放电等离子烧结TiB/Ti-1.5Fe-2.25Mo复合材料的微观组织与力学性能

采用放电等离子烧结技术原位合成了TiB增强Ti?1.5Fe?2.25Mo复合材料,研究了烧结温度对复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,钛合金中 TiB 晶须的长细比迅速减小;然而,复合材料的相对密度及TiB的体积含量随着烧结温度的升高而不断增大。由于TiB晶须长细比的减小会导致复合材料强度的降低,而复合材料的相对密度及TiB体积含量的增大又会带来复合材料强度的增加,因此,在这两种因素的共同作用下,最终导致 TiB/Ti?1.5Fe?2.25Mo复合材料的弯曲强度随着烧结温度的升高而缓慢增大。在烧结温度为1150°C 时,TiB/Ti?1.5Fe?2.25Mo复合材料具有最大的弯曲强度1596 MPa。     

TiC含量对铁基复合材料力学性能及耐磨性能的影响

利用机械合金化(MA)和真空热压烧结(HP)的方法,以Ti粉、石墨粉和灰铸铁粉为初始原料,原位合成了TiC颗粒增强的铁基复合材料。利用XRD和FESEM (附带EDS)研究了复合材料的物相成分、微观结构和增强体的分布情况。利用密度测试仪、洛氏硬度计、电子万能试验机和销-盘式两体磨料磨损试验机分别测试了复合材料的密度、硬度、压缩应力-应变和抗两体磨料磨损性能。结果表明:在70 MPa压力下于1200℃烧结60 min制备的原位TiC颗粒增强的铁基复合材料只含TiC和α-Fe,并且TiC颗粒弥散均匀分布于Fe基体中。当原位TiC的含量为40%(质量分数)时,该复合材料的综合性能最佳,其相对密度和硬度分别达到96.54%和34 HRC (未热处理);同时压缩性能也最佳,其压缩弹性模量、屈服强度、最大压缩强度和断裂应变分别为19.6 GPa、420 MPa、605 MPa和6.1%;其具有最好的耐磨性能,当载荷为1.5 kg时,其相对耐磨性是纯灰铸铁的2.67倍。     

酸洗粉煤灰烧结莫来石陶瓷及其力学性能

以酸洗粉煤灰为原料,铝溶胶为铝源,烧结制备了莫来石陶瓷。利用X射线衍射和场发射扫描电镜等分析了莫来石陶瓷的晶体结构与微观形貌,研究了烧结温度和铝溶胶添加量对莫来石陶瓷的烧结行为、析晶过程以及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着烧结温度升高,陶瓷体积密度、莫来石含量以及抗弯强度先增大后减小;随着铝溶胶添加量增大,陶瓷体积密度和莫来石含量持续增大,但抗弯强度和维氏硬度先增大后减小。酸洗粉煤灰中添加17.7%铝溶胶,1200℃烧结时莫来石陶瓷综合性能最佳,体积密度为2.67 g/cm^3,结晶度和莫来石含量分别为83.4%和50.2%,陶瓷抗弯强度和维氏硬度分别达到137.6 MPa和7.97 GPa。     

TiC含量对微波烧结钢结硬质合金组织及性能影响

以铁粉为基体,TiC颗粒为增强相,通过球磨、压制成型,微波烧结制备出TiC钢结硬质合金。结果表明,在1400℃微波烧结时,TiC颗粒与Fe具有良好的润湿性和流动性。随TiC含量升高,合金的晶粒逐渐变得均匀细小,合金的相对密度、显微硬度和抗弯强度均先升高后下降,相对密度和抗弯强度在TiC含量5%时达到最高值,分别为94.61%和1327.20 MPa,显微硬度在TiC含量10%时达到最高值,为760 HV。随TiC含量增加,钢结硬质合金的断裂方式由韧性断裂向脆性断裂过渡。     

CeF3对无压熔渗法制备TiC／Ni3Al复合材料的渗入工艺影响

以化学纯镍粉、钛粉、铝粉、石墨粉为原料,采用燃烧合成方法置备了TiC/Ni3Al含孔预制件,用无压熔渗法制备了Ni3Al熔渗TiC/Ni3Al复合材料,研究了CeF3对无压渗透工艺、渗透动力学及TiC/Ni3Al复合材料的微观组织、硬度的影响.采用XRD和SEM分析了复合材料的相组成、微观结构.试验结果表明,无压熔渗法是制备致密的TiC/Ni3Al复合材料的有效方法,添加适量稀土CeF3,可大大缩短渗透时间;在完成渗透获得致密组织的前提下,添加CeF3对TiC/Ni3Al复合材料的硬度无显著影响;渗透后复合材料的组成相为Ni3Al和TiC两相,Ni3Al相和TiC颗粒结合良好;制备的TiC/Ni3Al复合材料的维氏硬度随TiC体积分数的增加而增加,w(CeF3)为0.6%,w(TiC)分别为70%和80%时,复合材料的维氏硬度平均值分别为HV561和HV653.     

莫来石纤维对氧化铝陶瓷性能的影响

选用莫来石纤维为增强体,通过添加适量的烧结助剂,制备莫来石纤维增强氧化铝陶瓷基复合材料,探讨了不同烧结温度和不同纤维含量对复合材料性能的影响规律.结果表明:莫来石纤维增强氧化铝陶瓷基复合材料的相对密度、弯曲强度和断裂韧性随烧结温度和纤维含量的增加先增大后减小,当烧结温度为1450 ℃、纤维含量为15%时,复合材料的弯曲强度、断裂韧性最高,复合材料弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别达到502.36 MPa和3.48 MPa·m~(1/2),比基体材料分别提高63.8%和54.7%;相对密度达到98.41%.纤维的拔出和脱粘消耗了大量的能量,是莫来石纤维增强氧化铝陶瓷复合材料力学性能提高的主要原因.     

添加TiC对高铬铸铁性能的影响

以TiC粉和高铬铸铁(high chromium white iron,HCWI)粉为原料通过热压烧结制备了TiC增强高铬铸铁(TiC/HCWI)复合材料,研究了TiC增强相对HCWI的微观组织、物相组成、力学性能、抗磨性能的影响。结果表明,添加的TiC颗粒抑制了HCWI材料中M7C3 (M=Fe,Cr)碳化物的生长,细化了HCWI的微观结构。随着TiC含量的增加,TiC/HCWI复合材料的洛氏硬度、断裂韧性、弯曲强度和抗磨性能增加。利用X射线衍射和电子扫描电镜分别对复合材料的物相组成和微观结构进行了表征;对复合材料的增强机制进行了分析。     

Fe_(40)Mn_(40)Cr_(10)Co_(10)/TiC中熵合金复合材料的力学和摩擦磨损性能（英文）

采用机械球磨和放电等离子烧结方法制备Fe_(40)Mn_(40)Cr_(10)Co_(10)/TiC (TiC的体积分数为10%)中熵合金复合材料,并对其力学和摩擦磨损性能进行研究。研究表明,在1373K烧结15min后,TiC颗粒均匀分布在Fe_(40)Mn_(40)Cr_(10)Co_(10)/TiC复合材料中,烧结后复合材料的晶粒得到明显细化;同时,添加10%TiC颗粒使复合材料的抗压强度从1.571GPa提高至2.174GPa,维氏硬度从HV320提高至HV872。摩擦磨损试验表明,与Fe_(40)Mn_(40)Cr_(10)Co_(10)中熵合金基体相比,复合材料的摩擦因数、磨痕深度和宽度都减小。良好的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能使Fe_(40)Mn_(40)Cr_(10)Co_(10)/TiC复合材料成为工程应用的理想材料。     

Ti对ZrC-W复合材料烧结行为和力学性能的影响

以金属Ti作为烧结助剂,采用热压烧结工艺制各ZrC-W复合材料,研究了添加Ti对复合材料的致密化行为、微观结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明,添加Ti能够有效促进zrC-W复合材料的致密化,在1900℃烧结的复合材料致密度达到89.9%.在复合材料中生成了TiC和W2C新相,随着烧结温度的提高,W2C相逐渐消失,复合材料的维氏硬度和弹性模量增大,但抗弯强度和断裂韧性变化不大.     

原位反应合成稀土改性TiC钢结硬质合金的组织与性能

以钛铁粉、纯钼粉、纯铬粉、鳞片状石墨粉、羰基铁粉等为原料,采用原位反应合成的方法制备了TiC钢结硬质合金。采用丁苯橡胶和环烷酸稀土的混合物为成形剂,以引入稀土Ce元素对烧结材料进行改性。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了烧结合金的显微组织,并对合金的密度(相对致密度)、硬度、极限抗弯强度进行了检测。结果表明:加入稀土元素后,烧结合金组织中的碳化钛颗粒均匀而细小,合金的密度(相对致密度)提高了3%;抗弯强度达到了1 780 MPa,比未加稀土元素的烧结合金提高了22%左右。因此,在原位反应合成中,稀土元素能够显著细化合金的组织并提高了烧结材料的性能。     

Spark plasma sintering of TiC particle-reinforced molybdenum composites

In order to improve the recrystallization resistance and the mechanical properties of molybdenum, TiC particle-reinforcement composites were sintered by SPS. Powders with TiC contents between 6 and 25 vol.% were prepared by high energy ball milling. All powders were sintered both at 1600 and 1800 °C, some of sintered composites were annealed in hydrogen for 10 h at 1100 up to 1500 °C. The powders and the composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and XRD. The microhardness and the density of composites were measured, and the densification behavior was investigated. It turns out that SPS produces Mo–TiC composites, with relative densities higher than 97%.The densification behavior and the microhardness of all bulk specimens depend on both the ball milling conditions of powder preparation and the TiC content. The highest microhardness was obtained in composites containing 25 vol.% TiC sintered from the strongest milled powders. The TiC particles prevent recrystallization and grain growth of molybdenum during sintering and also during annealing up to 10 h at 1300 °C. Interdiffusion between molybdenum and carbide particles leads to a solid solution transition zone consisting of (Ti_1 −x Mo_x)C_y carbide. This diffusion zone improves the bonding between molybdenum matrix and TiC particles. A new phase, the hexagonal Mo₂C carbide, was detected by XRD measurements after sintering. Obviously, this phase precipitates during cooling from sintering temperature, if (Ti_1 −x Mo_x)C_y or molybdenum, are supersaturated with carbon.     

Fe–B–C composites produced using spark plasma sintering

Fe–B–C composites were produced using iron and boron carbide powders. The powders were mixed to produce various compositions, ranging from 1 vol.% Fe to 80.1 vol.% Fe. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to densify the composite powder green compacts. The sintering temperatures used ranged from 900 °C for the composites with a high iron content to 2000 °C for those with a high boron carbide content. It was evident that during the sintering process the iron reacted with the boron carbide. XRD analysis showed the presence of FeB, Fe₂B, Fe₃C, Fe₃(B_0.6C_0.4), Fe₂₃(B,C)₆ and residual carbon as reaction products. The composites were found to have hardness values between 9.8 and 33.1 GPa with the higher hardness being associated with the higher boron carbide contents. The fracture toughness values determined were in the range of 2.8–5.3 MPa m^0.5. With increasing iron content from 1 to 5 vol.%, it is evident that the FeB formed begins to embrittle the material rather than increase the fracture toughness as a result of the high residual stresses between the B₄C and FeB phases.     

Thermomechanical properties of TiC particle-reinforced tungsten composites for high temperature applications

Tungsten and tungsten alloys are widely used in high temperature environments where arc ablation or mechanical deformation and damage are the main sources of materials failure. For high temperature critical applications in thermomechanical environments, however, the low strength limits the use of tungsten and tungsten alloys. Hence, new tungsten based materials with good high temperature thermomechanical properties need to be developed in order to extend the use of tungsten. TiC particle-reinforced tungsten based composites (TiC_p/W) were fabricated by hot pressing at 2000 °C, 20 MPa in a vacuum of 1.3×10⁻³ Pa. The composites were examined with respect to their thermophysical and mechanical properties at room temperature and at elevated temperature. Vickers hardness and elastic modulus increased with increasing TiC content from 0 to 40 vol.%. The highest flexural strength, 843 MPa, and the highest toughness, 10.1 MPa m^1/2, of the composites at room temperature were all obtained when 20 vol.% TiC particle were added. As the test temperature rose, the flexural strength of the TiC_p/W composites firstly increased and then decreased, except in the monolithic tungsten. The highest strength of 1155 MPa was measured at 1000 °C in the composite containing 30 vol.% TiC particles. The strengthening effect of TiC particles on the tungsten matrix is more significant at high temperatures. With the addition of TiC particles, the thermal conduction of tungsten composites was drastically decreased from 153 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ for monolithic W to 27.9 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ for 40 vol.% TiC_p/W composites, and the thermal expansion was also increased. The new composites are successfully used to make high temperature grips and moulds.     

Effect of starting powders size on the Al2O3–TiC composites

Al₂O₃–TiC composites with a content of 30 wt% TiC with various size of starting powders were manufactured by hot pressing. The Vickers hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness were studied. The experiment results show that the starting powder size has a significant effect on the properties of the Al₂O₃–TiC composites. The maximum bending strength of the submicron Al₂O₃ with the fine TiC powders addition is 712 MPa, while the maximum fracture toughness of the same Al₂O₃ matrix with the large TiC powders addition is 6.5 MPa m^1/2.     

Effect of pressure on combustion synthesis of TiC/Fe-Cu composites under the action of electric current

Using electric-current-assisted combustion synthesis (ECACS) in a Gleeble thermal simulation instrument, composites of TiC/Fe-Cu have been in-situ synthesized directly from elemental powders of iron, copper, titanium and graphite. This study was focused on the effect of pressure on the combustion synthesis of TiC/Fe-Cu composites and the properties of TiC/Fe-Cu composites. With the aid of a high electric current, a relatively low onset temperature for the combustion reaction, between 747 °C and 768 °C, could be achieved. The ignition temperature decreased with the increase of the pressure in the heating process. The final products of samples were composed of Fe, Cu, TiC and the pressure had little influence on the phase composition. All the titanium carbide particles were fine and in a range of about 0.2 μm–0.35 μm. When the pressure increased, the density and microhardness of sample increased, so the wear resistance improved.     

Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-TiC Composite Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering Process: Evaluation of Mechanical and Tribological Properties

Al₂O₃-10TiC composites were synthesized by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. Microstructural and mechanical properties of the composite reveal homogeneous distribution of the fine TiC particles in the matrix. The samples were produced with different sintering temperature, and it shows that the hardness and density gradually increases with increasing sintering temperature. Abrasion wear test result reveals that the composite sintered at 1500 °C shows high abrasion resistance (wt. loss ~ 0.016 g) and the lowest abrasion resistance was observed for the composite sample sintered at 1100 °C (wt. loss ~ 1.459 g). The profilometry surface roughness study shows that sample sintered at 1100 °C shows maximum roughness (R_a = 6.53 µm) compared to the sample sintered at 1500 °C (R_a = 0.66 µm) corroborating the abrasion wear test results.     

Synthesis and characterization of Al2O3–TiC nano-composite by spark plasma sintering

Al₂O₃–10TiC composite was synthesized by high energy ball milling followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. Microstructure of the sintered composite samples reveals homogeneous distribution of the TiC particles in Al₂O₃ matrix. Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties was studied. The sample sintered at 1500 °C shows a measured density of 99.97% of their theoretical density and hardness of 1892 Hv with very high scratch resistance. These results demonstrate that powder metallurgy combined with spark plasma sintering is a suitable method for the production of Al₂O₃–10TiC composites.     

碳黑含量对放电等离子烧结Fe-Cr-C/TiCN复合材料组织和耐磨性的影响

采用机械合金化和放电等离子烧结法制备了不同碳含量的Fe-Cr-C/TiCN复合材料。通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射、维氏硬度和球-盘式摩擦试验,系统地研究了碳含量对Fe-Cr-C/TiCN复合材料组织和磨损性能的影响。结果表明,在含碳量为1.0%~5.0%（质量分数,下同）的烧结样品中形成了(Cr, Fe)₇C₃碳化物,而当碳含量达到4.0%~5.0%时,出现了(Cr, Fe)₃C相。碳含量对Fe-Cr-C/TiCN复合材料的组织均匀性和致密化有着较为重要的影响,当烧结温度为~1000 ℃时,致密度由未加碳时的95.0%提高到的99.7%（含碳量为3.0%）,说明已实现了完全致密化。当含碳量为3.0%时,维氏硬度达到11 940 MPa。此外,添加适量的碳（3.0%）有助于获得良好的磨损性能,即摩擦系数波动范围小,平均摩擦系数为0.320,磨损率为6.8×10^-4 mm³·N^-1·m^-1。     

Microstructure,sintering behavior and mechanical properties of SiC/MoSi2 composites by spark plasma sintering

SiC/MoSi₂ composites were synthesized at different temperatures by spark plasma sintering using Mo, Si and SiC powders as raw materials. The phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-prepared composites were investigated and the sintering behavior was also discussed. Results show that SiC/MoSi₂ composites are composed of MoSi₂, SiC and trace amount of Mo_4.8Si₃C_0.6 phase and exhibit a fine-grain texture. During the synthesis process, there was an evolution from solid phase sintering to liquid phase sintering. When sintered at 1600 °C, the SiC/MoSi₂ composites present the most favorable mechanical properties, the Vickers hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness are 13.4 GPa, 674 MPa and 5.1 MPa·m^1/2, respectively, higher 44%, 171%, 82% than those of monolithic MoSi₂. SiC can withstand the applied stress as hard phase and retard the rapid propagation of cracks as second phase, which are beneficial to the improved mechanical properties of SiC/MoSi₂ composites.     

Effect of compaction method on the structure and properties of bulk Cu + Cr<Subscript>3</Subscript>C<Subscript>2</Subscript> composites

Cu + Cr₃C₂ composites have been produced using the mechanical alloying of the elemental components, followed by severe plastic deformation by torsion, magnetic-pulse pressing, and electric-pulse plasma sintering. The composites are studied using X-ray diffraction and light and electron microscopy, as well as measurements of the hardness, density, and electric conductivity. Magnetic-pulse pressing at a temperature of 500°C makes it possible to produce volume nanocomposites with a homogeneous distribution of dispersed carbides over the copper matrix, which has a density of 96%, a Vickers microhardness of 4.6 GPa, a Rockwell hardness of 69 HRA, and an electric conductivity of 19% IACS units. Using electric-pulse plasma sintering at a temperature of 700°C, composites with the nanostructured copper matrix, which contains carbide inclusions and consists of domains surrounded by a layer of nearly pure copper, have been produced. These composites have a density of 88%, a Vickers microhardness of 4.0 GPa, a Rockwell hardness of 58 HRA, and electric conductivity of 26% IACS units.