复杂结构钛合金机翼的等温锻造试验研究（英文）

Ti-6Al-4V合金是应用于航空和汽车工业领域的关键结构件,但是它硬度高,难加工,价格昂贵,且大尺寸毛坯时材料利用率很低,采用传统加工方法很难满足现代制造的需求。针对Ti-6Al-4V合金机翼,采用铅模拟实验优化了合理的锻坯形状,并引入了一种闭式等温锻造工艺,研究了等温锻造Ti-6Al-4V合金机翼的成形能力、机械性能和工艺参数等性能。结果表明:与传统加工的钛合金机翼相比,等温锻造机翼显著的改善了零件的机械性能,材料利用率从13%提高到50%;在950℃的等温锻造温度下,Ti-6Al-4V基体内片状α相逐渐转变为β相,而当锻造温度为900℃时,这种相变效果呈减弱趋势。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金汽轮机动叶片的热处理工艺

针对Ti-6Al-4V合金汽轮机动叶片出现的组织异常,研究了两种热处理工艺对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织与性能的影响,并对锻造加热温度对该材料显微组织的影响进行了探讨。研究结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V合金汽轮机动叶片的组织异常是由于锻造加热温度过高或加热时间过长引起的,Ti-6Al-4V合金锻后采用固溶+时效或直接时效的热处理的方案都能满足产品毛坯性能要求,且锻后直接时效性能更优异。     

烧结温度对热压烧结Ti-6Al-4V合金组织与性能的影响

采用热压烧结(压力25 MPa, 800～1100℃)及780℃×2 h再结晶退火工艺制备了具有优异性能的Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金。研究了Ti-6Al-4V合金相结构及随温度的变化规律，分析了不同热压烧结温度对Ti-6Al-4V合金的烧结致密度、微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明，Ti-6Al-4V合金从α相到β相转变的开始温度与结束温度分别为627℃和941℃。在800℃热压烧结没有实现烧结致密化，900℃热压烧结获得了较为均匀、细小的组织，1000℃及1100℃烧结均导致组织异常长大。在900℃烧结并退火处理的Ti-6Al-4V合金抗拉强度达到894.6 MPa,断后伸长率达到了15.7%,获得了极好的强度与塑性。     

超声滚压Ti-6Al-4V微观组织对应力应变行为的影响

目的 通过超声滚压提高Ti-6Al-4V的屈服强度。方法 将超声振幅作为唯一变量,设置0、5、7、10μm4组试验,分析Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面及表面以下30～50μm处的应力应变行为。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）测试不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V的两相分布。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,分析不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V表面层塑性变形程度。使用能谱仪（EDS）观察不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V表面层元素组成分布。通过万能试验机获得不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V的应力应变曲线。结果 Ti-6Al-4V表面层塑性变形程度随着超声振幅的增大而增大。Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面的β相体积分数随着超声振幅的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势。当超声振幅为7μm时,Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面β相的体积分数最大（19.70%）。超声滚压Ti-6Al-4V表面层中β相的体积分数沿深度递减。Ti-6Al-4V表面层α相稳定元素Al和β相稳定元素V未出现明显与两相体积分数相同的变化趋势。Ti-6Al-4V材料的屈服强度随着超声振幅的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势。当超声振幅从5μm增至10μm时,Ti-6A...     

Ti-6Al-4V高强钛合金的热拉深成形

采用模内加热的方式,研究了不同加热温度和工艺条件下0. 8 mm厚Ti-6Al-4V高强钛合金板的拉深成形情况,探讨了不同因素对Ti-6Al-4V高强钛合金薄板的拉深成形影响。结果表明:温度是影响Ti-6Al-4V高强钛合金板拉深成形的关键因素,随着温度的升高,材料的拉深性能提高,在800℃时,极限拉深比达到最大值,较临界拉深温度300℃时的极限拉深比提高了45. 86%,极限拉深尺寸提高了45. 45%;随着温度的升高,拉深件的减薄率降低,厚度更加均匀。此外,压边力、润滑条件和冲压速度的变化对Ti-6Al-4V高强钛合金板的成形情况也具有较大影响。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金等温锻造过程微观组织演变研究

将原始组织为网篮组织的Ti-6Al-4V合金在β单相区(1010℃)保温30 min并淬火处理可以获得α'马氏体组织。研究了初始组织为α'马氏体的Ti-6Al-4V合金在2步等温锻造过程中微观组织演变规律。结果表明:经过960℃的第1步等温锻造后,合金中马氏体相分解转变为α+β片层组织,部分片层组织发生弯曲、碎化,形成等轴晶粒,同时,合金中残留大量片层组织。800℃第2步等温锻造后,残余片层全部碎化,再结晶转变为等轴α相,获得晶粒尺寸为1.3μm的均匀等轴组织。     

置氢Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的热压缩变形行为研究

通过热模拟压缩实验,研究了氢对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金热变形行为的影响。结果表明,置氢可以显著降低Ti-6Al-4V钛合金高温压缩时的流动应力,提高Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的热加工变形速率一个数量级以上,并且明显降低了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的变形温度。在变形温度760℃~800℃范围内,置氢量为0.4wt%的Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的流动应力最小;在变形温度840℃~920℃范围内,置氢量0.2wt%的Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的流动应力最小。同时,置氢前后Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的变形激活能计算结果表明,置氢量为0.4wt%的Ti-6Al-4V钛合金在α+β两相区的变形激活能为208.3kJ/mol,与未置氢Ti-6Al-4V钛合金相比降低了316kJ/mol。     

变形量对锻造Ti-6Al-4V组织、织构和力学性能的影响

常用锻造Ti-6Al-4V的微观结构主要有等轴、层状和双峰结构,这些结构与对应的晶粒尺寸分布等微观组织特征对Ti-6Al-4V的拉伸和疲劳等力学性能有着主要影响。然而在实际加工条件(如非等温条件,非恒定应变率)下,对微观组织与力学性能之间关联性的研究较少。基于此,本文研究了在锻造实验中,理论变形量对Ti-6Al-4V的显微结构、拉伸和疲劳性能的影响。起始材料由等轴和层状α相组成。在进一步的变形和退火中,随理论变形量从10%增加到50%,球状初生α相的体积分数增加了约20%,抗拉强度和屈服强度增加了约50 MPa,伸长率保持不变。这归因于球状α相体积分数的增加和α相基面取向与外加拉伸载荷方向之间夹角的角度减小。疲劳强度也随理论变形量的增加而增加。根据Ti-6Al-4V锻造和退火后球状初生α的体积分数增加对双峰显微组织的影响,讨论了这些观察结果的重要性。     

冷却速率对β-退火Ti-6Al-4V合金循环变形的影响

自β相区温度冷却，冷却速率对钛合金机械性能有重要影响。为此，对采用在两相区形变热处理来控制组织已进行了广泛研究，但对循环变形的影响尚缺乏研究。西班牙的F．Igi1等人研究了Ti-6Al-4V合金的组织对其循环变形行为的影响。研究中利用950℃锻造的φ12mm棒，经700℃退火后空冷，其组织为等轴“和被残存β相所包围的魏氏片组成。合金成分和组织都符合ASTMF136-84外科用Ti-6Al-4V ELI标准。按ASTM     

固溶时效对热等静压制得的TC4钛合金组织与性能的影响

采用热等静压工艺对Ti-6Al-4V雾化预合金粉的粉末冶金技术进行了研究，采用不同的固溶温度、时效温度以及时效时间，研究了热处理工艺对TC4钛合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明，采用预合金粉工艺制备的Ti-6Al-4V粉末钛合金材料性能良好，于965℃固溶并采用水冷，然后在470℃时效，试样的强度较好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.