多束流电子束焊接对Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板变形的影响（英文）

多束流电子束焊是一种能够同时产生多个电子束流作为焊接热源的电子束焊接新技术,能够有效的减小焊接应力和变形。为了减小Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板焊接变形,提出了一种新型的多束流电子束焊接技术,除了熔化金属的主束流外,还包括2个对称分布的辅助束流用来焊后加热。分别用传统电子束焊和多束流电子束焊对1 mm厚的Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板进行焊接试验,试验表明,通过调节2个辅助束流的位置和能量分布,多束流电子束焊能够有效减小钛合金薄板的焊接变形。     

多束流电子束薄板焊接应力变形数值模拟

为了减小薄板结构的焊接变形,基于电子束高频偏转扫描技术在焊缝两侧添加辅助扫描热源实现了多束流电子束焊接及焊前预热. 建立了矩形均匀加热辅助热源模型,采用热弹塑性有限元分析方法对1.5 mm厚304不锈钢薄板进行多束流电子束焊接数值模拟,并进行了试验验证. 结果表明,焊后残余应力和变形的实测结果与模拟结果吻合良好,多束流电子束焊接方法不仅可以改变熔池前方材料的受力状态,而且可以减小熔池形成瞬间熔池前方材料的压应力峰值,有利于减小熔池的前方压缩塑性应变,进而减小薄板结构的焊接变形.     

薄板Ti6Al4V钛合金电子束焊接组织性能分析

针对1.2mm厚Ti6A14V钛合金薄板进行了电子束焊接工艺试验,消除了薄板焊接常见的塌陷、熔切等缺陷,获得成形均匀和质量良好的焊缝;在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察了钛合金焊缝组织分布规律,焊缝区以马氏体为主,热影响区组织为α+β双态及少量马氏体;接头焊缝区显微硬度高,整体横向呈马鞍形分布.结果表明,薄板Ti6A14V钛合金电子束焊接接头拉伸强度与基材相当,但断后伸长率低于母材.     

Ti6Al4V薄板脉冲激光拼焊焊缝成形及力学性能

为了改善钛合金薄板激光焊接过程中因工装误差或存在毛刺造成的焊穿、焊漏等缺陷,采用光纤激光器对1.2 mm厚的Ti6Al4V薄板进行脉冲激光焊接试验。分析脉冲频率、对接间隙及激光峰值功率3个工艺条件对焊缝成形的影响,针对外观成形较好的焊缝进行显微组织与力学性能测试,确定了适合Ti6Al4V薄板拼焊的最佳焊接工艺参数。结果表明,采用脉冲频率40 Hz,占空比60%,激光峰值功率2.0 kW,光斑直径0.7 mm,焊接速度1.8 m/min的脉冲激光焊接工艺可以获得质量优异的焊缝;焊缝由粗大的柱状β晶粒和针状α′相组成,热影响区形成了短针状α′相;随着峰值功率的增大,焊缝的显微硬度明显增大,抗拉强度逐渐减小。最优焊接工艺参数下的焊缝强度可以达到母材的98%,拉伸断口表面平整、规则,断面与拉伸轴线方向呈45°,断口含有大量韧窝。 创新点： (1)采用特定的脉冲波形配合大的光斑直径对Ti6Al4V薄板进行脉冲激光焊接试验,改善了焊缝成形质量。 (2)考虑了薄板对接时工装间隙的影响,并在试验前预留了间隙,探索出了Ti6Al4V薄板脉冲激光拼焊的最佳焊接工艺参数。     

Ti6Al4V薄板脉冲激光拼焊的焊缝成形及力学性能

为了改善钛合金薄板激光焊接过程中因工装误差或存在毛刺造成的焊穿、焊漏等缺陷,采用光纤激光器对1.2 mm厚的Ti6Al4V薄板进行脉冲激光焊接试验。分析脉冲频率、对接间隙及激光峰值功率3个工艺条件对焊缝成形的影响,针对外观成形较好的焊缝进行显微组织与力学性能测试,确定了适合Ti6Al4V薄板拼焊的最佳焊接工艺参数。结果表明,采用脉冲频率40 Hz,占空比60%,激光峰值功率2.0 kW,光斑直径0.7 mm,焊接速度1.8 m/min的脉冲激光焊接工艺可以获得质量优异的焊缝;焊缝由粗大的柱状β晶粒和针状α′相组成,热影响区形成了短针状α′相;随着峰值功率的增大,焊缝的显微硬度明显增大,抗拉强度逐渐减小。最优焊接工艺参数下的焊缝强度可以达到母材的98%,拉伸断口表面平整、规则,断面与拉伸轴线方向呈45°,断口含有大量韧窝。     

钛合金Ti6Al4V超声波焊接研究

结合超声波金属焊接方法的特性和钛合金的焊接性分析,得出超声波金属焊接方法极其适用于钛合金薄片的焊接;通过扫描电镜观察和撕裂试验,对Ti6Al4V钛合金在不同焊接工艺参数下的焊接接头的横断面形貌及其力学性能进行了分析.结果表明:随着焊接时间的增长(即焊接能量的增大)接头横断面的削减程度增大,焊接时间是焊件质量的决定性因素;在1144.53N的静压力下Ti6Al4V钛合金的最佳焊接时间为125ms,其界面结合强度最高.     

钛合金薄板焊接应力的随焊锤击控制

将随焊锤击技术应用于钛合金薄板焊接应力与变形控制，分别对TC4钛合金薄板进行常规焊和采用随焊锤击技术对焊接应力与变形进行控制，结果证实，随焊锤击工艺有效地减小了薄板焊件的挠曲变形，焊缝的纵向残余应力减小到常规焊的1／10，最大焊接挠曲变形由常规焊的15mm减小为5mm。     

薄板TC4钛合金脉冲电子束焊接技术研究

脉冲电子束焊接是指将电子束流调制成脉冲方波的形式进行焊接的一种先进技术。脉冲束流能提高被焊金属蒸发率,从而提高焊接效率、增加焊缝深宽比。本文采用常规直流电子束和不同频率脉冲电子束对1.2 mm薄板TC4钛合金进行了焊接工艺试验,并对接头进行了微观组织与力学性能检测。结果表明：脉冲电子束焊接能够形成无熔合缺陷的焊缝,随着频率的增加,焊缝咬边和背面余高减小,表面成形得到改善;由于焊接热循环变化,脉冲束流可加快熔池冷却速度,细化组织晶粒;直流和脉冲电子束焊接接头拉伸时均断裂在母材区,拉伸强度不低于母材;高频脉冲电子束可提升焊接接头塑性和焊缝区、热影响区的显微硬度,频率为10 kHz时,焊接接头的断后伸长率可达14.9%,约为母材的80%,焊缝区和热影响区的显微硬度分别为375 HV和368 HV。     

电子束焊接Ti-60高温钛合金的适用性

通过分析Ti-60高温钛合金电子束对接焊接头的微观组织和力学性能,以及焊后热处理对Ti - 60接头高温拉伸与持久性能的影响,研究了电子束焊接高温钛合金的适用性.采用所选择的电子束焊工艺焊接高温钛合金,焊缝成形好,表面缺陷少.分别进行了Ti -60焊接接头的室温、550℃高温拉伸力学性能检测,并且针对高温钛合金电子束焊接接头中易出现针状α '相的现象,采用双重热处理工艺,改善接头性能.结果表明:电子束焊接高温钛合金,焊接适用性好,焊后双重热处理方法能够有效减少焊缝中针状α'相的存在,使得高温钛合金接头的高温拉伸力学性能与持久性能显著提高.     

电弧超声改善Ti6Al4V焊接接头性能的研究

利用电弧的动态变阻性负载特性激发出电弧超声并应用于Ti6A14V的TIG焊过程.研究了电弧超声对Ti6Al4V焊接接头组织和性能的影响,并与传统TIG焊进行了比较.结果表明,严格按照航空标准进行Ti6Al4V常规TIG焊与电弧超声TIG焊所获得的接头均达到航空一级.加入电弧超声后,随着超声频率的增加和激励电流的增大,焊接接头宽度逐渐减小,焊缝组织细化、等轴化,枝晶破坏痕迹不明显,接头拉伸强度、屈服强度、延伸率和疲劳强度均有所提高.     

Effect of welding processes on joint characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V alloy

Abstract

Although Ti–6Al–4V alloys show reasonable weldability characteristics, the joint properties are greatly influenced by the welding processes. Microstructures and tensile and impact properties of welded Ti–6Al–4V alloy were evaluated for high vacuum electron beam welding, CO₂ laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding. The resultant tensile and impact properties of the welded joints are correlated with the weld metal microstructure and hardness. The results indicate that the electron beam welding is more suitable for Ti–6Al–4V sheet welding and the welding seam without defects can be obtained. The full penetration butt welds are obtained by gas tungsten arc welding process, but they have many drawbacks such as wide weld seam, big deformation and coarse grains. Laser beam welding has many advantages such as the narrowest weld seam, the least deformation and the finest grains, but it should be studied again for the reasons of unstable welding technologies and strict condition.     

Determination of welding speed in electron beam welding of thick components with continuous penetration

An improved method for calculating the minimum permissible electron beam welding (EBW) speed with continuous penetration is described. Calculations are carried out to construct nomograms for determining the welding speed in relation to the thickness of the welded joint and the width of the vapour-gas channel for 40Kh13 steel, 5V titanium alloy and D16 aluminium alloy. To confirm the efficiency of the proposed method, the results of experiments with EBW with continuous penetration at different welding speeds are presented.     

电子束局部热处理对TC4合金接头疲劳性能影响

通过低周轴向应变疲劳试验,研究了电子束局部热处理对TC4钛合金接头疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,电子束局部热处理TC4钛合金接头在疲劳过程中存在一定的软化行为;在一定的载荷条件下,与焊后未热处理状态相比,经过电子束局部热处理后,TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头的疲劳寿命可以提高30%以上.     

Effect of alloying elements of steel wire on the structure and properties of coatings in electric arc spraying

This paper reports the results of a comparison between the mechanical characteristics of butt joints in 3.0 mm thick Ti6Al4V titanium alloy sheets, made by laser welding with no filler material and by laser–arc hybrid welding. Vickers hardness tests have been performed on cross-sections of the beads obtained. In particular, the influence of the gap between the sheets in test welds performed using CO₂ laser–MIG hybrid welding has been analysed. Cross-sections of the weld beads obtained with several different gap sizes have been analysed morphologically. The welded joints have been subjected to draw testing, and joint deformation behaviour has been analysed using an optical deformation measurement system based on stereoscopic image capture (ARAMIS 3D analysis system).     

Tensile behaviour of different pretreated alloy 718 sheets welded with electron beam welding (EBW)

Abstract

The present paper investigates the tensile behaviour of alloy 718 sheets processed after electron beam welding (EBW). The alloy 718 sheets were pretreated in three conditions: as received, solution and precipitation pretreatments. Metallographic and fractographic examination on the specimens were conducted with optical microscope, scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Experimental results show that cracks propagate through all of the fusion zones during tensile test. The intermetallic laves phase, which precipitates along the fine columnar grain boundary in the fusion zone, offers a preferred crack propagation path, especially for the precipitation pretreated weld. The static ductility of precipitation-treated weld decreases significantly after EBW. This was attributed to high precipitation density of laves phase along the columnar grain boundary. Relatively high tensile strength and ductility of as-received and solution-pretreated welds can be obtained by using two sequential welding passes. The first pass is full penetration welding with high heat input, and the secondary pass uses cosmetic welding to reduce the surface undercut resulted from the first pass.     

Comparative Analysis on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties between EBW and TANDEM Welding of 7A52 Aluminum Alloy Joint

The plates with 20mm thickness of 7A52 aluminum alloy were welded by electron beam welding and TANDEM welding with ER5356 filler,respectively.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated.The results showed that the microstructure of EBW metal was finer and tighter than TANDEM welding.The heat-affected zone of the EBW joint was narrower,its hardness was higher and the tensile strength improved obviously compared to TANDEM welding.Excellent quality control of the EBW joint was made without abnormal porosity,inclusions and micro-cracks.Therefore,the EBW joint of 7A52 aluminum alloy showed excellent performance.     

Effect of interlayer on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Ti ultrasonic welds

Joints of Al6061 and Ti6Al4?V alloys with pure Al-particle interlayers were conducted using ultrasonic spot welding. The microstructure, hardness, lap shear strength and fracture energy were measured for different welding energies. With increasing welding energy delivered through the sonotrode, the lap shear strength of the joints increased, reaching about 106?MPa at a welding energy of 1100?J, at which failure occurred in the pull-out mode. In the weld region, the hardness of Al6061 alloy increased with increasing weld energy, whereas the hardness of Ti6Al4?V did not change discernibly. No brittle intermetallic compounds were observed in the joints. Moreover, two simple mechanisms were described for the formation of ultrasonic spot-welded Al–Ti joints with and without the pure Al interlayer.     

焊接方法对AA2219铝合金接头性能的影响(英文)

使用钨电极惰性气体保护焊接、电子束焊接和搅拌摩擦焊接技术制备无填充金属的AA2219铝合金对焊接头。研究三种焊接工艺对材料拉伸、疲劳和腐蚀行为的影响。使用光学和电子显微镜研究显微结构。结果表明,与钨电极惰性气体保护焊和电子束焊接相比,搅拌摩擦焊制备的接头具有较高的拉伸和疲劳性能与较低的耐蚀性能,这主要是由于其中的细化晶粒和均匀分布的强化析出相所引起的。     

Effect of welding parameters on Al/Ti joint property in electron beam welding-brazing

The electron beam welding-brazing being used to join 5A06 Al alloy to TC4 Ti alloy decreases the formation of brittle intermetallic compound. Experiments were carried out to study the influence of electron beam welding parameters on the tensile strength of welds, based on an orthogonal test and analysis method. The welding parameters include beam current, welding speed, scanning figure, scanning frequency, figure size, beam offset and focus current. The optimum parameters for 3 mm 5A06 Al alloy and 2 mm TC4 alloy were as follows: acceleration voltage was 60 kV, beam current was 11 mA, welding speed was 600 mm/min, focus current was 0 mA, scan figure was ○, scanning frequency was 1 000 Hz and beam offset was 0.5 mm. The results show that the joints were with good appearance and quality welded by the optimum parameters. The successful joints could be gained and the maximum tensile strength of Al/Ti dissimilar alloy joints could be up to 222.61 MPa using electron beam welding-brazing.