双层中空玻璃盖板太阳能平板集热器集热性能实验测试研究

文章提出了一种采用双层中空玻璃盖板且吸热板表面镀有蓝钛膜的太阳能平板集热器,并在不同的工质流量和进口温度条件下对该集热器的集热性能进行实验测试,得到该集热器的瞬时集热效率曲线。研究结果表明,该集热器的集热效率曲线截距为0.83,热损系数为3.1 W/(m~2·K),该集热器的集热性能明显优于其他结构的平板集热器。此外,文章建立了该集热器的数学模型,得到该集热器的总热损系数和热迁移因子的数学表达式。     

折形折流板式太阳能空气集热器的数值模拟

为了提高太阳能空气集热器的集热效率,文章提出了折形折流板式集热器,以增大集热面积,增强空气在流道内的扰流和换热效果。通过数值模拟得到,折流板的不同折形角度(60,90,120°)对集热器集热效率的影响,以及当折流板的折形角度为60°时,不同折流板间距、集热器进口风速条件下集热器的集热效率、热损失系数、热迁移因子和压力损失等。研究结果表明:当集热器进口温度为278 K,环境温度为274 K,集热器进口风速为2 m/s时,若折形角度为60°,则集热器的出口温度最大,为350.35 K,集热效率最高,为55.47%;当折流板间距为350 mm时,集热器的集热效率与热迁移因子最大,分别为57.34%,0.595。     

直通式太阳能真空管集热器热性能分析

通过对直通式太阳能真空管传热模型的分析,在导出单根带翅片与不带翅片的直通式太阳能真空管的总热损失系数、效率因子、热迁移因子和瞬时效率的基础上,建立了直通式太阳能真空管的性能预测模型;针对由多根并联、顺流布置的直通式太阳能真空管组成的平行流集热器,对比计算了带翅片与不带翅片两种真空管及由其组成的集热器的瞬时效率。结果表明,在工质流量,进口温度,环境温度等条件相同的情况下带翅片的直通式太阳能真空管以及由其构成的集热器的瞬时效率分别比不带翅片的太阳能真空管及集热器提高很多;并联直通式太阳能真空管间的流量分配不均匀性致使集热器的整体效率低于单根真空管的瞬时效率。     

新型V形接收体复合抛物面聚光器性能分析

复合抛物面聚光器中的接收体多为翅片式玻璃真空管,该接收体不适合对气体介质进行聚光集热。文章设计了新型V形接收体复合抛物面聚光器,通过在单层玻璃管中嵌入V形不锈钢板,实现了聚焦太阳能的光热转化,提高了空气介质的温度。文章利用光学仿真软件对复合抛物面聚光器内光线的传播情况进行了模拟计算,并在实际天气条件下,测试了不同空气流速对V形接收体出口温度的影响,研究了聚光器内封闭空腔和玻璃盖板的温度变化趋势,通过计算得到了复合抛物面聚光器的集热效率。分析结果表明:接收体出口温度随着空气流速的减小而升高,当空气流速由3.03 m/s减小至1.03 m/s时,接收体出口最高温度由44.13℃升高至70.9℃;复合抛物面聚光器集热效率随着空气流速的增大而增大,当空气流速由1.03 m/s增大至3.03 m/s时,复合抛物面聚光器平均集热效率增加了47.91%。     

利用条缝射流强化无盖板型太阳能集热器性能

为提升无盖板型太阳能空气集热器热性能，设计一种条缝射流型太阳能空气集热器，并利用数值模拟和实验验证对其热性能进行分析。集热器内部流动及换热特性的模拟结果表明，利用圆孔和挡片形成的条缝射流能对集热板形成有效覆盖，进而提高进气与集热板的对流换热。射流条缝存在最优结构参数，当圆孔直径为25 mm时，条缝宽度在3 mm处接近最优；集热效率则随挡片直径的增大而增大，是由于射流贴附效应在变强。实验结果表明，条缝射流型集热器的全天热效率稳定且高效。当处理气量为39 m3/h时，该集热器全天热效率稳定在约48%，优于传统的无盖板渗透型太阳能集热器。     

不同气候条件下平板太阳能集热器动态热性能的解析

利用一种可结合环境气象数据等参数来计算平板太阳能集热器一段时间内集热效率动态分布的数学模型,对比研究了不同气候区典型城市年平均效率及逐月效率分布的差异,分析了入口温度与环境温度温差、太阳辐照度对集热器全年瞬时效率的影响,并将该模型与《太阳能供热采暖工程技术规范》中的集热效率计算方法进行了对比。通过分析说明了在研究太阳能集热器的集热效率时,应结合气象条件和运行参数动态进行研究分析,冬季的瞬时效率并非总是低于夏季。该模型可更精确地模拟实际工程情况来计算集热器平均效率,是一种更加适应不同气候地区的太阳能集热器热性能模型,为工程实例中平板太阳能集热器平均效率的选取提供了参考。     

大尺寸平板太阳集热器集热效率研究

平板型太阳集热器集热效率除了与内部结构参数、运行参数等因素有关外,还受集热器外形尺寸大小的影响。通过建立相同集热面积条件下单一大尺寸平板集热器、并联常规平板集热器的三维物理模型,分析了2类集热系统集热效率、集热量、热损失随尺寸规模的变化关系。发现相同集热面积条件下,相比并联常规平板集热器形式,大尺寸平板集热器集热效率有所增加,约增大4%;但对于常规并联平板集热器,随着并联面积增大其热损失所占比例均有所增大,集热效率也有一定的降低;而对于单一大尺寸平板集热器,随着外形尺寸增大,热损失所占比例降低,且集热效率有所升高。研究结论可对大型平板集热器的尺寸设计提供设计指导。     

跟踪式CPC热管真空管集热器聚光及集热特性

将曲柄连杆单轴跟踪技术与CPC(复合抛物面聚光器)热管真空管太阳集热器集成,研制一套聚光比为2.3的跟踪式CPC集热器。基于Trace Pro光学软件模拟其跟踪模式下的聚光行为,并对不同跟踪模式下的集热特性进行实验研究。模拟得到横向投影角θt是影响CPC集热器光学性能的主要因素,θt为-23.5°~23.5°时,入射角修正因子(IAM)达到0.95~1.14;跟踪可有效缩小θt,将光学效率提高30%以上;采用三点式间歇跟踪即可获得高于60%的光学效率。实测集热效率分布和光学效率模拟值趋势一致,系统跟踪时高效集热时间为固定式的2.7倍,平均集热效率达到固定式的2.1倍。集热效率归一化线性良好,效率截距为52%,和光学效率模拟值偏差小于12%,佐证了模拟分析结果。     

抛物面槽式太阳能集热器场热损失分析

在已有的计算集热器场吸收有用能量模型的基础上,加入影响集热器场效率的热学因素,优化了集热器场效率计算模型,并验证了优化模型的精确性。利用优化模型对抛物面槽式太阳能集热器场热损失机理进行了研究。结果表明,集热器集热元件热效率、入射角以及由入射角引起的端部损失是影响集热器场效率的主要因素。在太阳辐射强度一定的情况下,入射角越小、集热器热收集元件的热效率越高时,集热器场效率越高。     

接收体对太阳能建筑采暖用聚光器性能影响

针对液体循环介质太阳能建筑采暖系统存在的夏季过热、投资成本高、占地面积大等问题,搭建空气集热太阳能槽式复合抛物面聚光建筑采暖系统,理论分析和试验测试聚光器中单层玻璃管内不同位置平板接收体对聚光器性能的影响,在此基础上,将平板接收体优化为等边三角形接收体,在实际天气条件下,测试不同空气流速对集热器进出口温差、腔内温度、集热效率等的影响。结果表明,晴天正入射时,α=0°布置的平板接收体两侧平均温差为0.5℃,平均集热效率为55.49%,比α=90°时聚光器平均集热效率增加了32.32%;当空气流速为1.03 m/s时,采用等边三角形接收体的聚光器进出口平均温差为53.9℃,腔内温度为50.4℃,比环境温度高28.8℃;当空气流速为3.03 m/s时,聚光器集热效率为70.76%。     

An evaluation on thermal performance of CPC solar collector

The main objective of this work is the investigation and improvement of thermal performance of evacuated CPC (Compound Parabolic Concentrator) solar collector with a cylindrical absorber. Modified types of this solar collector are always combined with the evacuated glass envelop or tracking system. The conventional stationary CPC solar collector has been compared with the single axis tracking CPC solar collector in outlet temperature, net heat flux onto the absorber and thermal efficiency. Numerical model has been analyzed based on the irradiation determined actually and the results have been calculated to predict the thermal efficiency. Based on the comparison of the measured and calculated results, it is concluded that the numerical model can accurately estimate the performance of solar collectors. The result shows the thermal efficiency of the tracking CPC solar collector is more stable and about 14.9% higher than that of the stationary CPC solar collector.     

Theoretical approach of a flat plate solar collector with clear and low-iron glass covers taking into account the spectral absorption and emission within glass covers layer

Accurate modeling of solar collector system using a rigorous radiative model is applied for the glass cover which represents the most important component of the system and greatly affects the thermal performance. The glass material is analyzed as a non-gray plane-parallel medium subjected to solar and thermal irradiations in one dimensional case using the radiation element method by ray emission model (REM²). The optical constants of a clear and low-iron glass materials proposed by Rubin have been used. These optical constants, 160 values of real part n and imaginary part k of the complex refractive index of such materials, cover the range of interest for calculating the solar and thermal radiative transfer through the glass cover. The computational times for predicting the thermal behavior of solar collector were found to be prohibitively long for the non-gray calculation using 160 values of n and k for both glasses. Therefore, suitable semi-gray models have been proposed for rapid calculation. The temperature distribution within the glass cover shows a good agreement with that obtained with iterative method in case of clear glass. It has been shown that the effect of the non-linearity of the radiative heat exchange between the black plate absorber and the surroundings on the shape of the efficiency curve is important. Indeed, the thermal loss coefficient is not constant but is a function of temperature, due primarily to the radiative transfer effects. Therefore, when the heat exchange by radiation is dominant compared with the convective mode, the profile of the efficiency curve is not linear. It has been also shown that the instantaneous efficiency of the solar collector is higher in case of low-iron glass cover.     

Theoretical approach of a flat-plate solar collector taking into account the absorption and emission within glass cover layer

A rigorous theoretical approach of a flat-plate solar collector with a black absorber considering the glass cover as an absorbing–emitting media is presented. The glass material is analyzed as a non-gray plane-parallel medium subjected to solar and thermal irradiations in one-dimensional case using the Radiation Element Method by Ray Emission Model (REM²). The optical constants of a clear glass window proposed by Rubin have been used. These optical constants, 160 values of real part n and imaginary part k of the complex refractive index of a clear glass, cover the range of interest for calculating the solar and thermal radiative transfer through the glass cover. The computational time for predicting the thermal behavior of solar collector was found to be prohibitively long for the non-gray calculation using 160 values of n and k. Therefore a suitable semi-gray model is proposed for rapid calculation. The profile of the efficiency curve obtained in the present study was found to be not linear in shape. Indeed, the heat loss from the collector is a combination of convection and radiation and highly non linear. The effect of the outside convective heat transfer on the efficiency curve is also studied. In fact, when the convection is the dominant heat transfer mode compared with the radiation one, the profile of the efficiency curve is more or less straight line. Consequently, the heat loss coefficient could be calculated using Klein model. It has been also shown that the effect of the wind speed on the glass cover mean temperature is very important. This effect increases with the increase of the mean absorber temperature.     

Energy performance of water hybrid PV/T collectors applied to combisystems of Direct Solar Floor type

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules in buildings allows one to consider a multifunctional frame and then to reduce the cost by substitution of components. In order to limit the rise of the cell operating temperature, a photovoltaics/thermal (PV/T) collector combines a solar water heating collector and PV cells. The recovered heat energy can be used for heating systems and domestic hot water. A combination with a Direct Solar Floor is studied. Its low operating temperature level is appropriate for the operating conditions of the mono- or poly-crystalline photovoltaic modules which are selected in that study. However, for a system including a glass covered collector and localised in Mâcon area in France, we show that the annual photovoltaic cell efficiency is 6.8% which represents a decrease of 28% in comparison with a conventional non-integrated PV module of 9.4% annual efficiency. This is obviously due to a temperature increase related to the cover. On the other hand, we show that without a glass cover, the efficiency is 10% which is 6% better than a standard module due to the cooling effect.Moreover, in the case of a glazed PV/T collector with a conventional control system for Direct Solar Floor, the maximum temperature reached at the level of the PV modules is higher than 100 °C. This is due to the oversize of the collectors during the summer when the heating needs are null, i.e. without a heated swimming pool for example. This temperature level does not allow the use of EVA resin (ethylene vinyl acetate) in PV modules due to strong risks of degradation. The current solution consists of using amorphous cells or, if we do not enhance the thermal production, uncovered PV/T collector. Further research led to water hybrid PV/T solar collectors as a one-piece component, both reliable and efficient, and including the thermal absorber, the heat exchanger and the photovoltaic functions.     

Simulation model of a CPC collector with temperature-dependent heat loss coefficient

We describe a mathematical model for the optical and thermal performance of non-evacuated CPC solar collectors with a cylindrical absorber, when the heat loss coefficient is temperature-dependent. Detailed energy balance at the absorber, reflector and cover of the CPC cavity yields heat losses as a function of absorber temperature and solar radiation level. Using a polynomial approximation of those heat losses, we calculate the thermal efficiency of the CPC collector. Numerical results show that the performance of the solar collector (η vs. ΔT_f(0)/I_coll) is given by a set of curves, one for each radiation level. Based on the solution obtained to express the collector performance, we propose to plot efficiency against the relation of heat transfer coefficients at absorber input and under stagnation conditions. The set of characteristic curves merge, then, into a single curve that is not dependent on the solar radiation level. More conveniently, linearized single plots are obtained by expressing efficiency against the square of the difference between the inlet fluid temperature and the ambient temperature divided by the solar radiation level. The new way of plotting solar thermal collector efficiency, such that measurements for a broad range of solar radiation levels can be unified into a single curve, enables us to represent the performance of a large class of solar collectors, e.g. flat plate, CPC and parabolic troughs, whose heat loss functions are well represented by second degree polynomials.     

Optical and thermal testing of a new 1.12X CPC solar collector

A new CPC collector is described and tested, both optically and thermally, in different configurations. This CPC has a receiver shaped as an inverted “V”, which was conceived to accommodate a large gap between itself and the reflector, without optical losses, a novelty which distinguishes this device from others previously proposed. Its acceptance angle was chosen to be large (56.4°, before truncation, and 76° after truncation) in order to allow for both fully stationary E.W. and N.S. possible orientations for the collector to be used. Collector height was chosen to allow for the inclusion of convection suppression mechanisms, to enhance the thermal performance of the collector at high temperature. Measurements of instantaneous efficiency are presented, for the collector in E.W. and N.S. orientation. Measurements are also presented for the instantaneous efficiency when a double cover configuration achieved with a Teflon film and a transparent insulation material of the honeycomb type are included. It is shown that the collector's low heat losses are reduced by roughly 30% trough the addition of such convection suppression devices.Based on these results, the average yearly performance is calculated and compared with the energy delivered by other collector types (flat pates, evacuated tubular collectors). It is shown that, up to 100°C, the present collector outperforms the others, and has a cost which is comparable, if not potentially lower than conventional flat plates.     

简化CPC式全真空玻璃集热管太阳能高温空气集热器的传热模型研究

对一种新型简化CPC(非追踪式复合抛物线聚光板)式全真空玻璃集热管太阳能高温空气集热系统的传热过程进行了理论分析和数值模拟计算,通过实验数据对该传热模型进行了验证分析。该系统由多个集热单元组成,每个集热单元包括一个简化CPC集热板,一根全真空玻璃集热管,在玻璃集热管内安装一个U形铜管。流动空气在各级U形铜管内被逐级加热。计算研究表明:系统空气最大出口温度可达到200℃,系统平均集热效率达到0.3以上,整个系统表现了良好的高温集热特性。同时,计算也表明当系统工质流量增加时,只要系统增加更多的集热管以增加系统总功率即可满足工质温度达到200℃的设计要求。研究提出的新型简化CPC式全真空玻璃集热管太阳能高温空气集热系统是一种有工业实用前途的太阳能集热器;研究提出的传热模型模拟效果也可以满足一般性工程计算需求。     

开放式热管中温太阳能空气集热装置的试验研究

设计一种使用简化CPC(非追踪式复合抛物线聚光板)集热板和新型开放式热管组合的全真空玻璃集热管中温太阳能空气集热装置。每个集热单元包括一个简化CPC集热板,一根全真空玻璃集热管,在玻璃集热管内安装一个铜管和外部的一个蒸汽包连接构成一个开放式热管结构。蒸汽包内安装螺旋换热管加热通过换热管的流动空气工质。分别使用水和CuO纳米流体作为热管工质,以空气作为集热工质,对热管式中温空气集热器的传热特性进行了实验研究。分析了不同工作压力、不同工质及纳米流体质量分数对热管集热传热特性的影响,详细比较了热管水工质和纳米流体工质在集热传热性能上的优劣。试验结果表明:本系统只使用2根玻璃集热管构成集热器,空气最大出口温度在夏天可达到200℃,在冬天可接近160℃,系统平均集热效率达到0.4以上,整个系统表现了良好的中温集热特性。以纳米流体为工质的热管热阻比以水为工质时平均降低了20%左右     

半圆形漫反射板对储热式真空管集热性能的影响

从理论上推导出单根储热式玻璃-金属真空管在有、无漫反射板两种不同情况下的晴天模型。利用该模型计算出理论的瞬时热效率及平均热效率,并确定半圆形漫反射板与真空管的最佳距离。同时通过实验对该真空管在有、无半圆形漫反射板两种不同的情况下的热效率进行对比。理论和实验表明,加置漫反射板以后,真空管的热效率提高了6.8%~24.2%,半圆形漫反射板与真空管的最佳距离约为1倍管径。