Synchronization in multi-echelon supply chain applying timing discount

Due to the increasing emphasis on the effective management of the supply chain, synchronization and cooperation issues between suppliers and retailers in decentralized multi-echelon inventory/distribution systems have gained much attention in the recent years. In this paper, we consider coordination issues of a distribution system composed of a manufacturer, a supplier (distributor), and several retailers. The supplier outsourcing a third party offers a timing discount to multiple retailers in order to synchronize the timing of their orders with the order cycle. It is also assumed that retailers are allowed to face stock outs. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to analyze the problem. Results show that while synchronizing the supplier and the outsourcer enhances the supply chain efficiency, offering any type of timing discount by the supplier decreases the supply chain efficiency. It is also noted that having coordination between the manufacturer and the supplier has no impact on the supplier’s profit but may decrease the retailer’s costs. It is believed that our findings provide potential and significant managerial implications in the area of supply chain coordination when these systems are decentralized.     

A new modified randomly iterated search and statistical competency (RISC) approach for solving a nonlinear controlling model in three-level supply chain

This paper proposes a nonlinear controlling model in three-level supply chain. The proposed model consists of a manufacturer, a warehouse and two retailers. As nonlinear multi level programming problems are much more difficult to solve, the proposed model was converted to two nonlinear bilevel programming problems in order to make the model easier both to solve and to describe. The first model consists of warehouse's objective function at its first level and the manufacturer at the second level. In the second model, retailers are the leader and warehouse is the follower. Bilevel programming has been investigated to be NP-hard problem. Numerous algorithms have been developed so far for solving bilevel programming problem; however, algorithm proposed in this paper is easier than other algorithms for solving this type of problems. In this paper, we proposed a modified randomly iterated search and statistical competency approach in genetic algorithm to provide precise and reliable optimal solutions for manufacturer, warehouse and retailers' value in situations with no empirical observations and we presented confidence interval as solution.     

Modeling and solving a one-supplier multi-vehicle production-inventory-distribution problem with clustered retailers

This paper considers a supply chain management problem which integrates production, inventory, and distribution decisions. The supply chain is composed of one supplier production facility and several retailers located in a given geographic region. The supplier is responsible for the production and the replenishment of the inventory of retailers, in a vendor managed inventory (VMI) context. The distance between retailers is negligible compared to the distance between the supplier and the retailers’ region. Thus, for each vehicle, there is a major fixed cost for traveling to the cluster of retailers and a minor fixed cost for visiting each individual retailer. The problem consists of determining quantities to be produced, quantities to be delivered to retailers, vehicles to be used, and retailers to be serviced by each vehicle. This problem is an extension of the one warehouse multi-retailer problem with the consideration of production planning and storage and vehicle capacity limitations in addition to fixed vehicle utilization costs and retailer servicing costs. The objective is to minimize a total cost composed of production, transportation, and inventory holding costs at the supplier and at the retailers. Two mixed integer linear programming formulations are proposed and six families of valid inequalities are added to strengthen these formulations. Two of these families are new and the others are adapted from the literature. The numerical results show that the valid inequalities considerably improve the quality of the formulations. Moreover, the parameters that influence the most computational times are analyzed.     

双渠道多期供应链网络均衡模型研究

为适应信息化和高度动态化的发展,研究了在实体和网上两种交易渠道下,由制造市场、零售市场和需求市场组成的三层动态供应链网络的均衡问题,在静态供应链网络均衡模型的基础上,考虑了库存和网上交易对供应链网络的影响.分别对制造市场、零售市场和需求市场的决策者的独立决策行为及其相互作用进行了分析,构建了各层市场的有限维变分不等式,并将变分不等式问题转化为等价的互补问题的形式,给出了经济解释,得到了最终的双渠道多期供应链网络均衡模型,并给出了箅例分析.求解得到的均衡产量、交易量、库存量和均衡价格对供应链上企业的经营具有指导意义.     

2-2供应链网络下生产能力和定价策略研究

针对由两个生产商和两个零售商构成的供应链网络中的供应商间生产能力的竞争、零售商间零售价和订购量的竞争问题,建立了最大化期望利润的竞争模型,并对均衡策略进行了分析.在零售价对随机需求有影响的条件下得出如下结论:零售商存在最优定价和最优订货策略;某个零售商的最优定价策略不仅受生产商的批发价的影响,还受另一个零售商定价的影响;最优零售价格随批发价单调增加,随另一零售商的定价单调增加;最优订购量随批发价单调降低,随另一零售商的定价单调降低;生产商也存在一组最优定价策略和均衡的竞争性生产策略.最后,用一个数值算例分析了该竞争模型.     

信息共享环境下多级复杂供需链系统的库存成本分析

以一个制造商、多个互异的分销商和多个互异的零售商组成的复杂供需链系统为研究对象,建立了供需链系统库存成本模型,对各个企业的信息共享价值进行了分析计算.结果表明,制造商和分销商均能够从共享零售商的需求信息中获利,而零售商则从信息共享中得不到任何利益,因此需要制订一定的利益分配机制,以促进供需链信息共享的实现.     

溢出效应和网络贴合度扰动下的二级供应链网络广告投放策略分析

为研究溢出效应和网络贴合度扰动下,二级供应链的网络广告投放策略问题,以强势制造商和两个网络零售商组成的二级供应链为研究对象,考虑产品的网络贴合度和网络广告计费特征,构建基于溢出效应的期望需求模型,通过博弈论方法给出了完全不合作、合作、半合作、战略联盟等4种模式下的均衡解,并对以上4种均衡结果进行比较分析。研究结果表明:无论在何种模式下,制造商批发价格与产品的网络贴合度成反比;固定位网络广告投资额和网络广告投资总额与产品的网络贴合度成正比,固定位网络广告投资额与溢出效应成反比;合作状态下的利润总额通常情况下较低;当产品的网络贴合度超过一定阈值范围时,采用战略联盟使得供应链成员利润最大化。     

基于价格弹性的双层规划二级分销网络模型

从供应链集成的角度出发,以整体利益最大化为目标,遵循市场规律引入了产品的需求价格弹性因素。运用双层规划模型,研究了分销中心选址、产品定价和客户在分销中心的最佳调运量等问题。在双层规划模型中,上层规划为分销中心选址模型,下层规划表示客户选择最佳分销中心订货模型。针对所建模型,设计了启发式求解算法,并通过算例验证了模型及其算法的有效性。结果表明,以供应链整体利益最大化为目标所建的模型在生产实践中更具有实际意义,应用的范围更加广泛。     

基于马尔科夫链的库存策略研究

为解决企业因市场需求发生变动而产生的库存积压或库存短缺等问题,以多零售商组成的竞争系统为研究对象,提出了一种综合应用马尔科夫链和(S,s)存储策略的库存优化控制模型,深入研究了市场竞争模式下需求量的动态转移过程,并对零售商的最优库存策略进行了探讨,为企业有效地控制需求误差、完善库存管理提供了决策支持.     

Modelling supply chain inventory system with controllable lead time under price-dependent demand

In this paper, we study a two-echelon supply chain inventory system with a single manufacturer and a single buyer, considering price-dependent demand and variable lead time. Lead time can be reduced by added crashing cost. We first assume that the lead time demand follows a normal probability distribution and then consider the case where it is distribution free. We develop both the centralized and decentralized models and derive the optimal solutions by using profit maximization criterion. Feasibility and efficiency of the proposed models are justified through two numerical examples. We numerically investigate how the optimal decisions are affected by changes in various model-parameters. From numerical study, we observe that even though the lead time reduction diminishes the retailer’s selling price, it enhances the system profit significantly.     

制造企业双渠道市场的供应链建模和仿真

电子商务使制造企业除了常规的销售渠道以外增加了一个直接的市场,由此改变了传统的供应链结构。利用优化方法理论对面向制造企业的双渠道市场的供应链进行建模研究,并用蒙特卡洛法对该模型的关键参数,即制造商和零售商的最优定价,进行了仿真计算,仿真结果表明,在满足一定的条件下,供应链利润值可以有一个质的飞跃。     

Optimal selling price, marketing expenditure and lot size under general demand function

Joint pricing and lot sizing models enable manufacturers in making decision regarding production and pricing. These types of models have been proven to be very popular in the supply chain literature and are collectively known as the joint pricing and lot sizing models (JPLM). These models have been limited to a specialized demand function. In this paper, our proposed model relies on the fact that demand is a general function. We use a new approach to include a marketing effort factor in JPLM to increase profit for the manufacturer. In this approach, marketing effort is described as a separate factor that influences the demand. We obtain optimal solutions for selling price, marketing expenditure, and lot size such that the manufacture’s profit is maximized. The production, setup, and holding costs are also represented in the model. Numerical examples presented in this paper, which include sensitivity analysis of the key parameters, will be used to illustrate our model.     

Simultaneous coordination of capacity building and price decisions in a decentralized supply chain

In this paper, we investigate the simultaneous coordination of price and capacity building decisions in a dyadic supply chain. This problem is a combination of capacity reservation problem and pricing problem. While the coordination of supply chain with stochastic demand and fixed prices has received much attention in the literature, price-dependent and stochastic demand has been less considered. We study the latter case where a price-setting retailer faces a linear decreasing demand with respect to price. To capture the uncertainty of the demand, we add a stochastic variable to the demand function. In addition, we incorporate production rate and inventory cost on the supplier side. We propose Revenue Sharing Reservation Contract with Penalty (RSRP) as a coordination mechanism to align the price and capacity decisions. We then extend the model to include multiple retailers which are geographically dispersed. We next conduct a comprehensive numerical example with an extensive sensitivity analysis to understand the behavior and robustness of the supply chain under a RSRP, and finally, we draw some managerial implications.     

碳交易机制下企业产品线定价机制研究

研究了碳交易机制下企业产品线的定价问题,以不同产品的减排率和相应的零售价为决策变量,构建了以企业产品总利润最大化为目标函数的产品线定价模型.由于产品线上的产品定价及产品不同的减排率会影响产品市场需求,通过非线性规划模型进行分析和求解,得到了企业不同产品的最优定价和最佳减排率的组合,使顾客可以根据自身效用的不同,在不同减排率的产品间进行自发选择,从而实现企业利润最大化.     

竞争的零售商创新投入的供应链协作研究

建立了由一个制造商和两个零售商组成的两级供应链,在市场价格竞争下,下游零售商创新投入降低运作成本的供应链博弈模型.研究发现,分散决策下,制造商的利润随着零售商创新能力和竞争强度的提高而增大,其最优批发价与零售商的创新能力无关,创新投入的外溢效应反映在增加了制造商的需求.创新使零售商的利润提高,但由于竞争性,当创新能力达到一定程度后,创新反而使零售商的利润降低.为此,提出了使供应链协作的基于数量折扣的混合契约,最后利用具体算例分析验证了结论.     

基于退货滞后惩罚的库存控制模型研究

随着竞争的日益激烈,销售商竞相延长产品允许退货时间。此时,如何设置合理的允许退货时间长度成为困扰销售商日常经营的难题。针对于此,本文提出了一种基于退货滞后惩罚的库存控制模型和求解算法,从而解决了上述问题。并采用数值实例分析了退货率和时间惩罚因子对最优允许退货时间长度、最佳订货量以及最大产品收益的影响。实例结果表明,选择合适的时间惩罚因子,并规定合理的允许退货时间长度,可以有效增加销售商的收益。最后,对销售商的经营提出了具有现实指导意义的建议。     

面向供需链协同的信息共享价值分配机制

为实现供需链协同,合理设计信息共享价值分配机制,针对由一个制造商、多个同质分销商、多个同质零售商所组成的三级供需链系统,从库存持有水平的角度定量分析各成员的信息共享价值.在此基础上,应用多人合作博弈理论,建立了供需链库存效益分配模型,并采用τ值法求解该模型,给出了满意、协调、协同等多种分配方案.数值实验结果表明,基于τ值法的协同分配方案能够促使供需链协同的实现.     

Minimizing transportation cost of a joint inventory location model using modified adaptive differential evolution algorithm

Transportation is a key issue in supply chain management and is a major concern for a company. This paper considers a joint-location inventory problem involving a set of suppliers producing different products and a set of retailers where some retailers are treated as distribution centers (DCs). The problem is to determine which retailers to be assigned as DCs, which retailers to receive direct shipments, how much of the retailer’s demand to allocate to the DCs, and how much of the DC’s demand is to be met by different suppliers. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer model and it has been solved through an adaptive differential evolution algorithm known as modified J. Adaptive Differential Evolution. The solutions obtained are compared with that of simple genetic algorithm. This paper also shows that the proposed model is robust in nature and offers near-optimal results for different distributions. The sum of the cost of establishing some retailers as DCs and the total transportation cost incurred in shipping products from the suppliers to the retailers via DCs(for some retailers) or directly (for the other retailers) is also compared with the total transportation cost incurred when all the products are shipped directly from the suppliers to the retailers.     

再制造/制造集成系统中的制造商-零售商协调决策问题

提出了由1个制造商、2个零售商组成的双层再制造／制造集成物流网络模型。零售商负责产品的销售与废旧产品的回收。在正向物流中,零售商之间存在数量竞争;在逆向物流中,回收产品的总数量由零售商提供的单位回收价格决定,而各零售商所得回收产品的份额则由零售商提供的单位回收价格与消费者偏好共同决定。利用博弈论,得到了完全信息下的纳什均衡,发现零售商订货量随着制造商的批发价格的增长而递减。在回收中,零售商的单位回收价格不超过制造商提供的单位价格一半。研究了制造商如何协调正向与逆向物流,以便最大化自身的利润,该项研究成果对制造商的决策具有一定指导作用。     

制造商主导下的不同双渠道零售商渠道定价策略与渠道选择

在制造商主导的双渠道供应链结构中,引入价格弹性系数、单位直销成本和佣金比例系数建立模型,运用博弈论分析了双渠道零售商的最优定价策略与渠道选择问题.研究发现,零售商利润受网上直销成本和消费者渠道偏好的共同影响,当两者均较低时,网络直销结构下利润最高;当前者较高而后者较低时,网络分销结构下利润最高;当两者均较高时,网络代销...