高校学生零食摄入状况调查及策略研究

大学生零食消费现象普遍存在,通过随机抽取某高校各年级大学生,对其零食消费行为、消费习惯、消费水平及消费观念等展开调查,发现大学生零食消费结构不甚合理,对零食选择度不高,对零食营养情况关注度较低。建议高校对大学生开展零食合理消费和健康营养教育,指导大学生合理健康的选择零食。     

中国九省(区)农民超重肥胖的变化趋势及人口经济因素的影响

目的:分析1991—2015年我国18～64岁成年农民超重肥胖的变化趋势,并探讨人口经济因素对其的影响。方法:利用"中国健康与营养调查"1991—2015年间9轮队列研究的基本信息、社会经济因素和体格测量数据,选择18～64岁职业为"农民、渔民或猎人(以下简称农民)"的成年人作为研究对象。采用《中国成人超重和肥胖症预防控制指南》中的体质指数(BMI)切点值判定肥胖程度。应用多因素Logistic模型分析人口经济因素对肥胖发生危险性的影响。结果:1991—2015年间,我国农民超重和肥胖率均呈逐渐上升趋势,超重率从11. 42%上升至35. 80%,肥胖率从1. 37%上升至13. 92%。多因素Logistics分析结果显示,女性超重肥胖危险性高于男性。随着年龄的增加,农民超重肥胖危险性明显增加,35～49岁、50～64岁年龄组肥胖危险性高于18～34岁年龄组。北方及中部地区农民超重肥胖危险性高于南方地区。高收入水平的农民超重肥胖危险性高于低收入水平的农民。高中及以上文化程度的农民超重肥胖危险性高于小学及以下组。结论:性别、年龄、收入水平、地理位置是农民超重肥胖的重要影响因素。建议根据分布特征,将优质资源集中到中部、北方地区,并加强对中老年人进行营养知识和健康生活方式的宣教。同时也要关注高收入地区及男性农民的超重肥胖问题。     

上海市超市预包装零食营养标签现况

目的:了解《食品安全国家标准预包装食品营养标签通则》(以下简称《通则》)实施情况及存在的问题,对比国内与进口零食的标识情况。方法:采用预包装食品营养标签调查法在上海市8所不同的大型超市获取食品营养标签初始信息,利用 SPSS 20.0进行数据分析。结果:国内与进口零食标识率和规范率,与前几年相比显著提高。进口零食可选择的营养素和致敏原标识率均高于国内零食,但两者均存在致敏原标识含糊的现象。结论:《通则》实施两年后,我国食品营养标签标识率显著提高。对比进口食品,国内零食在可选择的营养素和致敏原标识率方面有待完善。     

北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费状况及影响因素研究

目的 调查北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费状况及其影响因素,为开展相关食品营养和安全风险评估提供科学依据,促进全民健康。方法 本研究采用国家食品安全风险评估中心2020年开展的人群含反式脂肪酸食物消费状况调查项目中的肉类消费数据,共纳入北京市3岁及以上居民2 394人作为研究对象。采用食物频率法收集肉类消费数据,采用χ²检验和多因素Logistic回归分析调查对象各种肉类消费状况及其影响因素。结果 北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费率为91.9%。其中,猪肉消费率为77.4%,牛肉消费率为50.6%,羊肉消费率为21.5%,禽肉消费率为23.0%。居民肉类消费模式受到年龄、民族、文化程度、职业和家庭月收入的显著影响（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,猪肉消费的独立风险因素是民族,牛肉消费的独立风险因素包括民族、职业和家庭月收入,羊肉消费的独立风险因素包括年龄和家庭月收入,禽肉消费的独立风险因素是家庭月收入。结论 北京市居民肉类消费率较高,肉类品种日益丰富,膳食结构逐渐完善,但猪肉仍是居民主要肉类消费产品,应给予居民科学营养指导,有效提升全民健康水平。     

我国9省(市)3岁及以上人群含乳饮料消费状况分析

目的了解我国居民含乳饮料消费状况及影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的整群抽样方法,2013年在我国北京市、黑龙江省、上海市、江西省、山东省、湖北省、广东省、贵州省和甘肃省共9个省(市)中18个城市区(县)选取13 953名3岁及以上人群作为调查对象。利用过去一个月食物频率法和非连续3 d 24 h回顾询问法收集调查对象含乳饮料消费数据,采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归对含乳饮料消费状况及其影响因素进行分析。结果我国9省(市)3岁及以上人群含乳饮料消费率为9.7%(1 350/13 953),消费≥1次/d、4～6次/周和1～3次/周的比例分别为1.6%(217/13 953)、0.7%(94/13 953)和7.4%(1 039/13 953)。男性和女性消费率分别为8.5%(592/6 934)和10.8%(758/7 019);按年龄分层,3～6岁消费率最高(35.5%,165/465),60岁及以上最低(4.5%,123/2 740);城市消费率(7.7%,534/6 954)低于农村(11.7%,816/6 999)。全人群含乳饮料平均消费量为6.2 mL/d(消费人群为134.4 mL/d),男性和女性分别为5.6和6.9 mL/d;按年龄分层,3～6岁消费量最高(35.6 mL/d),60岁及以上最低(2.6 mL/d);城市消费量(3.2 mL/d)低于农村(9.2 mL/d)。性别、年龄、职业、城乡和地域是含乳饮料消费的影响因素。结论我国3岁及以上人群含乳饮料消费率和平均消费量较低。儿童和青少年(3～17岁)是含乳饮料的主要消费人群,建议有针对性地对儿童和青少年及其家长进行营养知识的科普宣教。     

我国16省(市)3岁及以上人群桶装和瓶装饮用水消费状况及其影响因素分析

目的分析我国16个省(市)3岁及以上人群桶装和瓶装饮用水消费状况及影响因素,为开展相关食品安全风险评估提供科学依据。方法利用国家食品安全风险评估中心2013—2014年开展的我国16个省(市)居民食物消费状况调查中预包装饮用水消费数据,选取43 319名3岁及以上人群作为研究对象,使用SAS 9.4统计软件进行数据清理和统计分析,采用χ~2检验和Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验方法,分析研究对象桶装和瓶装饮用水的消费状况及其影响因素。结果我国16个省(市)3岁及以上人群桶装和瓶装饮用水的消费率分别为26.2%和14.4%,人群平均消费量分别为249.7和56.4 mL/d,饮用者平均消费量分别为951.6和392.2 mL/d。男性桶装和瓶装饮用水消费率和消费量均高于女性;家庭年人均收入1万元以下人群桶装饮用水消费率和消费量均高于其他收入人群,3万元以上人群瓶装饮用水消费率和消费量均高于其他收入人群;城市地区人群瓶装饮用水消费率和消费量高于农村地区人群,而农村地区人群桶装饮用水消费率和消费量高于城市地区人群。此外,桶装和瓶装饮用水的消费状况还受年龄、文化程度等因素影响。结论我国3岁及以上人群桶装和瓶装饮用水消费率和消费量较低,其消费状况与年龄、文化程度、家庭年收入、地区等因素相关。     

中国成年居民鱼虾类食物消费现状和变化趋势

目的：了解我国9省区成年居民鱼虾类食物消费现状及其变化趋势。方法：研究资料来源于1991—2011年＂中国健康与营养调查＂,选择参加8轮调查并有完整膳食调查数据的18~59岁成年居民作为研究对象,分析其鱼虾类食物消费率、鱼虾类食物消费人群的摄入量现状及变化趋势,并与《中国居民膳食指南》（2007版）鱼虾类食物推荐摄入量进行比较。结果：1991—2001年间,调查人群鱼虾类食物消费率上升了38.9%、鱼虾类食物消费人群的摄入量中位数增加了13.3 g;鱼虾类食物摄入量达到《中国居民膳食指南》（2007版）鱼虾类食物推荐摄入量下限的人群比例上升47.0%。结论：中国9省区成年居民鱼虾类食物摄入发生显著变化,但仍远未达到《中国居民膳食指南》（2007版）鱼虾类食物推荐摄入量的要求,应进一步增加鱼虾类食物摄入量。     

1989-2009年广西六市（县）居民膳食结构变化趋势分析

目的：分析广西城乡居民食物消费状况,了解居民膳食结构变化趋势.方法：利用1989、1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006、2009年“中国健康与营养调查”项目8次追踪调查资料,选取18-60岁居民作为调查对象,采取连续3d 24h膳食回顾法,获得居民每人每天食物消费量.结果：1989-2009年广西18-60岁居民谷类、豆类摄入量呈逐年下降趋势,尤其是谷类食物由1989年的483.5±116.3g/d,下降到2009年的389.0±133.0g/d,下降幅度为19.5％;蔬菜类食物的摄入量变化不大,基本维持在335.8-348.6g/d;水果、奶类、鱼虾类、蛋类食物摄入量和消费率虽然逐年均有所增加,但摄入量和消费率严重偏低;而禽畜肉摄入量却呈逐年上升趋势,由1989年的89.2±78.7g/d,上升至2009年的159.6±87.9g/d,上升幅度为78.9％;食用油、盐摄入量也偏高,至2009年分别达到38.8g/d和7.7g/d,超过推荐量标准.结论：21年间广西居民的膳食结构模式已从植物性膳食向动物性膳食转变,应引起高度关注.     

家庭收入水平对我国城乡居民食物消费的影响

目的:分析不同家庭收入水平对我国城乡居民食物消费的影响。方法:利用"2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"中的连续3d 24h回顾法的食物数据、"称重法"记录的家庭油脂消费量数据和家庭人均年收入数据,应用SAS软件进行统计分析。结果:我国城乡居民谷类和薯类食物消费量随收入增加呈下降趋势,蔬菜、水果、豆类及其制品和动物性食物的摄入量均随收入增加呈逐渐上升趋势。结论:家庭收入水平是影响我国城乡居民食物消费状况的重要因素。     

北京市密云区农村中小学生零食摄入状况及影响因素

目的:了解北京市密云区农村中小学生零食的摄入状况及其影响因素,为采取改善措施提供依据。方法:采取多阶段分层抽样,抽取北京市密云区农村8所中小学537名学生,采用北京市统一的"零食与饮料消费情况调查"问卷。结果:学生1w零食摄入频率10次及以上的有55.9%,平原高于山区(P0.05),低年级高于高年级(P0.01),女生高于男生(P0.01),走读生高于住宿生(P0.05),喜欢零食的学生高于不喜欢零食的学生(P0.01),家长零食摄入频率高的高于频率低的(P0.05)。影响中小学生零食摄入频率的因素有类型(OR=1.65)、零食是否影响正餐(OR=0.29/0.39)和家长1w零食摄入频率(OR=6.67E-10/8.41E-10)。结论:应建立以学校为基础,家庭、社会全方位支持引导的营养知识宣传引导体系。     

Predictors of the consistency between healthy snack choice intentions and actual behaviour

The present study investigated the factors that affect the intention–behaviour consistency of healthy snack choices. Intended snack choice was assessed by asking participants (N = 538) to choose a snack on paper, out of 8 snacks (4 healthy, e.g. melon and gingerbread, and 4 unhealthy, e.g. crisps and chocolate). The next day participants chose one out of 8 different snacks for actual consumption. Participants completed a questionnaire about attitudes towards taste and health, habitual snack use, self-control, anticipated regret, and pleasantness of the snacks. Results showed that 24% of the participants with a healthy snack choice intention chose an unhealthy snack instead. Female gender, a high education level, a strong habitual healthy snack use, and a strong self-control increased the healthy intention–behaviour consistency. To facilitate healthy choices, interventions should target males and lower educated people, and focus on increasing their healthy snacking habit and self-control.     

Healthy snacking in the school environment: Exploring children and mothers' perspective using projective techniques

Snacks consumed at school are an important source of energy and nutrients in children's diets. Understanding the factors that underlie children and mothers' choices of school snacks can contribute to the development of strategies to promote healthier eating patterns. In this context, the aims of the present work were: i) to explore children's conceptualization of school snacking, and ii) to identify children and mothers' perceived barriers and facilitators to healthy snacking in the school environment. Two studies with 518 children and 1183 mothers were carried out. In Study 1, children (n = 255) were asked to draw a child eating a snack at school. In Study 2, five incomplete dialogues about school snacks were presented to participants (263 children and 1183 mothers), who had to complete them using their own words. Data were analyzed using content analysis. The drawings showed that school snacking frequently occurs during the recess while children do other activities, such as playing football or other games. Fruit, sandwiches, cookies and juices were the foods and beverages most frequently included in the drawings. Responses to the dialogues enabled the identification of barriers to healthy snacking in the school environment, which were related to children's positive hedonic reaction towards unhealthy foods, the sales of unhealthy products in the school canteen, lack of time to prepare home-made snacks and mothers' perception that children can eat unhealthy snacks once in a while. In addition, the existence of a school snacking policy was mentioned as a facilitator for healthy snacking. Potential additional actions to promote healthy snacking habits in the school environment were identified.     

某高职院校学生营养K-A-P调查

目的:了解某高职院校学生的营养知识、态度及饮食行为,为进行膳食指导和营养健康教育提供依据。方法:采用分层抽样法对某高职院校12个系,每个系随机抽取105名学生,进行营养知识、态度及饮食行为(K-AP)的问卷调查。结果:营养知识得分的及格率仅为59.3%,不同性别、文理科的学生营养知识得分存在统计学差异,女生、理科生得分高;学生对待营养的态度普遍较好,其中,90.8%认为合理膳食与健康关系很大、52.7%愿意选修营养方面的课程或参加相关讲座;调查学生中存在不合理的营养行为,96.7%的学生有不同程度的挑食偏食,有吃夜宵和零食习惯的人分别占80.9%和71.7%,仅29.2%的学生一日三餐饮食规律等。结论:应加强学生的营养知识健康教育和合理膳食行为的引导。     

酸奶产品健康相关信息对各类消费者选购意图的影响

目的:研究不同消费群体对酸奶的健康相关因素的关注程度,以及对酸奶消费的影响。方法:以随机访问的方式对北京市615名消费者进行问卷调查,数据使用SPSS 18.0进行分析。结果:女性、教育程度较高、接受过健康培训和关注营养信息者对酸奶的健康益处了解较全面。女性、较年轻、有过健康培训、关注健康信息的人群饮用酸奶的频率较高。年龄、人均月收入、教育程度、健康培训与酸奶风味和口感的重视程度呈显著负相关,而与营养价值和保健价值的重视程度呈显著正相关。女性、月收入高、教育程度高、接受过健康培训、关注健康信息的人群倾向于选择带有营养声称的酸奶。结论:不同消费群体对酸奶的消费选择特点有显著差异。     

A laboratory-based assessment of mother-child snack food selections and child snack food consumption: Associations with observed and maternal self-report of child feeding practices

This study explored how mothers' observed and self-reported child feeding practices (child control over food choices, encouragement of balance and variety, and teaching about nutrition) were associated with mother-child snack food selections and child snack food consumption in a laboratory setting. Mothers (N = 107) and their 4.5-year-old children (52% female) selected up to 5 snack foods (out of 9 snack foods: 6 higher-energy-density [ED] and 3 lower-ED) for optional child consumption throughout a one-hour laboratory visit. Mothers’ in-the-moment child feeding practices during the snack food selection task were coded using observational coding schemes, and mothers’ global child feeding practices (i.e., across meals and snacking occasions) were self-reported using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (Musher-Eizenman & Holub, 2007). Results of multiple linear regression analyses with covariates showed that higher-ED snack food selections were positively associated with observed child control over food choices (B = 0.35, SE = 0.12, p = .006) and self-reported teaching about nutrition (B = 0.49, SE = 0.19, p = .010), and negatively associated with self-reported encouragement of balance and variety (B = −0.66, SE = 0.24, p = .007). Lower-ED snack food selections were positively associated with self-reported encouragement of balance and variety (B = 0.53, SE = 0.20, p = .008). Child consumption of higher-ED or lower-ED snack foods were not significantly associated with mothers’ child feeding practices (observed or self-reported). We discuss the implications of these findings for future research on children’s snack food selection and consumption.     

长沙市民吸烟情况对生活饮食习惯和健康的调查分析

目的：了解长沙市不同人群的吸烟状况,探讨吸烟对居民生活饮食习惯、患病率的影响。方法：对长沙市不同地区不同年龄段居民进行分层整群抽样,采取调查问卷一对一询问的方式,共调查405人。结果：总吸烟率为44．7％,其中40-49岁年龄段吸烟率最高,为42．3％,60岁以上戒烟率最高为9．4％。有吸烟史的居民喜好荤油性食物,睡眠不好。吸烟对健康的危害往往会延迟好多年,吸烟者戒烟后患病率依然很高,达到61．5％。结论：吸烟对人们健康的危害很多。     

General parenting and mothers’ snack giving behavior to their children aged 2–7

The increasing intake of energy-dense snacks among children is one of the contributing factors to childhood overweight. To understand children’s snacking habits, snack choices of parents are essential to take into account. General parenting is one of the important factors that can influence the development of healthy eating patterns and weight status among children. Therefore, this study aims to explore how the key constructs of general parenting (nurturance, structure, behavioral control, overprotection and coercive control) relate to mothers’ snack choice for their children aged 2–7 years. The Dutch version of the validated Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire (CGPQ) was used to assess the key constructs of general parenting. An extensive, 13-day diary study with 136 Dutch mothers was used to measure the snacks mothers provided their children aged 2–4 years and 5–7 years. For both groups of mothers in our sample, differences were found on the scores of coercive control and overprotection. No differences between the mothers were present on the key constructs behavioral control, nurturance, and structure. Results give a first indication that more mothers who scored relatively higher on coercive control provided unhealthy products, like candy and cookies, and fewer mothers provided vegetables, compared to mothers who scored lower on coercive control. A higher score on coercive control combined with a higher score on overprotection was associated with fewer mothers providing unhealthy products like cookies and candies.     

The Impact of Conventional Dietary Intake Data Coding Methods on Snacks Typically Consumed by Socioeconomically Diverse African American and White Urban Population: A Comparison of Coding Methods

This study assessed the significance of implementing combination codes generated by USDA's Automated Multiple Pass Method and the impact on the assessment of snacking using the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. African American and White participants (n=2177) completed two 24-hour dietary recalls. All self-reported snacks were assigned a food group code, while snacks eaten in combination (e.g. cereal with milk) were additionally assigned a combination code and associated with a food group based on primary component (e.g. cereal). Combination codes produced significant variation in snack lists by race, providing a better depiction of snacking patterns.     

Perceptions of peanuts and related products by Thai consumers in the U.S.

A study was conducted to identify perceptions of Thai consumers toward peanuts and related products using a food/food-use appropriateness matrix and to identify new peanut products that exhibit good potential for being accepted by Thais. Most respondents were highly educated young Thai adults who had resided in the U.S. for 4 years or less. Factor analysis of the matrix consisting of sixteen peanut and related products and fourteen use situations identified two food (snack food and every day food) and three use groups (general use, special occasion and value/convenience). The snack food group was deemed appropriate for special occasions and children, while the every day food group was appropriate for general use and when concern existed about value and convenience. The every day food group was also perceived as being appropriate for snacking. Three peanut-based products representing good potential for acceptance were identified as ice cream type, milk type and non-peanut butter spread type.     

Snacking definitions: impact on interpretation of the literature and dietary recommendations

Snacking is a ubiquitous practice that has increased in recent years. However, the impact of snacking on the diet is difficult to assess because a variety of approaches have been used to define snacking (and snack foods) in the literature. This lack of a universally accepted definition complicates interpretation of the literature and limits the development of science-based recommendations for consumers. The purpose of this review is to illustrate this problem by showing that the conclusions derived from the literature are heavily dependent on the definition used or implied by the authors. It is suggested that the a universally accepted definition for snacking be developed by a coalition of stakeholders to provide a template for future research, guidance for the food industry and to enable the development of well-substantiated dietary recommendations.