Regulation of thiamine synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improved pyruvate production

Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high‐yield production of carboxylic acid requires a cytosolic pyruvate pool as precursor. In this study, a novel strategy to improve pyruvate production and reduce metabolic by‐products via regulating thiamine synthesis was explored. Two of the thiamine biosynthesis regulatory genes, THI2 and THI3, were disrupted in the S. cerevisiae parent strain FMME‐002. The mutants FMME‐002ΔTHI2 and FMME‐002ΔTHI3 both exhibited an enhanced pyruvate yield. Moreover, FMME‐002ΔTHI2 achieved a relatively higher pyruvate production, and the highest concentration of pyruvate was achieved when 0.04 µ m thiamine was added. Enzyme assays and fermentation profiles of the THI2‐complemented strain indicated that the observed metabolic changes represented intrinsic effects of THI2 deletion on the physiology of S. cerevisiae. Under optimal C:N ratio conditions, FMME‐002ΔTHI2 produced pyruvate up to 8.21 ± 0.30 g/l, whereas the ethanol titre decreased to 2.21 ± 0.24 g/l after 96 h of cultivation. These results demonstrate the possibility of improving pyruvate production by regulating thiamine synthesis in S. cerevisiae. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

溶解氧控制对枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产腺苷的影响

在50 L的生物反应器中,通过控制溶解氧水平为5%、10%、20%、30%四个水平考察枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产腺苷的影响,发现该菌株生长的溶解氧浓度在10%～20%。并通过发酵过程中菌株的生长情况、菌体摄氧率和发酵产苷进行相关分析。结果表明,在发酵过程中DO水平控制在10%～20%时腺苷积累量高,发酵液中DO水平为5%和30%均不利于发酵液中的腺苷积累。通过对发酵终点丙酮酸的检测,发现枯草芽孢杆菌在低溶氧状态下比高溶氧状态下积累更多的丙酮酸。在此基础上,提出两阶段DO控制策略,最终腺苷积累量达到20.1 g/L。     

重组毕赤酵母表达人血清白蛋白-人白介素2融合蛋白过程的代谢特性

分析了重组甲醇营养型毕赤酵母在5L多参数自控发酵罐上生产人血清白蛋白-人白介素2融合蛋白(HSA-IL-2)的发酵过程。在使用多种在线传感器和离线检测参数的基础上,应用相关性分析的方法将细胞生长的关键酶(乙醇氧化酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶)酶活和代谢特性相关联。实验结果显示,甲醇诱导后葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶的酶活分别下降了46.1%和66.8%,说明胞内代谢流发生了迁移:三羧酸循环(TCA)和磷酸戊糖途径(HMP)中代谢流通量下降,甲醇完全氧化代谢成为主要代谢流。此外,在不同控制策略下,乙醇氧化酶的酶活和重组蛋白HSA-IL-2表达量也呈现出一定的差异。高溶氧低甲醇控制方式下HSA-IL2的表达量达到27mg/L,比低溶氧高甲醇条件下的表达量高33.7%。     

Influence of oocyte-secreted factors and culture duration on the metabolic activity of bovine cumulus cell complexes

Intracellular communication between the cumulus cell complex and the oocyte is essential for numerous processes during oocyte maturation. The aim of this study was to determine the interaction between oocyte-secreted factors and the metabolic activity of bovine cumulus cell complexes during in vitro maturation (IVM). Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from ovaries derived from an abattoir and divided into four treatment groups: (i) intact COCs, (ii) oocytectomized complexes (OOX), in which the ooplasm was microsurgically removed, (iii) OOX co-cultured with denuded oocytes (OOX+DO) and (iv) DO. The complexes were cultured individually in IVM media. After 0-4, 10-14 and 20-24 h of culture, the utilization of oxygen, glucose, pyruvate and L-lactate by the complexes was measured. The metabolic activity of the DO was undetectable. There were no significant differences in metabolic measurement among any of the treatment groups, indicating that the metabolism of the cumulus complex is not affected by the presence of the oocyte. When metabolic activity for the complexes was analysed relative to time in culture, there was an approximate twofold increase in the consumption of oxygen, glucose and pyruvate over the 24 h period (P<0.05), although production of L-lactate remained constant. The relationship between total glucose uptake and L-lactate production indicated that the majority of glucose consumed at the start of culture was being utilized via glycolysis, but by the cessation of the maturation period, there was significant utilization of glucose elsewhere, possibly for the formation of cumulus extracellular matrix. These results indicate that metabolism of COC does not reflect biochemical activity of the oocyte. Nevertheless, the metabolic requirements of the COC increase throughout maturation.     

Redirection of carbon flux to lysine in a recombinant of Corynebacterium lactofermentum ATCC 21799 by limited supply of pantothenate

To increase carbon flux to lysine, minimized production of amino acids that are biosynthetically related to lysine, for example, isoleucine and valine, is required. By limiting the supply of pantothenate, the precursor of coenzyme A, the carbon flux was redirected from isoleucine and valine to lysine in the recombinant of Corynebacterium lactofermentum ATCC 21799 containing the plasmid pGC77. The pGC77 contains hom(dr), thrB, and ilvA encoding feedback-deregulated homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine kinase, and threonine dehydratase, respectively. At 250 microM of isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside, the recombinant (pGC77) produced lysine, valine, and isoleucine. Limiting the supply of pantothenate from 300 microg/l to 30 microg/l resulted in an increase in lysine (from 4.5 to 6.4 g/l) and decreases in valine (from 3.1 to 1.6 g/l) and isoleucine (from 0.9 to 0.3 g/l) production. The concentration of pyruvate was higher and that of acetate lower in the pantothenate-limited culture than in the control, suggesting that the limited supply of pantothenate delayed the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Increased availability of pyruvate by limiting the supply of pantothenate might favor the integration of pyruvate into the lysine branch. The results of this study are useful for the production of lysine with decreased concentrations of byproducts.     

出芽短梗霉发酵生产聚苹果酸的代谢通量及关键酶活性分析

野生型出芽短梗霉菌株TKPM00006及其诱变菌株CGMCC30007在相同条件下,使用5 L罐进行聚苹果酸发酵,分析这2株菌在相同发酵状态下发酵中后期代谢网络的代谢流分布和关键酶活变化,对出芽短梗霉合成聚苹果酸的机理进行探究。结果表明,菌株TKPM00006和菌株CGMCC30007的菌体生长情况相似,但产酸量分别为20.54 g/L和30.2 g/L。.通过代谢通量分析及关键酶活性的测定可知,丙酮酸羧化途径及乙醛酸途径是PMLA合成的主要途径,TCA循环途径在发酵后期比较弱,该结论通过添加代谢抑制剂及中间代谢物实验加以证明。酶活分析同时还证明了高产菌株比出发菌株的PMLA合成能力强主要是因为丙酮酸羧化途径的加强。根据实验分析可在丙酮酸节点进行靶点改造或通过发酵调控改变丙酮酸节点处碳架的分配,通过加强丙酮酸羧化途径来减少因副产物的生产而造成的碳架流失,达到增加聚苹果酸生物合成的目的。     

浓香型大曲酒酒精发酵的主要影响因素

浓香型大曲酒酒精发酵的主要影响因素有养分、温度、氧气、酸度，这些因素的控制是酒精发酵好与坏的关键。糖主要为酵母提供能源进行能量代谢，代谢产物为酒精；窖池内氧含量的高低直接影响酵母的生长和代谢途径，酒精发酵是酵母在无氧条件下的代谢途径；温度、pH直接影响微生物的生长及其酶的活性。     

L-Lysine production by exponential feeding of L-threonine

The effect of L-threonine feeding in the production phase on L-lysine production by Brevibacterium flavum, which requires L-homoserine or L-threonine for cell growth, was investigated considering the concerted inhibition by L-threonine plus L-lysine, and the metabolism related to lysine production. Exponential feeding of L-threonine increased L-lysine production to 70 g/l about three times that without feeding. From the analysis of the metabolic flux, carbon flux of L-lysine synthesis pathway in the production phase after L-threonine feeding was higher than that in the growth phase. The results show that feeding of an inhibitory substance may increase the production, especially when the substance is necessary for the continuation of cell growth and/or production.     

工业发酵中溶氧因素的探讨

工业发酵影响因素很多,其中发酵液中的溶氧浓度(DissolvedOxygen,简称DO)是最基本因素,对微生物的生长和产物形成有着极其重要的影响。在发酵过程中,必须供给适量的无菌空气,菌体才能繁殖和积累所需代谢产物。不同菌种及不同发酵阶段的菌体的需氧量是不同的,发酵液的DO值直接影响微生物的酶活性、代谢途径及产物产量。发酵过程中氧的传质速率主要受发酵液中溶解氧的浓度和传递阻力影响。研究溶氧对发酵的影响及控制对提高生产效率、改善产品质量等都有重要意义。     

温度对Zymomonas mobilis糖代谢关键酶活力和代谢流量的影响

以运动发酵单胞菌(Zynwmonas mobilis)ATCC31821为模式菌株,研究不同温度条件对其葡萄糖代谢关键酶活力的影响.采用全自动发酵罐,在整个发酵过程中通过充入氮气调节发酵液的溶氧量(DO)=0%,添加0.5mol/LNaOH溶液控制pH=5.5,发酵温度分别控制为25、30、35、40℃,发酵24h,测定其糖代谢网络中ED、HMP、TCA等途径的关键酶活力和代谢物成分.结果表明,在发酵温度为30～35℃时,乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)、丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC)、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GD-3-PDH)的活力较高,菌体的ED途径代谢活跃,碳素流量增加,乙醇生产量和糖转化率较高,而TCA途径的苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)等活力较低,进入TCA途径的碳素流量明显减少;发酵温度为25、40℃时,TCA途径的酶活力升高,ED途径的酶活力减弱,生成乙醇的代谢流量减少,因此温度是z.mobilis发酵过程中调控菌体细胞生长和糖代谢的一个重要因素. 、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)、丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC) 葡萄糖激酶(GK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GD-3-PDH)的活力较高,菌体的ED途径代谢活跃,碳素流量增加,乙醇生产量和糖转化率较高,而TCA途径的苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)等活力较低,进入TCA途径的碳素流量明显减少;发酵温度为25、40℃时,TCA途径的酶活力升高,ED途径的酶活力减弱,生成乙醇的代谢流量减少,因此温度是z.mobilis发酵过程中调控菌体细胞生长和糖代谢的一个重要因素.葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)、丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC) 葡萄糖激酶(GK)、     

α-酮戊二酸对L-羟脯氨酸产量的影响

微生物合成L-羟脯氨酸时需要α-酮戊二酸的参与,而细胞内α-酮戊二酸的含量有限,限制了L-羟脯氨酸的高效合成。 因此该实 验通过在L-羟脯氨酸发酵过程中外源添加α-酮戊二酸,来考察α-酮戊二酸对发酵菌体生长、L-羟脯氨酸产量、糖酸转化率和代谢流的 影响。 结果表明,α-酮戊二酸对菌体生长有一定的抑制作用,但在一定浓度范围内,外源添加α-酮戊二酸能有效提高L-羟脯氨酸的产量和 糖酸转化率,当随糖流加5 g/L（初始发酵液）α-酮戊二酸时,L-羟脯氨酸产量能够达到最大值62.14 g/L,糖酸转化率为22.37%,与不添加 α-酮戊二酸相比,分别提高了47.85%和13.04%,同时,L-羟脯氨酸的合成代谢流提高了11.98%,副产物乙酸合成代谢流减少了29.42%。     

辅助能量物质与谷胱甘肽协同作用促进环磷酸腺苷发酵生产

目的:探究添加辅助能量物质导致环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）发酵后期产物合成停滞的原因,针对性解除限制因素,进一步提高产物产量。方法:在7 L发酵罐上进行添加辅助能量物质的发酵实验,对发酵动力学参数、细胞活性、能量代谢水平以及活性氧（ROS）含量等进行分析,根据分析结果进行了耦合添加谷胱甘肽和辅助能量物质的发酵实验。结果:单独添加柠檬酸钠、丙酮酸钠批次的产物合成和菌体生长速率在发酵前期均明显高于对照,约30 h后快速下降,降至低于对照批次的低水平;菌体活性、ATP/AMP以及电子呼吸链活性在发酵36 h后也剧烈下降,下降幅度远远大于对照批次。添加辅助能量物质导致ROS和丙二醛在发酵36 h后迅速积累,极显著（P<0.01）高于对照批次,而NADPH/NADP+却快速下降,明显低于对照。耦合添加辅助能量物质和谷胱甘肽的发酵批次中,细胞活性得到较大提升,cAMP产量得到进一步提高。柠檬酸钠耦合GSH批次与丙酮酸钠耦合GSH批次的cAMP产量分别达到4.05和4.32 g/L,比单独添加GSH批次分别提高了15.2%和22.7%,与对照（无辅助能量物质和谷胱甘肽添加）相比分别提高了21.9%和30.1%。结论:辅助能量物质强化能量代谢促进产物合成的同时,增加了电子呼吸链中电子泄漏的几率,大量活性氧产生超出细胞承受能力,导致发酵后期细胞生长和产物合成的停滞。辅助能量物质与谷胱甘肽协同作用,有效缓解了氧化胁迫,提高细胞活性,进一步促进产物发酵生产。     

基于代谢流量分析的黄色短杆菌TK0303合成L-亮氨酸发酵过程的优化

测定并计算了在发酵中后期L-亮氨酸等代谢物的胞外浓度和积累(或消耗)的速率。应用代谢流分析方法,通过MATLAB软件线性规划得到发酵中后期胞内代谢流分布及L-亮氨酸合成的理想代谢流分布。结果表明,在L-亮氨酸分批发酵过程中,有98.73%的葡萄糖进入糖酵解途径,仅1.27%进入HMP途径,55.10%的碳架进入TCA循环,25.21%用于合成L-亮氨酸。实验测定的合成L-亮氨酸的代谢流远低于理想代谢流(66.67)。根据代谢流分析结论,文中通过优化发酵过程控制如流加方式、溶氧水平等方面来减少副产物的生成,控制TCA循环代谢流,从而提高L-亮氨酸的产率。实验采用脉冲补料方式,控制溶氧浓度在20%左右,L-亮氨酸最高产酸达到38g/L。     

不同供氧条件对L-异亮氨酸合成代谢流的影响

建立了黄色短杆菌合成L-异亮氨酸(Ⅱe)的代谢流平衡模型。应用该模型通过MATLAB软件的线性规划得到各种极端情况的代谢流分布,以此为基础研究了不同供氧条件对L-异亮氨酸产量的影响并计算出发酵中后期不同供氧条件下的代谢流分布。代谢流分析结果表明,适当的供氧条件和通过遗传改造减少副产物氨基酸的生成,有利于增大L-异亮氨酸合成的代谢流。     

Changes in enzyme activities at the pyruvate node in glutamate-overproducing Corynebacterium glutamicum

Glutamate is industrially produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum. The key factor for efficient glutamate production by this microorganism has been considered to be a metabolic change at the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (ODH) branch point caused by a decrease in ODH activity under glutamate-overproducing conditions. However, this change would be insufficient because the ODH branch is merely the final branch in the glutamate biosynthetic pathway, and efficient glutamate production requires a balanced supply of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate (OAA), which are condensed to form a precursor of glutamate, namely, citrate. Therefore, there must be another (other) change(s) in metabolic flux. In this study, we demonstrated that a decrease in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. It is speculated that carbon flux from pyruvate to acetyl-CoA decreases under glutamate-overproducing conditions. Furthermore, an increase in pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity, which catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate to OAA, is evident under glutamate-overproducing conditions, except under biotin-limited condition, which may lead to an increase in carbon flux from pyruvate to OAA. These data suggest that a novel metabolic change occurs at the pyruvate node, leading to a high yield of glutamate through adequate partitioning of the carbon flux.     

Optimal aerobic cultivation method for 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid production by Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3

To investigate the effects of oxygen supply on Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3 metabolism and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) production in detail, the strain was cultured by switching from anaerobic condition to aerobic condition at 72 h (termed anaerobic-aerobic switching culture hereafter) employing different oxygen transfer rates (OTRs) in the range of 0.08-0.90 mg/(l.h). It was found that a 0.08 mg/(l.h) OTR could not change the metabolism or improve the DHNA production of P. freudenreichii ET-3. When the OTR was in the range of 0.23-0.66 mg/(l.h), propionate, which inhibits DHNA production significantly, was consumed during the aerobic phase. Final DHNA concentration increased to 0.22 mM, irrespective of OTR. When the OTR was 0.90 mg/(l.h), a sudden increase in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration during the aerobic phase resulted in a sudden decrease in DHNA concentration. To attenuate the stresses caused by propionate and oxygen exposure, we designed an optimal cultivation in which the anaerobic and aerobic phases were repeated three times alternately. As a result, propionate concentration was maintained below the level that inhibits DHNA production, and no DO concentration was detected throughout the culture. The final DHNA concentration in this culture was 0.33 mM, which is 2.7-fold that in the anaerobic culture and 1.5-fold that in the anaerobic-aerobic switching culture.     

High-cell-density fermentation for ergosterol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The direct feedback control of glucose using an on-line ethanol concentration monitor for ergosterol production by high-cell-density fermentation was investigated and the fermentation parameters (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen, ethanol concentration, oxygen uptake rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate and respiratory quotient) were analyzed. Controlling glucose feeding rate in accordance with ethanol concentration and adjusting pH with ammonia during the fermentation process were effective fed-batch methods for ergosterol production. The fermentation parameters well described the variation of the whole fermentation process. Cultivation in a 5 l fermentor was carried out under the following conditions: culture temperature, 30 degrees C; pH, 5.5; agitation speed, 600 rpm; fermentation time, 60 h; controlling ethanol concentration below 1% and keeping respiratory quotient (RQ) at approximately 1.0. Under these conditions, the yeast dry weight reached 120 g/l and the ergosterol yield reached 1500 mg/l.     

乳酸代谢通量调控规律的研究

选取了8株嗜酸乳杆菌进行分批发酵培养,分别测定了它们对数生长期乳酸发酵途径中10种相关酶的活性,分析了乳酸的代谢通量,并首次引入数量遗传学方法利用通径分析研究了酶活性对乳酸通量的直接和间接影响,建立了类似于代谢控制系数的决定系数R2(i)。该系数实际上反映了酶对乳酸通量的控制程度,研究结果显示,丙酮酸激酶(R2(PK)=0.3705)、己糖激酶(R2(HK)=0.3053)、磷酸丙糖异构酶(R2(TPI)=0.2733)和乳酸脱氢酶(R2(LDH)=0.2601)对乳酸通量具有相对较高的决定系数,对乳酸通量起主要控制作用;3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(R2(GAPDH)= -0.1320)的决定系数为负值,对乳酸通量具有较为明显的负控制作用。本文首次应用数量遗传学方法研究相关酶对乳酸代谢通量的控制作用,这将为代谢控制分析提供新的思路。     

利用代谢网络模型和线性规划法在线预测谷氨酸发酵中产物浓度

在好氧型的谷氨酸发酵实验中发现，溶解氧（DO）对发酵性能有很大的影响，谷氨酸的生成方式也因此有很大不同：较低的DO水平能够延长产酸期、提高谷氨酸的最终浓度，但是代谢副产物——乳酸也有较大程度的积蓄；而DO水平过高，虽然代谢副产物不会生成积蓄，但菌体消亡过快导致产酸期缩短、谷氨酸的最终浓度降低．同时，谷氨酸的生成方式与发酵过程中摄氧率（OUR）和CO2的释放率（CER）有着非常紧密的关联．作者利用代谢网络模型并结合使用线性规划优化法，通过在线测定OUR和CER，比较准确地在线推定出发酵过程中谷氨酸的质量浓度变化。与传统的非构造式动力学模型相比，上述预测方法具有建模简单、模型物理意义明确、通用性能好等优点，为后续过程的在线控制和优化提供一种全新和有效的途径。     

利用代谢工程改造谷氨酸棒杆菌产丙酮酸研究

丙酮酸是一种重要的有机酸,可以作为前体物质,参与合成多种有机化合物,在生物体的能量代谢中发挥着重要作用。为提高丙酮酸产量,选择利用代谢工程改造谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)生产丙酮酸。利用同源重组的方法,依次敲除谷氨酸棒杆菌中与丙酮酸代谢支流相关的5个关键基因(丙酮酸醌氧化还原酶基因pqo、丙酮酸羧化酶基因pyc、转氨酶基因alaT、缬氨酸-丙酮酸氨基转移酶基因avtA、丙酮酸脱氢酶基因aceE),摇瓶发酵72h后丙酮酸的产量达到14.64g/L。通过过表达编码转酮醇酶基因tkt、转醛酶基因tal、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶基因pck,增加合成丙酮酸前体物质的供应。最终,复合培养基摇瓶发酵72h后,发酵液中丙酮酸的产量达到15.39g/L,与野生型菌株相比提高了28倍。研究旨在为利用微生物发酵生产丙酮酸提供一定的理论参考。