不同轧制工艺参数条件下AZ31镁合金孪晶和织构的演变规律及其对力学性能的影响（英文）

为了考察轧制工艺参数对板材显微组织和力学性能的影响,通过不同温度和轧制变形量的热轧工艺得到具有不同晶粒尺寸、基面织构强度和孪晶类型的AZ31镁合金轧制板材。拉伸孪晶、压缩孪晶和双孪晶的体积分数与AZ31镁合金轧制板材的晶粒尺寸有关。当轧制温度为523 K、轧制变形量为10%时轧制得到的板材,三种类型孪晶的体积分数最高,此时晶粒尺寸最大。在轧制温度分别为523和473 K时,板材发生完全动态再结晶的临界变形量分别为30%和40%。拉伸实验结果表明:随着轧制变形量的增加,在第一阶段,轧制后板材屈服强度的提高主要依赖于晶粒细化强化和织构强化;当晶粒尺寸随变形量的增加不再发生明显的细化时,板材的屈服强度主要受织构弱化的影响。     

轧制工艺对铸轧AZ31镁合金板材组织的影响

观察了铸轧AZ31镁合金板材经不同异步比轧后试样的显微组织。结果表明,与同步轧制相比,异步轧制能显著降低AZ31镁合金的动态再结晶温度,细化晶粒,并且提高其低温轧制时的成形能力,无需中间退火处理即可制备出最终厚度为0.7 mm的镁合金薄板。同时,异步轧制能够明显减弱板材的基面织构,但其强度并不随异步比增加呈现明显的单调递减规律。     

大应变热轧过程中AZ31镁合金显微组织及织构的演变(英文)

在823 K下对工业用AZ31镁合金板材进行约70%压下量的单道次轧制实验。结果表明,细小的再结晶晶粒不仅分布在轧制板材的剪切带中,同时还存在于板材的表面。剪切带中再结晶晶粒尺寸在0.4~1μm之间。晶粒的显著细化主要来源于流变应力集中过程中所产生的动态再结晶。板材中部的织构为基面织构,织构强度在轧制变形前后未发生明显改变;然而,经过轧制后板材表面织构转变成双峰织构,基面沿板材横向发生倾转。双峰织构的相对强度为26.6,明显高于板材中部织构强度。变形应变的分配差异是板材内部不均匀再结晶及织构差异的主要原因。     

挤压AZ31B镁合金板材高温轧制变形行为研究

通过单道次轧制试验,研究了AZ31B挤压镁合金板材在温度为365℃和450℃时的轧制性能,其变形量范围为10%～60%,应变速率为2.1s-1～5.0s-1。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了轧制变形中的微观组织及其演变。结果表明,在变形的初始阶段,孪生为主要的变形机理和硬化机制。由孪生变形积聚的畸变能和非基滑移的启动,导致了动态再结晶的形核与长大,增大变形速率可以抑制晶粒长大,使平均晶粒尺寸细化到7μm～10μm。365℃温轧制变形使板材晶粒明显细化,温度较高时,晶粒细化作用有限。在同一变形量下,随着轧制温度的升高,板材的晶粒呈长大趋势,在365℃轧制温度下,随着道次变形量的加大,细晶百分含量随之迅速增加。当轧制温度提高到450℃时,晶粒细化有限,晶粒尺寸保持在20μm以上。     

不同轧制方法制得镁合金板材的组织和织构特点

介绍了热轧、冷轧、交叉轧制、累积叠轧、不对称轧制等不同的镁合金板材轧制工艺。分析了不同轧制工艺对应板材的组织特点及晶粒细化机制。分析了不同轧制工艺下板材织构特点及形成原因。对提高镁合金板材性能,改进轧制工艺提供参考借鉴。     

轧制温度对AZ31镁合金板材组织和性能的影响

以多向锻造AZ31镁合金为板坯进行高应变速率轧制成形,研究轧制温度对板材组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明：镁合金高应变速率轧制成形前期,孪生作用增强,形成大量的■拉伸孪生和■二次孪生;变形后期,由于孪生诱发动态再结晶的作用,合金晶粒组织明显细化。在压下量为80%的高应变速率轧制下,轧制温度为250～400℃时,轧制板材组织均发生了完全再结晶,平均晶粒尺寸随着轧制温度的升高从6.97μm增加至8.13μm,但由于轧制板坯的初始晶粒尺寸较小,晶粒尺寸随着轧制温度的升高变化较小;轧制板材的抗拉强度和伸长率均高于315 MPa和25%,表明高应变速率轧制工艺可以在较宽的温度区间内制备力学性能稳定的镁合金板材。     

脉冲电流轧制对AZ31镁合金微观组织与力学性能的影响

对比研究脉冲电流轧制工艺与温轧工艺对AZ31镁合金板材的力学性能、织构、微观组织与沉淀相等方面的影响。结果表明：脉冲电流具有促进冷轧AZ31镁合金低温再结晶能力的作用。脉冲电流轧制后的镁合金板材组织由细小的等轴再结晶粒与析出相构成,没有发现孪晶组织,并且完全再结晶,原始晶粒均被细小的再结晶晶粒取代,再结晶晶粒内的位错密度低。而温轧镁合金组织则由稍拉长变形孪晶、粗大的再结晶晶粒和析出相构成,再结晶的晶粒内位错密度高。两种轧制方式下的镁合金析出相均为Mg17Al12。脉冲电流轧制后镁合金的织构具有典型基面织构的特征,而脉冲电流轧制镁合金的织构则出现横向偏转;脉冲电流轧制后镁合金的屈服强度与伸长率均比温轧镁合金的大,但抗拉强度正好相反。     

轧制温度对AZ31镁合金轧制板材中的{1011}-{1012}双孪生行为的影响

在150-350℃温区内不同温度下轧制AZ31镁合金板,观察了不同温度下轧制变形量为9%的AZ31镁合金板材的显微组织,研究分析了轧制温度对轧制板材中{1011}-{1012}双孪晶的含量、类型以及高温轧制过程中双孪晶中的动态再结晶行为的影响,讨论了板材中的孪晶对其力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:在150-300℃温区内轧制时,板材组织中均有含量不等的{1011}-{1012}双孪晶,随着轧制温度的升高,孪晶含量下降.250℃以上轧制的板材中单片一次孪晶中出现的双孪晶类型较为单一,仅出现共面型双孪晶.在250℃以上轧制板材中的双孪晶晶界处中可以观察到明显的动态再结晶现象,这些动态再结晶晶粒对孪晶界和孪晶起到消除和吞噬的作用.350℃下轧制的AZ31镁合金板材中未观察到{1011}-{1012}双孪晶.随着轧制温度的升高,镁合金轧制板材的强度减弱而塑性增强.     

ZK60镁合金热压变形和退火中的组织与织构演变

利用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜悬挂的EBSD背散射衍射实验观察并研究了ZK60镁合金铸轧条带在热压(350℃/0.1 s-1)及退火处理(退火温度分别为250,300,350和400℃,退火时间分别为100,1000,5000,10000和50000 s)条件下的微观结构组织与织构演变。利用动态再结晶理论分析了ZK60镁合金铸轧条带、条带经小应变变形和大应变变形条件下的微观结构演变机理,利用静态再结晶理论分析了试样在不同热处理条件下的组织变化。结果表明,铸扎条带在热压变形后基面织构由弱变强,滑移和孪生导致动态再结晶发生,随应变增加,出现剪切带,晶粒明显细化。退火后基面织构逐渐弱化,基面沿轧制方向发生倾转,材料发生了明显静态再结晶。     

热拉伸变形对AZ21B镁合金板材力学性能与组织的影响

沿着与板材轧制方向成不同角度的方向截取试样,研究不同拉伸温度下AZ21B镁合金板材的力学性能和组织。结果表明:与轧制方向成相同角度的AZ21B镁合金板材试样,其综合力学性能因温度的变化而不同,其抗拉强度随温度的升高而下降,伸长率随温度的升高而增大;同时由于轧制会使镁合金板材产生很强板织构,造成板材的力学性能各向异性,当温度在室温(25℃)、150℃、200℃、250℃时,与板材轧制方向成0°试样的抗拉强度最大,当温度在300℃、350℃时,与板材轧制方向成90°试样的抗拉强度最大;在室温至250℃拉伸变形时,出现少量的孪晶,而在250℃以上拉伸变形时发生完全动态回复和再结晶。室温下拉伸试样的断口表现为明显韧脆性断裂。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.