核电厂主泵水力组件去污设备的设计优化

主泵水力组件去污设备是核电厂放射性机修车间内用于主泵清洗去污的专用设备,根据某压水堆核电厂的经验反馈，由于设计、施工的不完善因素，清洗去污设备存在无法正常使用的情况。针对主泵水力组件清洗去污工作中存在主泵水力组件去污箱清洗去污效率过低、试剂制备箱工作温度较低、主泵水力组件就位和存放不便等问题，提出了主泵水力组件去污设备的设计优化，从清洗去污工艺系统设备、仪控设备和系统布置等方面进行改进。对今后核电厂主泵水力组件去污设备的设计提供一定的参考作用。     

高压水清洗核反应堆工艺房间的试验

本文介绍了利用日本产杉野高压射流清洗装置对核反应堆工艺厂房内塑料地面、油漆墙面、瓷砖地面、不锈钢覆面、碳钢覆面、水泥砂浆地面和水磨石地面进行放射性清洗去污的实验过程、实验结果和去污效果评价.结果表明:采用高压水清洗适合反应堆工艺房间的大面积去污清洗工程.     

反应堆一回路去污配方及工艺参数研究

一回路系统在进行放射性清洗去污时,现广泛应用的方法为化学循环去污法。本文主要研究去污工艺中去污剂的主剂、侵蚀剂和缓蚀剂的比例,在线去污清洗时的清洗时间和清洗温度,并根据研究出的清洗工艺在实验室内应用金属挂片进行腐蚀性评价。     

放射性废液热泵蒸发装置去污效率研究

小型热泵蒸发装置根据放射性废液处理的特殊要求采用四级除沫的分离器结构。本文给出了分离器去污因子的计算模型,论证了核电站化学废液经蒸发处理后放射性能够满足标准排放要求。通过模拟介质蒸发去污试验表明,利用模型计算得到的去污因子与试验值较为吻合,平均误差较小。因此,本文去污因子估算模型能够用于除沫分离器去污效率的评价和预测,并为热泵蒸发装置的优化操作和放大设计提供一定理论指导。     

人体表面放射性污染去污处理对策研究

随着经济社会飞速发展,核能广泛运用于人类的生产活动和日常生活中。但由于放射性物质本身的不稳定性以及人为操作失误等因素,放射性核污染事故时有发生。放射性物质的泄漏和释放,将对人员造成污染,此类事故的处置也给消防部队带来了新的挑战和难题。因此对人员表面放射性核污染去污处理措施进行总结和研究十分重要。本文在充分总结了放射性核污染的来源、危害和作用机理的基础上,结合当前国内消防,从物理和化学两个方面阐述了人员表面放射性核污染去污的原理和方法。     

NaF对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的腐蚀研究

一般认为氟离子对不锈钢材料有强的腐蚀作用,但ＨＦ＋ ＨＮＯ３ 混和液又是不锈钢的钝化剂［１］ ,因此弄清在氟离子去污中的腐蚀有重要的意义．氟离子应用于放射性去污可以达到较好的去污效果,但控制其对材料的腐蚀,防止去污中设备严重损伤,以及去污废液的处理都是尚未解决的难题．并给出了ＮａＦ 在不同条件下对不锈钢的腐蚀速率,运用扫描电镜检查了不锈钢的腐蚀形貌,力图弄清氟离子对１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ 不锈钢的腐蚀行为,并讨论了腐蚀机理．     

NaF对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的腐蚀研究

一般认为氟离子对不锈钢材料有强的腐蚀作用，但ＨＦ＋ＨＮＯ３混和液又是是不锈钢的钝化剂，因此弄清在氟离子去污中的腐蚀有重要的意义。氟离子应用于放射性去污可以达到较好的去污效果，但控制其对材料的腐蚀，防止去污中设备严重损伤，以及去污废液的处理都是尚未解决的难题。     

放射性去污可剥离膜的研究进展

针对传统放射性去污方法普遍存在去污废液量大、损伤装备表面、不适用于大型机械化操作等问题,综述了放射性去污可剥离膜领域国内外最新的研究进展,讨论归纳了其去污特点,展望了其发展趋势和前景。     

一回路工况下蒸汽发生器传热管去污研究

本文采用三步化学去污法,选用蒸汽发生器传热管—镍基合金新13号作为腐蚀试样,研究化学去污液对预制膜试样的去污能力及对镍基合金基体的腐蚀性能,并探究不同去污温度(80℃、85℃和95℃)对预制膜试样的去污影响。采用分析天平对去污前后试样质量变化进行测定,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等方法对试样进行形貌结构分析,结果表明,预制膜试样表面覆盖一层致密的黑色氧化膜,其厚度约1μm,晶粒分布均匀,在0.3～1.0μm范围内;本文设计的化学去污液对基体材料并无腐蚀损伤,且与80℃和85℃相比,在95℃去污温度下,试样表面氧化膜全部脱落。通过研究镍基合金在化学去污液中的清洗去污行为,为蒸汽发生器传热管的去污工艺提供有力的实验数据支撑。     

801反应堆工艺水池高压水射流去污

本文介绍了用高压水射流技术对801反应堆452工艺水池放射性去污的情况.工程实践证明,采用全自动高压水射流法,去污效果好,DF达40以上,作业人员受照剂量小,液体废物易处理,固体废物易收集,适合于碳钢覆面的放射性去污,为工艺水池退役去污设计提供了依据.     

An electrochemical study of stainless steels and a nickel alloy in a decontamination agent using the potentiodynamic method

Chemical decontamination is accepted as one of the effective methods for decreasing radioactivity from radioactive materials existing in the systems of the nuclear power plants. In chemical decontamination processes, metal oxides dissolve in chelating agents such as oxalic acid and EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in the dissolution step for the chemical decontamination process. It is important to investigate corrosion behaviors with respect to decontaminating agents in the development of decontamination process. In this study, the potentiodynamic method was considered among electrochemical methods in order to investigate corrosion behaviors of stainless steels (SS 316, SS 304) and a nickel alloy (Inconel 600). The corrosion behaviors observed in the potentiodynamic results agreed with those of corrosion behaviors observed in the weight loss method, showing that the electrochemical study is a very useful method for estimating corrosion behavior.     

Effect of different reduction methods on the efficiencies in the chemical decontamination processes

Chemical decontamination is considered to be an effective method for reduction of radiation level by dissolution of radioactive corrosion products and metal oxidizing films existing in the primary system of a nuclear power plant. In this study, the process efficiencies of two chemical decontamination processes (Methods 1 and 2) having different reduction steps were investigated through the operation of a semi-pilot scale decontamination equipment as a continuous work. The reduction step for Method 1 employed an adsorbent with an oxygen source, while a reductant (oxalic acid) was used in the reduction step for Method 2. The dissolution and removal efficiencies of metal species and organic compounds in Method 2 were higher than those in Method 1, implying that oxalic acid in the reduction step increased the process efficiency, their complexes of metal species easily being removed in the decomposition/cleanup step. It was shown that the process employing chemical reduction showed higher dissolution and removal efficiencies rather than the process by the physical adsorption on the adsorbent surface through decontamination processes with different reduction step.     

等离子体技术在化学毒剂洗消中的研究进展

等离子体技术在化学毒剂洗消领域的应用已备受关注,介绍了大气压等离子体喷射器和冷等离子体反应器分别在化学毒剂染毒表面和染毒空气洗消中的研究进展,并提出了该技术应用于洗消领域尚需解决的问题和发展趋势。     

高浊度工业循环冷却水中菌藻的控制

由于旁滤失效,循环冷却水系统的浊度居高不下,细菌和腐蚀均难以控制达标,在短期内无法更换旁滤的情况下,对原水处理方案进行了调整.用新的氧化型杀菌剂取代次氯酸钠、有机胍杀菌剂代替原异噻唑啉酮类非氧化性杀菌剂,并加强了对运行的管理.经过半年的连续运行和监测,循环水各项指标均达到国家标准,有效解决了现场高浊度工况下的菌藻和腐蚀问题.     

放化厂退役去污

阐述了放化厂的退役去污,介绍了去污的目的、主要污染核素及其来源和污染的机理,并论述了系统去污和拆卸去污工艺的选择等。     

AISI 304 L stainless steel decontamination by a corrosion process using cerium IV regenerated by ozone Part II: Process optimization

Empirical and analytical approaches were used to model a pre-industrial pilot reactor to optimise a new decontamination process for AISI 304 L stainless steel. The alloy corrosion rate was modelled as an analytical function of the total cerium content and the ozone flow injected in the reactor. The empirical model of the corrosion rate, obtained by gravimetry, takes into account all the parameters, including the kinetics of alloy grains detached from the metal by intergranular corrosion. The discrepancy observed between the analytical and empirical models was explained by a two-step corrosion process. The dimensions and quantity of grains falling in the liquid were at first both underestimated. The study showed that the grains had to be extracted continuously from recirculating liquid in the future industrial reactor.     

Decontamination of aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal using monomethylamine:Ca(0H)2

Radiolabeled aflatoxin B₁ was added to naturally contaminated peanut meal, and the fate of aflatoxin-related by-products after decontamination by monomethylamine:Ca(OH)₂ was monitored. The decontamination process resulted in a 94-100% reduction in aflatoxin levels, depending on the level of contamination and the chemical structure of the aflatoxin. Following air drying and extractions with chloroform/water, methanol, acetic acid and water, the majority (69-86%) of the,decontamination by-products remained with the residue. Significant amounts of aflatoxin B₁, (12%) and aflatoxin-related compounds (27%) were liberated from the residue after enzymic digestion. Isolation and identification studies revealed a wide variety of aflatoxin-related decontamination by-products. High performance liquid and thin layer Chromatographie separation of chloroform-soluble compounds revealed compounds that exhibited some degree of toxicity. Comparative toxicity tests showed that, although some decontamination by-products exhibited elevated responses to specific toxicity tests, the relative toxicity was inferior to aflatoxin B₁. The moisture, protein and nitrogen levels did not change significantly. There was a significant change in the mold flora following the decontamination process, and the product was susceptible to recontamination.     

压力水去污技术及其在核设施退役工程中的应用

简要介绍了低压水、高压水和超高压水去污技术和经验；针对受核污染的水池和房间的不同情况，进行了高压水喷射去污的验证性试验，并得出了一些结论；介绍了核设施退役工程中高压水喷射去污的设计、实施和效果．     

固体超强酸催化合成N-苯基吡咯烷酮的研究

采用固定床技术,以SO42-/MxOy型固体超强酸为催化剂,1,4-丁内酯和苯胺反应合成了N-苯基吡咯烷酮(NPP),研究固定床工艺条件对NPP转化率的影响.实验结果表明,以SO42-/MxOy型固体超强酸为催化剂固定床合成NPP的最佳实验条件为n(1,4-丁内酯)∶n(苯胺)=1.2∶1、反应温度为300℃、进料速度为1.2 mL/min,NPP的转化率最高为98.7％.