压缩强度和压缩模量来设计2.5D角联锁芳纶机织复合材料的结构。     

填经纱对三维角连锁结构复合材料准静态侵彻性能的影响

为研究填经纱对三维角连锁结构增强复合材料准静态侵彻性能的影响,以玻璃纤维为原料制备4种经向截面结构具有不同填经纱层数的三维角连锁结构机织物,并以真空辅助成型工艺获得复合材料,采用集中准静态压痕试验方法获得侵彻位移载荷、位移瞬时能量吸收量曲线,分析材料在准静态侵彻下的力学响应历程及特性。结果表明,在立体织物的经向增加填经纱,各组填经纱在复合材料的位移瞬时能量吸收量曲线中均对应有明显的能量吸收区,使复合材料所能承受的最大侵彻载荷和能量吸收能力增加,但复合材料的破坏位移却减少。     

三维机织多孔复合材料的横向冲击性能

为了解纺织结构复合材料的动态力学行为,更好地设计并应用纺织结构复合材料,对三维多重纬经角联锁织物复合材料的动、静态力学性能进行了测试。运用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置测试了不同速度（应变率）及准静态状态时材料的力学性能。结果表明：三维多重纬经角联锁织物复合材料是应变率敏感材料;随着冲击速度的不断提高,材料所能承受的载荷及吸收的能量增大;材料破坏时前面表现为压缩破坏形式,背面为拉伸破坏形式。     

三维编织和角联锁复合材料的高速冲击响应

为了探究三维纺织结构复合材料高速冲击下应变率效应和结构效应，制备了碳纤维增强三维编织和三维角联锁复合材料，采用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)系统和高速摄影系统记录了三维编织和三维角联锁复合材料在高速冲击过程中应力应变曲线和渐进损伤过程。结果表明：编织和角联锁复合材料在高速冲击下都具有一定的应变率效应，并且都呈现剪切损伤，但编织复合材料呈现明显延性损伤而角联锁复合材料呈现明显脆性损伤。由于编织复合材料内部纤维束交织紧密，损伤后仍能承受一定载荷并且结构也能保持完整性，因此相较于三维角联锁复合材料，三维编织复合材料具有更好的抗冲击性能。     

T字型三维机织物设计及其复合材料弯曲性能

为探究不同梁高的T 字型三维整体机织复合材料的弯曲力学性质,经合理设计,使用玄武岩长丝束在普通小样织机上,低成本织造3 种不同梁高的T 字型三维整体机织物,采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型工艺,制备Ｔ 字型三维整体机织复合材料。用电子万能试验机测试,得到相应的载荷位移曲线和吸收能量位移曲线。由实验结果可知,梁越高的T 型三维整体机织复合材料所承受的载荷和吸收的能量也越高,且不同梁高的T 型三维整体机织复合材料也表现出不同的弯曲破坏模式。该研究结果表明,梁高对T 字型三维整体机织复合材料的弯曲载荷、吸能和破坏模式影响显著。     

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of three-point bending fatigue of 3D orthogonal woven composite

This paper reports the three-point bending fatigue behavior of three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal woven composite (3DOWC) in experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) approach. In experimental, the S–N curve was obtained to illustrate the relationship between applied stress levels and number of cycles to failure. The stiffness variation was recorded to present the degradation of mechanical properties of the 3DOWC during the process of fatigue loading. Furthermore, the fatigue damage morphologies of the tested 3DOWC coupons were given to indicate the damage modes of different parts (resin, yarns, and their interface) of the composite under the range of stress levels. In FEA approach, a user-defined material subroutine UMAT which characterizes the stiffness matrix and fatigue damage evolution of the 3DOWC was developed and incorporated with a finite element code ABAQUS/Standard to calculate the maximum deflection of the 3DOWC during each loading cycle. The bending deformation at different loading cycles was also calculated. From the comparisons between FEA and experimental approaches, it is indicated that the proposed model is reasonable for calculating the fatigue bending deformation.     

Experimental study on the bending fatigue behaviors of 3D five directional braided T-shaped composites

The static three-point bending properties and cyclic bending fatigue performances of three-dimensional five-directional braided T-beam composite (3D5DBTC) have been investigated at room temperature. The fatigue life of 3D5DBTC under different stress levels was analyzed based on the obtained S–N curves. The load–displacement hysteresis loops curves and stiffness degradation curves were recorded to reveal the relationship between stiffness degradation and damage evolution. It is shown that there were three distinct stages corresponding respectively to matrix cracks, interface debonding, and fiber breaking in the whole fatigue loading. In addition, to understand the ultimate fracture failure mechanism of 3D5DBTC under the different fatigue loading conditions, the damage morphologies of 3D5DBTC after fatigue testing were observed by macrographs and SEM micrographs. The matrix crack and the resin–yarns interface debonding occurred on the flange while fiber breakages occurred in the web. Meanwhile, macrographs and SEM images confirm that fiber breaking is the dominant damage under the high stress level, while matrix cracking and interfacial debonding are the main failure modes at low stress level.     

芯材结构对纤维增强复合材料抗压性能影响的有限元分析

为了说明芯材结构对中空纤维增强复合材料力学行为的影响,通过有限元分析的方法,在纱线芯材、树脂尺度上计算并比较“π”形与“O”形这两种不同芯材结构纤维增强复合材料在相同压力作用下的动态响应。通过对比分析两种材料结构的挠度随时间的变化、应力在结构中的分布、最大、最小应力所在位置以及应力均衡度等发现：复合材料（“O”形芯材）的变形程度比复合材料（“π”形芯材）的变形程度小。此外,对于前者而言,其应力集中部位处于几何结构对称的中心线上,这种对称性对材料结构的整体承力有利,且应力的不均衡度较小,使其能够吸收与耗散较多的能量。     

Finite element analyses of stress distributions of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite subjected to three-point bending cyclic loading

This paper presents the finite element simulation of stress distribution features of 3D layer-to-layer angle-interlock woven composite undergoing three-point bending cyclic loading. With the finite element analysis model, a microstructure shell element model of the woven composite at yarn level was established to calculate the fatigue behaviors and stress distribution during cyclic loading. The stress distributions in the warp, weft yarns, and the resin regions have been calculated to show the stress difference in the woven composite. It has been observed that the warp yarns share the most part of the stress or loading, i.e. the strength warp yarn is more important than that of the weft yarn for the fatigue design. In addition, the stress distributions at the locations where the weft yarns crossover the warp yarns have been investigated. The stress degradations of the top and bottom surface of the woven composite panels were also compared with those in experimental and good agreement was found. With the stress distribution in the woven composite, the method of improving the fatigue damage tolerance was expected to be developed.     

单向复合材料冲击破坏模拟

为了说明单向复合材料在高速冲击下的破坏行为,为抗冲击材料的结构设计提供指导。通过有限元模拟分析的方法,在纱线与树脂基体尺度上计算单向复合材料在不同冲击速度下的响应与破坏。对比分析不同冲击速度下材料上某特殊位置点的挠度变化曲线、应力变化曲线以及材料破坏形态等方面,说明单向复合材料的抗冲击行为。在高速冲击作用下,由于冲击能量被靶体的吸收与耗散,单向复合材料的应力及变形幅度随着时间的延续越来越小;此外,树脂碎裂、纱线的断裂抽拔是单向复合材料在高速冲击下的主要破坏模式。且由于受力模式的不同,材料下表面的破坏程度比上表面更为剧烈。     

三维六向编织SiCf/SiC复合材料的力学行为及其损伤机制

为解决陶瓷基复合材料在服役过程中因拉伸和弯曲导致的失效问题,以三维六向编织SiC_f/SiC复合材料为研究对象,分析了受力过程中复合材料力学行为与纤维及结构的联系机制。采用微计算机断层扫描技术获得材料结构及孔隙的三维图像,对复合材料纵向和横向进行拉伸、弯曲性能测试,并阐明其损伤机制。结果表明:复合材料呈现明显的各向异性特性,纵向拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别是横向的10.37、5.06倍;复合材料不同方向受力的损伤模式不同,拉伸载荷下纵向试样裂纹沿着六向纱呈Z字形扩展,而横向试样裂纹沿着编织轴向扩展,最终导致拉伸破坏;弯曲载荷下裂纹沿着厚度方向扩展,并最终导致纵向及横向试样的韧性断裂,且纵向韧性优于横向。     

Large-scale finite element analysis of a 3D angle-interlock woven composite undergoing low-cyclic three-point bending fatigue

This paper reports the large-scale finite element analysis (FEA) of a 3D angle-interlock layer-to-layer woven composite material undergoing low-cyclic three-point bending fatigue at microstructure level. A microstructure geometrical model of the 3D woven composite material was established to model the real structure of the woven composite. The fatigue behaviors of the 3D woven composite undergoing three-point bending with sinusoidal wave-form were investigated from experimental and FEA approaches. Based on displacement-controlled bending and inelastic hysteresis energy fatigue damage criterion, the interior deformation, energy absorption, and stress distribution characteristics during the fatigue process were analyzed. The different failure mechanisms and damage patterns of yarns and resin were discussed. The influence of the 3D woven structure on the fatigue behaviors was discussed. The fatigue damage morphologies and stiffness degradation were obtained to compare with the experimental results. The results show that the most of energy was absorbed by warp yarns. Stress concentration was emerged on the inclined part of warp yarns and the interface between yarns and resin. The damage morphologies from experimental and FEA results are in good agreement. The stiffness degradation curves also show the same tendency.     

Investigation on the knittability of glass yarn

Knitted fabric reinforcements gain interest in the composite industry for their excellent drapability, impact resistance and net-shape manufacturability. However, little attention has been given to the fabrication damages on high-performance yarns during the knitting process, which were proved to be of strong influence on the final composite performance. In this paper, investigations were carried out on the knittability of glass yarn. By simplifying the knitting process into separate yarn-needle hook systems, designed experiments were carried out to evaluate the yarn-breaking process under tensile, bending and abrasive actions. Acoustic emission (AE) technology was used during the above tests to represent the fiber-breakage history. Together with the SEM photos and theoretical analysis, the reasons for glass filament breakage at low yarn tension were found to be the compound results of the bending stress and shear stress generated by contact stress concentration.     

单向不连续碳纤维增强复合材料有限元分析

采用有限元法建立了有关的单胞模型和相关的边界条件。着重研究了复合材料的结构参数与单向不连续碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮（CF/PEEK）复合材料的细观弹塑性应力应变的关系，分析了纤维重叠比、纤维端部的不连续性对复合材料中纤维与纤维、纤维与周围基体相互作用以及应力场变化的影响。此外利用体积平均法预测了在外载荷作用下不同结构参数的单向不连续碳纤维增强复合材料的弹塑性应力-应变关系。