超声处理对原位颗粒增强铸造Al-Si-Cu复合材料组织的影响

采用接触反应法制备原位颗粒增强铸造Al-12Si-4Cu复合材料,研究超声处理工艺对原位TiC和TiAl_3颗粒形貌的影响。结果表明:在铸造Al-12Si-4Cu复合材料中可以原位生成团聚态TiC颗粒、长杆状或块状TiAl_3颗粒;未经超声处理时,TiC颗粒团聚等效直径约70μm,经1500 W超声处理后,其减小到45μm;当超声处理功率增大到3000 W,TiC的团聚现象消失,颗粒均匀分散在基体中,并且长杆状TiAl_3颗粒长度减小到50~150μm,块状TiAl_3颗粒转变为相互独立的小尺寸块状。     

锻压对原位Al_3Ti/6063Al复合材料微结构及摩擦磨损性能的影响

研究了不同锻压变形量(30%、50%、70%)对Al_3Ti/6063Al复合材料显微组织及摩擦磨损性能的影响。研究结果表明,复合材料锻压变形后,原位Al_3Ti增强颗粒断裂、破碎,沿平行于锻压方向呈明显的定向分布,基体晶粒变形剧烈,形成流线型织构,材料内部产生大量位错。随锻压变形量的增加,摩擦系数先增加后减小;在相同载荷下,70%变形锻压样的摩擦系数最小;复合材料磨损表面粗糙度随锻压变形量的增加而减小,变形量为30%时,粗糙度波动范围最小,变化相对稳定;磨痕宽度随锻压变形量增加而变宽,磨痕深度则变浅;磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损。     

摩擦速度对原位自生钢基复合材料Fe(Ti,W,Cr,V,Nb)Cp磨损性能的影响

用铸造的方法制备了原位自生复合碳化物(Ti,W,Cr,V,Nb)Cp增强钢基复合材料(In-situMMCs),并对该复合材料的高速磨损性能及磨损机理进行了研究。结果表明,原位自生复合材料中自生碳化物颗粒细小、圆整、分布均匀,自生碳化物体积分数达到42.8%;在低速150N载荷下,自生复合材料的耐磨性能随着自生碳化物体积分数的增加而提高;摩擦系数随摩擦速度的增大先减少后增大,自生碳化物体积分数大的自生复合材料的摩擦系数先快速减小后慢速增大,磨损率先减小后迅速增加。     

TiB_2颗粒尺寸和质量分数对原位自生TiB_2/Al复合材料耐磨性能的影响

采用原位合成法制备了不同质量分数的TiB_2/Al复合材料,从热力学计算和试验两方面进行分析,得出原位自生法合成的复合材料中仅有TiB_2颗粒且稳定存在。借助激光粒度仪、摩擦磨损试验机、扫描电镜等分析了通过萃取试验获得TiB_2颗粒的粒度以及其对TiB_2/Al复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,TiB_2颗粒尺寸随TiB_2/Al复合材料中TiB_2含量的增加而增加。随着载荷的增加,相同TiB_2含量复合材料的平均摩擦系数呈现减小的趋势,而磨损量快速增加;相同载荷下,随着TiB_2含量的增加,复合材料的平均摩擦系数和磨损量均先减小后增大。通过对磨损表面形貌分析,发现复合材料在试验条件下的磨损机理由粘着磨损转变为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

锻压对原位Al3Ti/6063Al复合材料微结构及摩擦磨损性能影响

研究了不同锻压变形量30%、50%、70%,对Al3Ti/6063Al复合材料显微组织及摩擦磨损性能的影响。研究结果表明,复合材料锻压变形后,原位Al3Ti增强颗粒断裂、破碎,沿平行于锻压方向呈明显的定向分布,基体晶粒变形剧烈,形成流线型织构,材料内部产生大量位错。随锻压变形量的增加,摩擦系数降低;在相同载荷下,70%变形锻压样的摩擦系数最小;复合材料磨损表面粗糙度随锻压变形量的增加而减少,变形量为30%时,粗糙度波动范围最小,变化相对稳定;磨痕宽度随锻压变形量增加而变宽,磨痕深度则变浅;磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损。     

原位颗粒对近液相线铸造6063铝合金微观组织和耐磨性的影响机理

以CuO-Al作为反应体系,在6063铝合金中原位反应生成Al₂O₃颗粒,采用近液线相铸造的方法制备6063Al-XAl₂O₃(X=0,2,4,6)复合材料。研究原位反应颗粒Al₂O₃与6063铝合金自带的原位结晶颗粒Mg₂Si的形状、尺寸、数量、分布、界面特征等对合金微观组织和耐磨性的影响机理。结果表明,在6063铝合金中原位反应生成尺寸在亚微米级的近球形θ-Al₂O₃颗粒;其(311)晶面与6063铝合金基体(111)晶面成共格界面;6063铝合金中Mg₂Si尺寸大约为100nm,呈条带状,其(02-2)与Al基体(111)晶面属于共格界面。随着Al₂O₃颗粒含量的增加,6063铝基复合材料的晶粒组织形貌由蔷薇状逐渐向等轴晶转变,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。当Al₂O₃的质量分数为6%时,复合材料组织由等轴晶和细小的柱状晶组成。载荷为50N时,6063铝合金的磨损量为6.72mg,6063-6Al₂O₃复合材料的磨损量为1.63mg,相对于6063铝合金降低75.7%。原位颗粒(Al₂O₃+Mg₂Si)与铝基体都成共格界面,界面之间无污染,界面结合强度高,在磨损过程中,不易从基体中脱落,承当磨损过程中的大部分载荷。原位生成高硬度的Al₂O₃颗粒与原位结晶颗粒Mg₂Si协同作用共同提高复合材料的耐磨性。外加载荷为40N时,随着增强相质量分数的增加,复合材料的磨损机制由粘着磨损转变为磨粒磨损。6063铝合金磨损机制以严重的粘着磨损为主。6063-2Al₂O₃复合材料磨损机制主要以粘着磨损为主,6063-4 Al₂O₃和6063-6Al₂O₃复合材料主要表现为磨粒磨损。     

碳化硅颗粒增强镁基复合材料摩擦性能研究

选用AZ91D镁合金作为基体,平均粒径为50μm的SiC颗粒为增强相,采用机械搅拌法制备15vol%SiC_P/AZ91D复合材料。结果表明:通过观察复合材料摩擦磨损曲线,发现SiC颗粒均匀分布,在压缩温度为400℃时复合材料平均摩擦系数最小;比较2 h的AZ91D镁合金基体与复合材料的摩擦磨损曲线,复合材料的耐磨性较合金基体提高了20%,复合材料的平均摩擦系数较合金基体降低了15%。     

原位增强TiB2/2014Al复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用混合盐反应(MixedSaltReaction)原位合成法成功制备了TiB2/2014Al复合材料,并对其摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。采用X射线衍射分析物相和扫描、透射电镜观察了其微观组织。结果表明,原位生成的TiB2颗粒非常细小,尺寸小于1μm,内生TiB2颗粒分布均匀,明显细化了复合材料组织。室温干滑动摩擦磨损试验表明,复合材料耐磨性高于基体合金,基体合金磨损机制以粘着磨损为主,复合材料的磨损机制为典型的磨粒磨损。     

熔体内合成TiC颗粒增强Al基复合材料及其性能研究

在高温Al熔体内原位反应合成了Ti C颗粒进而制备了不同质量分数Ti C增强相的Al基复合材料。实验发现,原位生成的Ti C相与基体结合紧密,能有效细化基体组织。随着基体中Ti C含量增加,复合材料的致密性下降,但硬度增大,Ti C含量为10wt%时具有最佳硬度。摩擦测试表明:随Ti C增强颗粒的增加,复合材料磨损率减小,复合材料在10 N和25 N载荷下经30 m磨损行程,其磨损失重率仅分别为0.45%和0.67%,表明其具有优良的抗磨损性能。摩擦后复合材料表面产生了大量平行而明显的"犁削"痕迹,其摩擦机制主要为疲劳磨损。     

RE对原位TiB_2/Al-7Si复合材料组织及性能的影响

采用混合盐反应法原位合成TiB2/Al-7Si复合材料,在添加适量Mg元素的基础上,研究了RE元素对复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,加入适量RE元素,不仅能够细化α-Al和共晶Si相,而且能够增大TiB2颗粒与铝基体的润湿性,有效地阻止TiB2颗粒的团聚,使TiB2颗粒更加细小且分布均匀;加入0.6%RE后,硬度提高幅度约为12.9%,磨损失重量减少11%～19%,摩擦因数减小6%～12%,复合材料的硬度和耐磨性明显改善。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。