TiB+La_2O_3/Ti基复合材料拉伸断裂的原位表征及其机理研究

以不同体积分数的Ti B+La_2O_3原位增强钛基复合材料为研究对象,在室温下对该材料进行SEM原位拉伸实验,通过对裂纹尖端的组织变化以及裂纹扩展路径的原位观察,分别研究了增强体对材料拉伸强度和拉伸断裂行为的影响。结果表明:增加增强体的体积分数可以提高增强体的承载作用并细化基体晶粒,从而提高颗粒增强Ti基复合材料的强度。材料的断裂行为表现为增强体断裂后微裂纹的萌生、扩展及其和滑移带的汇合。高含量的增强体可增加微裂纹的数量,使得其在萌生、扩展后更易与邻近微裂纹或滑移带相贯通,加快宏观裂纹的形成,从而导致了材料塑性的下降。     

力学失配FSW接头拉伸变形的光学原位分析

采用光学原位拉伸试验对2A12-T4和2A12-O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头在拉伸变形过程中的微观损伤演变进行了观察,并分析了失配接头的裂纹扩展路径. 结果表明,2A12-O高配接头拉伸试验断裂于母材,2A12-T4低配接头断裂于近HAZ区;高配和低配接头第二相粒子与母材晶粒性能均不匹配,导致低配接头裂纹多萌生于第二相粒子,且较大的第二相粒子开裂程度明显大于较小第二相粒子和基体,而高配接头裂纹多萌生晶粒内;高配接头和低配接头裂纹扩展路径均以穿晶扩展为主,高配接头中的微裂纹、大角度晶界和第二相粒子对裂纹的扩展起到阻碍作用,低配接头破裂的第二相粒子对裂纹的扩展起到促进作用.     

工业铸造A357铝合金SEM原位拉伸实验

通过场发射扫描电镜装载原位拉伸台,对不同凝固条件下工业铸造A357铝合金进行原位拉伸试验。结果表明,裂纹微裂纹首先萌生于组织中破裂的共晶硅处,近邻的微裂纹连接形成小裂纹;多处形成的小裂纹彼此连接并形成较长裂纹,沿共晶区深化和扩展,逐渐发展为主裂纹;当主裂纹遇到铝基体时,扩展受阻,裂纹发生钝化并在其前沿区域形成剪切带;剪切带深化并开裂,主裂纹沿着深化的剪切带穿过基体继续扩展,最终导致试样断裂。A357铝合金的断裂方式为兼具韧性断裂和解理断裂的混合断裂。反重力铸造有效地改善合金微观组织形态,提高了合金的力学性能。     

团聚颗粒对SiC/AZ91D复合材料裂纹萌生和扩展行为影响的研究

基于复合材料真实微观结构,在颗粒与基体界面引入内聚力单元,建立了4种不同颗粒团聚分布的有限元模型(均匀分布、三处团聚、两处团聚和一处团聚),研究了颗粒团聚对SiC/AZ91D复合材料裂纹萌生和扩展机制的影响。结果表明:当裂纹萌芽时,应力在基体中分布很不均匀,最大应力值出现在颗粒群尖角处,颗粒团聚程度越严重,裂纹萌生最大应力值越大;当裂纹扩展时,颗粒团聚程度越严重,基体内最大应力值越大,裂纹扩展程度越高;当裂纹完全断裂时,随着颗粒团聚程度的加剧,颗粒应力最大值逐渐增加,而基体应力最大值变化不大。颗粒团聚加速裂纹萌生扩展过程,颗粒应均匀分布于基体中。复合材料裂纹萌生扩展机制是由于SiC颗粒群边界和尖角处应力集中严重,导致基体损伤,萌生微裂纹,微裂纹沿着切应力最大方向扩展汇集成主裂纹。     

石墨团聚对铁素体球墨铸铁微区裂纹演变的影响北大核心CSCD

基于粘聚力模型和代表体积单元,采用原位显微观察和扩展有限元模拟,分析了石墨团聚对铁素体球墨铸铁单轴拉伸下的微区应力分布和裂纹演变机理的影响。结果表明,当石墨间距与直径的比值(l/d)高于1.8时,石墨与铁素体基体中裂纹萌生关联较小。随着团聚程度增大(l/d≤1.8),石墨与基体脱粘,裂纹易萌生在团聚石墨间的铁素体内,并沿垂直于拉应力方向扩展。团聚的石墨数量越多,团聚区域越容易产生裂纹。     

石墨团聚对铁素体球墨铸铁微区裂纹演变的影响

基于粘聚力模型和代表体积单元,采用原位显微观察和扩展有限元模拟,分析了石墨团聚对铁素体球墨铸铁单轴拉伸下的微区应力分布和裂纹演变机理的影响。结果表明,当石墨间距与直径的比值(l/d)高于1.8时,石墨与铁素体基体中裂纹萌生关联较小。随着团聚程度增大(l/d≤1.8),石墨与基体脱粘,裂纹易萌生在团聚石墨间的铁素体内,并沿垂直于拉应力方向扩展。团聚的石墨数量越多,团聚区域越容易产生裂纹。     

TiC／Ti复合材料动态拉伸的裂纹形成及扩展机制

采用熔铸法制备的原位自生TiC／Ti复合材料，在SEM中静载动态拉伸，原位观察和研究了裂纹的萌生及扩展机制。结果表明，TiC颗粒表面及应力集中处最容易萌生微裂纹；在不同位置萌生的微裂纹中，处于有利位向的微裂纹不断扩展，并与周围的裂纹连接形成主裂纹；主裂纹扩展主要是通过自身扩展与周围的裂纹连接相结合的方式进行，当裂纹扩展受阻时，裂纹前方颗粒处形成新的裂纹或基体中形成塑性坑，并通过扩展相互连接；裂纹扩展到一定程度后，试样全面失稳而迅速断裂。根据试验观察与分析建立了裂纹萌生与扩展模型。     

等温锻造对碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料断裂韧性的影响

开展了粉末冶金法制备的20%SiC_p/2009Al复合材料坯锭的等温锻造实验,通过金相观察、扫描电镜(SEM)、拉伸和断裂韧性测试等方法研究了不同变形量对锻件微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着等温锻造变形量的增大,SiC颗粒分布更加均匀,锻件的强度和塑性显著提高。通过SEM对材料断裂韧性裂纹扩展路径观察发现,主裂纹扩展发生在SiC颗粒偏聚区域的铝基体中。复合材料的断裂方式为以基体韧性断裂和增强体脆性断裂这2种方式为主。     

原位自生2%TiB_(2)颗粒对2024Al增材制造合金组织和力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用激光粉末床熔化(laser powder bed fusion,L-PBF)工艺制备含2%(质量分数)原位自生TiB_(2)颗粒的2024Al-2%TiB_(2)合金和难打印2024Al合金,研究了TiB_(2)颗粒对经固溶(510℃处理1 h后水冷)和T6 (固溶处理后人工时效)热处理后增材制造2024Al合金组织和室温拉伸性能的影响。由于L-PBF冷却速率较快以及TiB_(2)颗粒的添加,2024Al-2%TiB_(2)合金微观组织以等轴晶为主,平均晶粒尺寸约为5.8μm。T6热处理之后,2024Al合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为(261.3±4.3) MPa、(252.6±2.5) MPa和(0.3±0.1)%;2024Al-2%TiB_(2)合金抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别达到(458.2±6.5) MPa、(398.4±2.7) MPa和(3.4±0.4)%;2种合金中析出大量均匀分布、尺寸细小的长条状析出相。T6态2024Al-2%TiB_(2)增材制造合金的抗拉强度与2024Al增材制造合金相比提高75.5%,其强度与2024Al锻造合金强度相当。合金的主要强化机制是位错强化、晶界强化、析出相强化和TiB_(2)颗粒带来的Orowan强化以及载荷传递强化,2种合金热处理后的拉伸断裂失效主要由缺陷控制。原位自生2024Al-2%TiB_(2)增材制造合金成形性较好,经热处理后获得较高的综合室温拉伸性能。     

SiC/AZ91D镁基复合材料单轴拉伸过程中裂纹萌生扩展机制

利用Abaqus有限元分析软件研究了不同体积分数和不同形状颗粒的SiC/AZ91D镁基复合材料在单轴拉伸下的裂纹萌生、扩展以及断裂机制。结果表明，圆形颗粒SiC/AZ91D镁基复合材料的屈服强度为248 MPa,正方形颗粒SiC/AZ91D镁基复合材料的屈服强度为190 MPa,原始形状颗粒镁基复合材料的屈服强度为210 MPa。颗粒体积分数为10%、15%和20%的复合材料裂纹断裂时间分别在施载后的第40、第33和第31μs。圆形颗粒复合材料的裂纹扩展机制是基体损伤萌生的裂纹扩张导致材料断裂，而正方形颗粒复合材料和原始形状颗粒复合材料的裂纹扩展机制是颗粒与基体交界处萌生裂纹，导致主裂纹形成并产生次生裂纹扩张直至材料断裂。     

Fatigue crack growth mechanism in cast hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with SiC particles and Al2O3 whiskers

The fatigue crack growth (FCG) mechanism of a cast hybrid metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with SiC particles and Al₂O₃ whiskers was investigated. For comparison, the FCG mechanisms of a cast MMC with Al₂O₃ whiskers and a cast Al alloy were also investigated. The results show that the FCG mechanism is observed in the near-threshold and stable-crack-growth regions. The hybrid MMC shows a higher threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔK_th, than the MMC with Al₂O₃ and Al alloy, indicating better resistance to crack growth in a lower stress intensity factor range, ΔK. In the near-threshold region with decreasing ΔK, the two composite materials exhibit similar FCG mechanism that is dominated by debonding of the reinforcement–matrix interface, and followed by void nucleation and coalescence in the Al matrix. At higher ΔK in the stable- or mid-crack-growth region, in addition to the debonding of the particle–matrix and whisker–matrix interface caused by cycle-by-cycle crack growth at the interface, the FCG is affected predominantly by striation formation in the Al matrix. Moreover, void nucleation and coalescence in the Al matrix and transgranular fracture of SiC particles and Al₂O₃ whiskers at high ΔK are also observed as the local unstable fracture mechanisms. However, the FCG of the monolithic Al alloy is dominated by void nucleation and coalescence at lower ΔK, whereas the FCG at higher ΔK is controlled mainly by striation formation in the Al grains, and followed by void nucleation and coalescence in the Si clusters.     

热挤压原位合成TiB_2/6351Al复合材料的组织性能

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和万能拉伸试验机等测试手段,研究了原位合成TiB2(wt,8%)/6351Al复合材料在热挤压前后的显微组织及室温拉伸性能。结果表明,热挤压变形有助于增强颗粒在基体合金中均匀分布,热挤压后TiB2颗粒与基体界面结合良好,未发现界面处开裂;热挤压变形时TiB2颗粒周围的基体合金中形成复杂的位错;基体合金发生再结晶和回复形成完整的等轴晶和亚结构,显微组织得到细化,基体合金再结晶的主要形核方式为增强体颗粒引起位错塞积区形核,亚晶吞并长大形核及应变诱发晶界迁移形核。热挤压复合材料基体合金具有较强的[111]织构。与铸态相比,热挤压后复合材料的屈服强度Rp0.2、抗拉强度Rm、伸长率A及布氏硬度显著提高。复合材料断口特征由热挤压前的韧性和沿晶的混合断裂,转变为以韧性断裂为主。     

Internal ductile failure mechanisms in steel cold heading process

The occurrence of internal ductile failure in cold-headed products presents a major obstacle in the fast expanding cold heading (CH) industry. This internal failure may lead to catastrophic brittle fracture under tensile loads despite the ductile nature of the material. Comprehensive testing and investigation methodologies were used to this work to reveal the complicated interplay of process and material parameters contributing in the initiation and propagation of internal ductile failure in six CH quality AISI steel grades.The metallurgical and microscopic investigations showed that internal ductile failure occurs progressively by void nucleation and growth mechanisms with increasing plastic strain inside the highly localized adiabatic shear bands (ASBs). The void nucleation occurs by decohesion at second-phase particles, inclusion–matrix interfaces, grain boundaries and by particle or inclusion cracking. Therefore, the number and morphology of any inclusions and second-phase particles are key factors in material formability.The metallurgical investigations showed that under compressive loading conditions, the nature of the metal flow pattern promotes different rates of material flow around the inclusions and stringers which supports decohesion and void nucleation since the early stages of deformation. At advanced stages of deformation, the metal flow pattern contributes to the ASB localization in supporting void growth and coalescence along the band leading to narrow void sheets.All tested materials in this work experienced ductile failure by void nucleation and coalescence, forming cracks along the ASBs. The ductile failure of each material was the result of the contribution of all the mechanisms of void nucleation at the inclusion–matrix interface, second phase–matrix interface and at the grain boundaries. However, the level of contribution of each mechanism in the final ductile failure varied depending on material properties and their microstructure.     

Al-Ti-C与Al-Ti-B晶粒细化剂的Zr中毒机理

通过采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对Al-Ti-Zr-C与Al-Ti-Zr-B试验合金中Al3Zr、Al3Ti、TiC或TiB2等第二相粒子结合情况的观察,研究晶粒细化剂的Zr中毒机理。结果表明:两种实验铝合金的凝固组织中Al3Zr均容易与Al3Ti结合形成聚积体,从而抑制了Al3Ti异质形核、细化晶粒的作用,出现所谓晶粒细化剂的Zr中毒现象;而TiC、TiB2粒子基本不与Al3Zr结合,但受Al3Zr的影响出现了团聚现象。根据边-边匹配晶体学模型(E2EM)计算表明:Al3Zr与Al3Ti、α-Ti具有多种可能的共格位向关系,而与TiC/TiB2粒子均只有一种可能的共格位向关系。母相-新相的共格位向关系的多少可作为晶粒细化剂设计的晶体学理论参考。     

原位合成铝基复合材料凝固组织中TiB2粒子的特征

分析了原位合成制备的ＴｉＢ２ 粒子强化铝基复合材料不同凝固组织中ＴｉＢ２ 粒子的分布规律和形貌特征。研究结果表明, ＴｉＢ２ 在该复合材料中细化晶粒的作用较弱, 但有明显的聚集倾向, 其聚集程度与熔炼方式和加热温度有关; 经半固液成型处理的组织中ＴｉＢ２ 的分布特征未改善; 六边形和长条形ＴｉＢ２ 可以是同一形态的粒子在空间不同方位的表现, 六边形ＴｉＢ２ 的侧面为｛１２１０｝ 面; 测定了ＴｉＢ２粒子的尺寸分布。     

Selective Laser Melting of In Situ TiB/Ti6Al4V Composites: Formability,Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Performance

In the present study, a series of in situ TiB/Ti6Al4V composites were fabricated using selective laser melting. The formability, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the as-built samples added with different contents of TiB_2 were studied. It is found that the densification level is related to both the content of TiB_2 and laser energy density. The added TiB_2 reinforcement particle can spontaneously react with titanium and then form the TiB phase. The needle-like TiB phase tends to transform into dot-like particles with the decrease in energy density. Additionally, with the increase in TiB_2 content, the TiB phase is coarsened due to the increased nucleation rate and more reactions. The grain morphology is found to largely depend on the translational speed of solid–fluid interface determined by the temperature gradient and cooling rate. Also, the microhardness of the as-built TiB/Ti6Al4V composites is obviously improved. More interestingly, as the energy density increases, the microhardness of the as-built TiB/Ti6Al4V composites firstly increases and then decreases due to the synergy of grain size and different morphologies and distribution of TiB phases. The wear resistance of TiB/Ti6Al4V composites is far superior to that of Ti6Al4V alloy owing to the increased microhardness resulted from the uniform distribution of the hard TiB phase in the matrix.     

无压浸渗法制备SiC-Al复合材料的断口分析

采用SEM、EDX等分析技术对无压浸渗法制备SiC／Al复合材料的断口形貌进行了分析。结果表明，该类材料的断裂包括基体韧断、界面脱开和增强体颗粒断裂三种方式，该类复合材料的强化效果取决于基体与界面结合的关系；对该复合材料的断裂机理进行了分析讨论，SiC颗粒断裂和SiC颗粒相互搭接处与基体界面脱粘是微裂纹萌生的主要原因。     

Crystallography and refining mechanism of (Ti, B)-contained salts in pure aluminum

It is shown from experiment that the pure B contained salt exhibits little refining effect, while the pure Ti contained salt, especially the salt containing 5Ti/1B, shows obvious refining effect on the pure aluminum. Crystallographic study indicates that Al3Ti particle is a more suitable nucleation site for the aluminum matrix than (Ti, Al)B2 type particles (TiB2, AlB2 and (Ti,Al)B2), because there exist more coherent planes with aluminum matrix in the former. Thermodynamics estimation, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM detection show that the refining mechanism of (Ti, B)-contained refiners is mainly contributed to the heterogeneous nuclei of fine Al3Ti particles dispersed in the melting, which comes from the reaction between the Ti and aluminum. (Al, Ti)B2 type particle shows little or no direct refining effect, but it will reduce the size of Al3Ti since the Al3Ti nucleates and grows along the (Al, Ti)B2 type particle interface.     

Effects of solid deformation and melt vibration on structure and refining performance of Al5Ti1B master alloy

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