TiAl基合金定向凝固中领先相的确定及影响因素研究进展

TiAl基合金因其优异的高温性能及较低的密度成为近年的研究热点,室温塑性是其走向工程化应用最主要的障碍。通过定向凝固技术控制TiAl基合金片层取向与生长方向平行时,可有效提高其综合力学性能,领先相的选择及生长取向的控制是TiAl基合金片层取向控制的关键因素。本文综述了定向凝固TiAl合金领先相的类型及生长取向的几种确定方法,及其生长取向的影响因素,最后总结了领先相生长取向控制的研究方向,对制备定向凝固TiAl基合金叶片具有重要的指导意义。     

籽晶法定向凝固TiAl基合金片层取向控制

TiAl基合金是一种在航空航天等领域极具应用前景的轻质高温结构材料,通过控制TiAl基合金中片层取向可显著提升合金在单向受力条件下的综合力学性能。本文介绍了籽晶法定向凝固技术在TiAl基合金片层取向控制的最新进展,回顾了传统Ti-43Al-3Si籽晶法所面临的问题,重点总结了近年来新发展的二次定向凝固法、原位自籽晶定向凝固法、准籽晶定向凝固技术以及高熔点金属籽晶定向凝固技术,这些技术有利于促进籽晶法定向凝固控制TiAl基合金片层取向的工程化进展。但TiAl基合金中不同相的实际生长取向的持续稳定需要籽晶引晶与动力学条件的相结合才能得以实现,因此,新型籽晶技术与定向凝固工艺条件的互相结合将是未来籽晶法的发展趋势。     

γ-TiAl合金中片层组织取向的控制

γ-TiAl合金是应用前景广泛的轻质高温结构材料,其全片层组织性能具有明显的各向异性.籽晶法定向凝固利用具有特定片层取向的籽晶材料使高温α相沿<110>方向生长,获得与生长方向平行的定向全片层组织;改变凝固路径法则通过在凝固组织中获得全β相生长,使最终片层组织与生长方向呈0o和45o夹角.本文综述了两种方法控制TiAl合金片层取向的原理及其研究进展,讨论了合金成分、凝固参数对片层取向控制过程的影响.针对国内外γ-TiAl合金定向全片层组织制备的现状,提出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

Directional Solidification of TiAl-Based Alloys: Determination of the Primary Phase in Ti-50Al-5Nb Alloy

根据TiAl基合金片层组织的准三维金相形态准确地判断出其初生相类型。结果表明,具有不同片层取向的晶粒在Ti-50Al-5Nb合金定向凝固过程中其初生相均为β相。     

脉冲电流作用下TiAl合金凝固组织演变及形成机理

利用OM和TEM研究了脉冲电流作用下Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的凝固组织,并分析了其微观组织演变及形成机理。结果表明,脉冲电流细化了TiAl合金的一次枝晶臂间距、柱状晶尺寸和片层间距。未加载电流的TiAl合金凝固的初生相为α相,TiAl合金的片层取向与柱状晶生长方向夹角较大,甚至垂直于生长方向。脉冲电流作用导致枝晶发生熔断和破碎,促进了β枝晶相的析出及增多,片层取向与晶体生长方向夹角较小或成45°生长的片层进一步增多。脉冲电流降低了固-液相之间的自由能及原子扩散激活能,减少形核位垒及晶核的形核功,从而在一定程度上促进原子扩散,增大了形核率,细化一次枝晶臂间距及柱状晶;初生相的转变析出及其特殊的位向关系是片层取向变化的主要原因。     

TiAl金属间化合物的定向凝固和晶向控制

在航空航天及能源领域有重要应用价值的TiAl基合金，由于其γ α2片层结构的特点，采用定向凝固技术控制片层方向可以更好地发挥其潜能。从相与组织选择及晶体择优生长特性角度，讨论了具有包晶反应的高温γ-TiAl合金的定向凝固与晶向控制，分析了晶向控制中引晶、合金化、调节成分与凝固参量及它们的综合作用所得到的结果与存在的问题，并提出了此领域今后应注意的方面。     

深过冷凝固TiAl基合金的研究进展

TiAl基合金由于诸多良好的性能而在许多领域广泛应用,而TiAl基合金非平衡凝固组织的多样性和复杂性往往影响其性能。电磁悬浮深过冷凝固技术作为一种分析和研究非平衡凝固行为的有效手段,可为研究非平衡凝固组织特征提供帮助。综述了深过冷凝固TiAl基合金近些年来的主要研究进展;从合金成分、相选择、组织演化以及相关理论等方面总结了TiAl基合金深过冷凝固研究的主要成果;提出了TiAl基合金深过冷凝固研究的研究方向和发展趋势,这对TiAl基合金成分设计和凝固组织控制具有重要意义。     

抽拉速率对Ti-43Al-3Si合金籽晶法定向凝固组织的影响

以Ti-43Al-3Si为籽晶,研究了不同抽拉速率对TiAl合金耔晶法定向凝固全片层组织的影响．结果表明．60 mm／h抽拉速率下．凝固组织中的片层方向能够与生长方向保持一致．随抽拉速率增加,由于温度梯度降低、成分过冷增大等因素的影响,凝固组织中出现了与生长方向成45°或90°夹角的片层取向．电磁搅拌引起的强制对流使固／液界面前沿的扰动不断增强,晶体生长形态发生变化,破坏了片层取向的一致性．     

TiAl基合金冷坩埚定向凝固研究现状与发展趋势

冷坩埚定向凝固技术基于材料电磁加工原理,将合金连续熔化、电磁约束成形和连续凝固过程统一,避免模壳法定向凝固造成的合金熔体污染,是TiAl等高活性合金高纯净定向凝固的重要方法之一。报告了TiAl基合金冷坩埚定向凝固技术的研究结果,建立了电磁场、温度场与电磁冷坩埚系统主要参数之间的规律性关系。通过改变冷坩埚的横截面形状,初步制备出具有定向凝固组织的TiAl基合金圆、方和扁锭,研究结果表明该方法不但适合于Ti—Al二元合金,而且施与多元多相TiAl基合金也是可行的。通过对成分和组织的控制,所研究的TiAl基合金定向凝固试样的室温拉伸塑性最高达到1．5％左右。最后指出将该方法应用于耐高温的轻质高Nh含量的γ-TiAlNb合金的定向凝固是未来的发展趋势。     

定向凝固Ti-45Al-7Nb合金的组织特征

研究了液态金属冷却定向凝固条件下Ti-45Al-7Nb(at%)合金的组织特征。结果表明:定向凝固过程中合金的凝固路径及稳态区片层取向均受到抽拉速率的影响。当抽拉速率为0.36mm/min时,合金的初生相为α相,与生长方向垂直的片层组织生长占优;抽拉速率介于1～10mm/min时,合金初生相变为β相,凝固过程中会经历β单相区,片层取向多为与生长方向成0°和45°;当抽拉速率增加至20mm/min时,合金初生相仍为β相,随后发生L+β→α包晶反应,与抽拉方向之间的夹角介于45°～75°之间的片层组织生长占优。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。