The effect of pilot hole on delamination when core drill drilling composite materials

Removal of chips is a serious problem when core drill drilling polymer composites. As the chip is formed it moves to the inner hole of core drill. A hole is pre-drilled to eliminate the thrust caused by the removal chip, thus the threat for delamination is significantly reduced. The diameter of the pre-drilled hole is set equal to the inner hole of core drill. A smaller diameter of pilot hole cannot solve the problem of removal chips, while a larger one tends to cause undesired delamination during pre-drilling. Although valuable efforts have been made for the analysis of drilling-induced delamination, little has been reported on the effect of pilot hole diameter on delamination for core drills. The design of drill tools can be improved using obtained results.     

The effect of chisel length and associated pilot hole on delamination when drilling composite materials

Drilling-induced delamination often occurs both at the entrance and the exit of the workpiece during drilling of composite material. Investigators have studied analytically and experimentally that delamination in drilling can be correlated to the thrust force of the drill. With a pre-drilled pilot hole, the delamination can be reduced significantly. Early reference reported models of drilling-induced delamination, however, the effect of chisel edge length and pilot hole diameter on delamination is rarely discussed. The optimal range of chisel edge length with respect to drill diameter is derived in this paper.     

Effect of pilot hole on thrust force by saw drill

The applications of composite materials are numerous, especially in the structural parts of aerospace, automotive and marine industries. Owing to the marked anisotropy and macroscopic heterogeneity of composite materials, the mechanics of machining used is different when compared to metals. Delamination is one of the most concerns of applying the fiber-reinforced composite materials in various industries. A hole is pre-drilled to eliminate the thrust caused by the chisel edge of twist drill; thus, the threat for delamination is significantly reduced. Saw drills eliminate the chisel and utilize the peripheral distribution of the thrust in drilling. An analytical approach to identifying the role of the pilot hole was proposed to reduce the thrust force-induced delamination during saw drilling. The predicted critical thrust force is in good agreement with the experimental values.     

Experimental evaluation on the effect of minimal quantities of lubricant in milling

Implementation of stricter Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations associated with the use of ample amount of flood coolant has led to this study on minimal quantities of lubrication (MQL) technique on milling of ASSAB 718 HH steel at 35 HRc with uncoated carbide inserts while the MQL amount and flood coolant flow rate were 8.5 ml h⁻¹ and 42,000 ml min⁻¹, respectively. Unlike fracture in flood cooling or flaking in dry cutting the MQL used aided inserts were still in serviceable condition despite the presence of higher width of flank wear. Analyses of the cutting force, surface roughness, chip shape and EDX findings reveal that MQL may be considered as an economical and environmentally compatible lubrication technique for low speed, feed rate and depth of cut.     

Effects of exit back-up on delamination in drilling composite materials using a saw drill and a core drill

Machining of composites has caught greater attention in manufacturing of structural parts in aerospace, automobile and sporting goods. Composite materials have advantageous features in strength and stiffness coupled with lightweight compared to the conventional metallic materials. Amongst all machining operations, drilling is the most commonly applied method for generating holes for riveting and fastening the structural assembly. Delamination is one of the serious concerns in drilling holes in composite materials at the bottom surface of the workpiece (drill exit). Quite a few references of the drilling of fiber-reinforced plastics report that the quality of cut is strongly dependent on drilling parameter as well as the drill geometry. Saw drills and core drills produce less delamination than twist drills by distributing the drilling thrust toward the hole periphery. Delamination can be effectively reduced or eliminated by slowing down the feed rate when approaching the exit and by using back-up plates to support and counteract the deflection of the composite laminate leading to exit side delaminations. The use of the back-up does reduce the delamination in practice, which its effects have not been well explained in analytical fashion. This paper predicts the effects of backup plate on delamination in drilling composite materials using saw drill and core drill. The critical drilling thrust force at the onset of delamination is calculated and compared with that without backup. The well known advantage of industrial use of backup can be understood fundamentally by the fact that the threshold thrust force at the onset of delamination is increased making the delamination less induced.     

The total energy and the total entropy of force signals — new parameters for monitoring oblique turning operations

In unmanned CNC turning operations, the accuracy of tool wear predictions is very important for accurate tool replacement policies and avoiding unnecessary tool insert changes. This paper introduces two new parameters, namely the total energy and the total entropy of force signals, for tool condition monitoring. The correlation between the new parameters, tool wear and a wide range of cutting conditions is examined. The experimental results show that the energy of force signal can be reliably used to monitor tool flank and crater wear over a wide range of cutting conditions. However, the total entropy of forces does not appear to be sensitive to feed rate, rake angle and tool wear. The experimental results also indicate that crater wear causes an increase in the effective rake angle resulting in lower total energy of forces. For some particular shapes of worn tool, however, the crater wear results in a decreased rake angle which increases the total energy of forces. The influence of crater wear on forces and the root mean square of acoustic emission (AErms) signals is also observed in this research.     

The application of acoustic emission for precision drilling process monitoring

Precision drilling is a process where a close tolerance hole can be produced with a special drill bit without subsequent reaming. Producing a hole without reaming results in less overall processing time during hole preparation. Precision drilling is best accomplished by a robot with a computer controlled drilling end effector due to the high degree of process control required. Some aspects of the process, such as spindle speed, feed rate, and peck cycles, can easily be controlled by a computer controlled end effector. Other variables, such as drill bit wear, chipping, and point geometry variation, cannot be controlled with the end effector. These variables affect the diameter of the hole but cannot be detected unless the hole or the drill bit is manually inspected. It is not practical to stop the process and check the diameter after every hole. Therefore, a means to perform real time drilling process monitoring is required to detect if an oversized hole is being drilled. The primary objective of this research was to correlate the diameter of a hole drilled in steel with any acoustic emission (AE) signal measurement parameter. The secondary objective was to correlate drill bit lip height variation, which has a significant influence on the diameter of a hole, with any AE signal measurement parameter. The results of this study showed that acoustic emission could only be correlated to hole diameter variations if those variations were related to the lip height variations. However, AE energy and RMS were correlated to lip height variations under a wide variety of conditions.     

Analysis of hole quality characteristics in the electro jet drilling process

The modern trend towards miniaturization has given a new impetus to the development of nontraditional small hole drilling techniques. Electro jet drilling (EJD) is one such promising technique, which is finding ever-increasing applications in several industries including aerospace, medical, automobile and microfabrication (electronic and computers). This paper reports experimental findings on the effects of important process parameters such as applied voltage, capillary outside diameter, feed rate, electrolyte concentration and inlet electrolyte pressure on the productivity and the quality of small holes (<800 μm dia) produced by using the EJD process. Roundness error and surface roughness have been used as the response parameters for evaluating the quality of hole whereas material removal rate has been used as the response parameter for evaluating the process productivity. The experiments were performed on SUPERNI 263A material. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed to test the significance of the variables at the 5% level indicates that applied voltage and electrolyte concentration significantly affect the response parameters.     

Experimental investigation of drilling damage and stitching effects on the mechanical behavior of carbon/epoxy composites

The main purpose of composite materials drilling is the need to put together different parts of a structure, in aeronautics for example. Machining generates damages which affect mechanical properties and have to be taken into account during manufacturing process. The objective of this study is to experimentally analyze the influence of drilling on a carbon/epoxy composite, to investigate the relationships among damages, cutting forces, mechanical properties of the drilled specimens and crack propagation. Stitching and a range of spindle speed and feed have been tested when drilling with a classic twist drill. The effect of each parameter has been assessed in terms of thrust force, moment (during machining) and defects, and then linked to mechanical test results. Experimental results have shown significant influences of feed and composite configuration on delamination. Furthermore, cyclic tensile tests have shown that reducing damage and using stitching help increasing tensile strength.     

Study and analysis of residual stresses due to various secondary processes in AA 2219 annealed sheet using acoustic emission and hole drilling methods

This study highlights the methods of assessing the variations in residual stress of AA 2219 annealed sheet undergoing various secondary operations like blanking, forming, welding, etc. Attempt is made here to use acoustic emission (AE) as a tool to assess the residual stress and to compare it with the results obtained by Hole Drilling method. This paper discusses the experimental set up, methodology and observations. The observations are expected to provide enhanced quality control methodology for AA 2219 sheet metal components, especially where thermomechanical treatments are involved in the process of realization.     

The effect of hole drilling on fatigue and residual stress properties of shot-peened aluminum panels

The effect of hole drilling after shot peening on the fatigue life and residual stress state of selected aluminum alloys was investigated. Compared to the unpeened condition, the hole drilling after shot peening reduced the fatigue life of the 2024-T351 and 2324-T39 alloys to a small extent. On the other hand, the fatigue life of 7150-T7751 decreased considerably due to hole drilling after shot peening. A compressive residual stress was at the surface of the shot peened specimens. Hole drilling reduced the compressive residual stress by 60%. The excess dislocation density was mostly concentrated at the surface of the specimens.     

钻削B4C颗粒增强铝合金工艺参数对刀具磨损和孔尺寸精度影响的分析和优化

基于刀具磨损和钻孔尺寸误差等多个性能指标,对B4C颗粒增强铝合金切削加工参数进行评估和优化。通过Taguchi的L27,3水平4因子正交阵列进行实验设计。研究结果表明：磨粒磨损和积屑瘤一般在刀具磨损时形成,同时,边角磨损也具有重大意义。影响切削刀具的侧面磨损主要决定因素是合金中的颗粒质量分数,其次分别是进给速率、钻头的硬度和主轴转速。在所有使用的刀具中,有TiAlN涂层的硬质合金钻头在刀具磨损以及孔尺寸方面具有最佳性能。灰关系分析表明：钻头材料的影响比进给速度和主轴转速的影响更大。在最佳的钻探参数下可以得到最小的刀具磨损和孔直径误差。     

PLC在深孔钻组合机床控制系统中的应用

本文简要介绍了深孔钻组合机床的控制原理，并给出其PLC控制系统的流程图和梯形图程序设计。     

双轴钻床钻轴刚度失谐对钻削颤振的影响

运用近频摄动理论分析了双轴钻床钻轴刚度失谐后对钻轴系统固有振动频率的影响。模拟计算结果表明：引入适当的钻轴刚度失谐量,能够分离原钻轴系统彼此接近的固有频率,避免两钻轴间固有近频振型之间的耦合,从而抑制钻削颤振现象的发生.     

深部钻探绳索取心孕镶金刚石钻头的关键技术

本文探讨了深部绳索取心钻探钻头的工作特征,在量化分析钻头寿命对钻探效率影响的基础上,集成研究了提高深孔钻头寿命的一些措施,包括提高工作层高度、加强保径、提高保径规的高度、采用金刚石有序排布技术、聚晶与工作层复合技术、粉末石墨装料技术以及采用合理钻进工艺参数等.所获得的结论对提高孕镶绳索取心钻头的效率和使用寿命有积极作用...     

金刚石钻磨头超声振动钻磨硬脆材料表面质量的试验研究

硬脆材料以其优良的性能在生产实践中得到了广泛应用，但其低塑性、易脆性及不导电性等使得加工十分困难，尤其是超精密表面制作更加困难。为此，本文将超声振动引入普通钻磨中，介绍了超声振动切削原理，通过超声与普通两种方式下的表面粗糙度试验和微观形貌观察得出以下结沦：1）不同加工参数时，超声振动钻磨时的工件表面粗糙度值均低于普通钻磨时的表面粗糙度值；2）随着进给量、工件转速和输入功率的增加，超声和普通钻磨时的表面粗糙度均呈上升趋势；3）普通钻磨加工后孔壁表面有宽度和间距不均匀的沟槽，并且沟槽较宽，而超声钻磨加工后表面沟槽（划痕）较浅且均匀。     

The effects of tool edge radius on drill deflection and hole misalignment in deep hole gundrilling of Inconel-718

Straightness control in gundrilling of deep, thin-walled holes on Inconel-718 is challenging due to insufficiently explored phenomena governed by the tool edge radius effects. Such effects are activated by conservative drilling conditions for Inconel-718, which transforms the chip formation mode to a thrust-dominated mechanism. Critical changes in force generation are thus resulted, which affect the characteristics of drill deflection and thin wall deformation. In consequence, the drill's self-piloting capability deteriorates – leading to uncontrollable deflection and hole misalignment. A mechanistic model uniting the underlying force, drill deflection, wall deformation and process kinematics is proposed and substantiated, as well.     

The effects of process faults and misalignments on the cutting force system and hole quality in reaming

A chip thickness and cutting force model that considers the deflection of the tool and the regenerative effect resulting from the presence of process faults and misalignments has been developed for the reaming process. Through a series of experiments, the model has been calibrated and validated. The model predicts tool displacement, torque, thrust, X and Y forces, and the average radius of the reamed hole. The developed model is also shown to be capable of being used as a basis for the on-line detection of process faults present in the system.     

Experimental studies on drilling tool load and machining quality of C/SiC composites in rotary ultrasonic machining

Carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix (C/SiC) composites have great potential in space applications because of their excellent properties such as low density, superior wear resistance and high temperature resistance. However, the use of C/SiC has been hindered seriously because of its poor machining characteristics. With an objective to improve the machining process of C/SiC composites, rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) and conventional drilling (CD) tests with a diamond core drill were conducted. The effects of ultrasonic vibration on mechanical load and machining quality were studied by comparing the drilling force, torque, quality of holes exit and surface roughness of drilled holes between the two processes. The results showed that the drilling force and torque for RUM were reduced by 23% and 47.6%, respectively of those for CD. In addition, the reduction in drilling force and torque decreased gradually with increasing spindle speed, while they changed slightly with increasing feed rate. Under identical conditions, RUM gave better holes exit than CD. Moreover, because of the lower lamellar brittle fracture and pit originating from carbon fibers fracture, the roughness of surface of drilled holes obtained with RUM was lower than CD and the maximum reduction was 23%.     

伺服焊枪点焊的电极力控制特性及其对电极磨损的影响

为促进伺服焊枪在车身制造中的应用,对比分析电机驱动伺服焊枪(简称"伺服焊枪")与气动焊枪的电极力控制特性。结果表明,伺服焊枪接触工件时电极所受冲击力小,达到预压力时间短,焊接阶段的电极力波动较小,具有更精确的电极力控制能力。在此基础上进行伺服焊枪和气动焊枪点焊的电极磨损实验,进一步分析电极力变化对电极磨损的影响。结果表明,在完全相同的焊接条件下,由于伺服焊枪良好的电极力控制特性,其电极磨损速率较低。在整个电极磨损周期,伺服焊枪点焊镀锌钢板的轴向磨损随着电极力的增加而增加,但在磨损初期阶段,由于飞溅和点蚀的影响,较小电极力下的轴向磨损反而更大一些。