PLA/木质纤维复合材料的制备及性能

目的研究PLA/木质纤维复合材料的制备工艺过程,分析PLA纤维含量对复合材料力学性能的影响,确定最优配比,以获得一种可应用于包装中的新型环保复合材料。方法将不同质量配比的PLA纤维及木质纤维按照造纸的工艺进行抄造,获得湿纸胚后再进行热压处理,获得需要的复合材料。对PLA纤维在复合材料中的分散性以及复合材料的力学性能进行表征与测试。结果分散性试验表明,PLA纤维能够与木质纤维均匀混合;当PLA纤维的质量分数为10%时,复合材料的性能较好。力学测试表明,复合材料的拉伸强度最大可达到42.79 MPa,耐折次数可达到1015次。结论 PLA/木质纤维复合材料可采用造纸的方法进行制备,且力学性能较好,能在包装领域内有较为广泛的应用,同时也为可降解纤维的研究应用提供了一种新思路。     

Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites

Synthetic polymeric materials are rapidly replacing more traditional inorganic materials, such as metals, and natural polymeric materials, such as wood. As these synthetic materials are flammable, they require modifications to decrease their flammability through the addition of flame-retardant compounds. Environmental regulation has restricted the use of some halogenated flame-retardant additives, initiating a search for alternative flame-retardant additives. Nanoparticle fillers are highly attractive for this purpose, because they can simultaneously improve both the physical and flammability properties of the polymer nanocomposite. We show that carbon nanotubes can surpass nanoclays as effective flame-retardant additives if they form a jammed network structure in the polymer matrix, such that the material as a whole behaves rheologically like a gel. We find this kind of network formation for a variety of highly extended carbon-based nanoparticles: single- and multiwalled nanotubes, as well as carbon nanofibres.     

Nano–bio surface interactions,cellular internalisation in cancer cells and e‐data portals of nanomaterials: A review

Nanomaterials (NMs) have abundant applications in areas such as electronics, energy, environment industries, biosensors, nano devices, theranostic platforms, etc. Nanoparticles can increase the solubility and stability of drug‐loaded materials, enhance their internalisation, protect them from initial destruction in the biological system, and lengthen their circulation time. The biological interaction of proteins present in the body fluid with NMs can change the activity and natural surface properties of NMs. The size and charge of NMs, properties of the coated and uncoated NMs, nature of proteins, cellular interactions direct their internalisation pathway in the cellular system. Thus, the present review emphasises the impact of coated, uncoated NMs, size and charge, nature of proteins on nano–bio surface interactions and on internalisation with specific focus on cancer cells. The increased activity of NPs may also result in toxicity on health and environment, thus emphasis should be given to assess the toxicity of NMs in the medical field. The e‐data sharing portals of NMs have also been discussed in this review that will be helpful in providing the information about the chemical, physical, biological properties and toxicity of NMs.     

Micromechanical deformation processes in PP/wood composites: Particle characteristics,adhesion, mechanisms

Polypropylene (PP) was reinforced with four natural fillers having different particle characteristics. Interfacial adhesion was changed by the introduction of maleated polypropylene (MAPP). The properties of the studied PP/wood composites depended strongly on interfacial adhesion and on the particle characteristics of the wood. Coupling with functionalized polymer is necessary for the preparation of composites with acceptable properties if the size of the particles is large and their aspect ratio is small. The effect of adhesion is smaller for particles with large aspect ratio. Several micromechanical deformation processes may occur in PP/wood composites including matrix yielding, debonding, fiber pull-out and fiber fracture both parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. The processes are competitive and may take place simultaneously and/or consecutively. The inherent properties of the reinforcement may limit the improvement of composite strength. Micromechanical deformation processes determine composite properties irrespectively of their mechanism.     

Piezoelectrics in micro and nanosystems: solutions for a wide range of applications

Piezoelectric thin films have interesting prospects in a number of applications for which miniaturization is a driving force. Miniaturization means higher frequency, or higher resolution, or increased functionality. This paper gives a short review on piezoelectric thin films, their deposition processes, integration, properties and applications in microsystems (MEMS), concentrating on the most frequently investigated piezoelectric thin film materials.     

Wood: A 45th anniversary review of JMS papers

The second part of a comprehensive review of the literature on wood published in the Journal of Materials Science since its inception in 1966 is presented. The topics reviewed include wood modification and surface treatment, the thermal stability of wood and resistance to fire, the physical properties of wood chars and wood-based carbon materials, and the structure-related properties of wood–cement and wood–polymer composites. The articles reflect the wide range of techniques utilised to improve wood properties, the role of wood as a precursor for carbon-based materials and cellular ceramics and the application of wood as a composite reinforcement. JMS is in the vanguard of the latest developments in all these disciplines.     

Nanoparticle-Based Electrodes with High Charge Transfer Efficiency through Ligand Exchange Layer-by-Layer Assembly

Organic-ligand-based solution processes of metal and transition metal oxide (TMO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely studied for the preparation of electrode materials with desired electrical and electrochemical properties for various energy devices. However, the ligands adsorbed on NPs have a significant effect on the intrinsic properties of materials, thus influencing the performance of bulk electrodes assembled by NPs for energy devices. To resolve these critical drawbacks, numerous approaches have focused on developing unique surface chemistry that can exchange bulky ligands with small ligands or remove bulky ligands from NPs after NP deposition. In particular, recent studies have reported that the ligand-exchange-induced layer-by-layer (LE-LbL) assembly of NPs enables controlled assembly of NPs with the desired interparticle distance, and interfaces, dramatically improving the electrical/electrochemical performance of electrodes. This emerging approach also demonstrates that efficient surface ligand engineering can exploit the unique electrochemical properties of individual NPs and maximize the electrochemical performance of the resultant NP-assembled electrodes through improved charge transfer efficiency. This report focuses on how LE-LbL assembly can be effectively applied to NP-based energy storage/conversion electrodes. First, the basic principles of the LE-LbL approach are introduced and then recent progress on NP-based energy electrodes prepared via the LE-LbL approach is reviewed.     

Nano or Not Nano? A Structured Approach for Identifying Nanomaterials According to the European Commission’s Definition

Identifying nanomaterials (NMs) according to European Union legislation is challenging, as there is an enormous variety of materials, with different physico‐chemical properties. The NanoDefiner Framework and its Decision Support Flow Scheme (DSFS) allow choosing the optimal method to measure the particle size distribution by matching the material properties and the performance of the particular measurement techniques. The DSFS leads to a reliable and economic decision whether a material is an NM or not based on scientific criteria and respecting regulatory requirements. The DSFS starts beyond regulatory requirements by identifying non‐NMs by a proxy approach based on their volume‐specific surface area. In a second step, it identifies NMs. The DSFS is tested on real‐world materials and is implemented in an e‐tool. The DSFS is compared with a decision flowchart of the European Commission’s (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC), which rigorously follows the explicit criteria of the EC NM definition with the focus on identifying NMs, and non‐NMs are identified by exclusion. The two approaches build on the same scientific basis and measurement methods, but start from opposite ends: the JRC Flowchart starts by identifying NMs, whereas the NanoDefiner Framework first identifies non‐NMs.     

Lignocellulosic fibre mediated rubber composites: An overview

The rising concern towards the reduction in the use of petroleum-based, non-renewable resources and the need for more versatile polymer-based composite materials have led to increasing interests on natural polymer composites filled with natural organic fillers, i.e. coming from renewable and biodegradable sources. This paper reviews wood flour and other lignocellulosic fibres filled rubber composites, including cellulosic rubber composites, cellulosic thermoplastic elastomers, nanocellulose based rubber nanocomposites, with the aims at providing the most state of the art information for directing further scientific research, possible commercialization and design of cellulosic rubber composites. It has been found that 1) the surface properties of natural cellulose, hence the compatibility and interface of the natural cellulose and matrix rubber/plastics, are crucial for the successful development of the composites, such, physical and chemical modification and additives have been widely attempted to improve the incompatibility and poor interfacial adhesion between the filler and matrix; 2) the curing characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal stability and morphologies of the composites are complex but closely related to not only the interfacial properties, but also the compositions (e.g. the concentration of cellulosic materials) and other processing parameters; 3) the nature of hydrophilic cellulosic and hydrophobic matrix rubber and/or plastics requires an accurate introduction of coupling agent, one end of its structure shall be compatible to hydrophilic and the other to hydrophobic. The reviews on the main paths and results of study on the advanced nanocellulose reinforced rubber nanocomposites and sandwiches indicate much potentials and needs for further in-depth studies.     

植物纤维多孔材料泡孔分布影响因素

目的分析影响植物纤维多孔材料泡孔分布的各种因素,探究泡孔结构对性能的影响,为制备泡孔均匀分布、缓冲性能良好的多孔材料提供理论基础。方法归纳总结国内外植物纤维多孔材料泡孔结构的研究进展,探讨多孔材料的发泡机理,系统地阐述成型工艺、助剂种类、助剂含量等对植物纤维多孔材料泡孔结构的影响。结果通过分析得出各种影响因素的作用规律,为进一步完善植物纤维多孔材料的制备方案,开发泡孔分布均匀、性能稳定的植物纤维发泡材料提供依据。结论通过制定科学的实验方案,可以制备出泡孔分布均匀的多孔材料,其可作为缓冲材料,在包装领域中有巨大的市场需求。     

Nanomaterial Transformations in the Environment: Effects of Changing Exposure Forms on Bioaccumulation and Toxicity

In the environment, nanomaterials (NMs) are subject to chemical transformations, such as redox reactions, dissolution, coating degradation, and organic matter, protein, and macromolecule binding, and physical transformations including homo or heteroagglomeration. The combination of these reactions can result in NMs with differing characteristics progressing through a functional fate pathway that leads to the formation of transformed NM functional fate groups with shared properties. To establish the nature of such effects of transformation on NMs, four main types of studies are conducted: 1) chemical aging for transformation of pristine NMs; 2) manipulation of test media to change NM surface properties; 3) aging of pristine NMs water, sediment, or soil; 4) NM aging in waste streams and natural environments. From these studies a paradigm of aging effects on NM uptake and toxicity can be developed. Transformation, especially speciation changes, largely results in reduced potency. Further reactions at the surface resulting in processes, such as ecocorona formation and heteroagglomeration may additionally reduce NM potency. When NMs of differing potency transform and enter environments, common transformation reaction occurring in receiving system may act to reduce the variation in hazard between different initial NMs leading to similar actual hazard under realistic exposure conditions.     

碳纤维增强木材复合材料

碳纤维增强木材复合材料(CFRW)是新一代建筑材料、修补材料和装饰材料之一。在土木工程建筑、旧建筑的加固修补等方面得到广泛应用。CFRW不仅可提高材料的抗拉强度、压缩强度等,而且还赋予木材防菌防蚁、防水防腐、导电和电磁波屏蔽等新的功能。同时,可综合利用破碎木材及边角料,通过复合使其变废为宝。本文主要论述CFRW的制造、性质及其应用。     

高导热炭基功能材料研究进展

与传统的金属导热材料相比,炭基功能材料具有热导率高、密度小、耐高温、比强度和比模量高等优点,因而备受关注.主要介绍了近年来碳纤维(CF)及其复合材料、碳纳米管(CNTs)复合材料、泡沫碳、高取向热解石墨(HOPG)等高导热炭基功能材料的研究进展.     

Adhesive and cohesive properties of glue cement mortars with addition of organic–mineral modifiers

The paper deals with results of experimental research on cement glue mortars containing non-milled fly ash and organic–mineral modifiers are given. The organic–mineral modifiers (OMM) include finely dispersed additives like microsilica or milled fly ash and organic substances (naphthalene formaldehyde superplasticizers and redispersed polymers). Glue cement mortars, modified by OMM additives allow reducing Portland cement consumption, stabilizing and improving the mortars’ properties, especially their adhesive and cohesive strength. The influence of the modifier compositions on the strength parameters of mortars for masonry stone walls, facing by ceramic tiles or gluing heat isolation materials was studied. The experimental results show that as the silica additives dispersion is higher the positive effect on adhesive and cohesive strength increases. Optimal content of modifiers in mortars is obtained.     

聚酯纤维功能化改性的研究

介绍了聚酯纤维功能改性的方法及研究进展.聚酯纤维的功能改性将由单一功能(如:阻燃改性、抗静电改性、抗菌改性等)向双功能(如:阻燃可染色、阻燃抗静电、阻燃抗融熔等)或多功能改性等方向发展;由于助剂的加入对聚酯纤维的物理机械性能有一定的影响,从发展趋势来看,双功能或多功能化单一助剂的开发是将来的研究热点.     

废纸浆/陶瓷纤维抄造纸的性能研究

目的 节约植物纤维用量,以陶瓷纤维加填抄片,评估废纸浆/陶瓷纤维抄造纸的实用性.方法 使用KH-550硅烷偶联剂对陶瓷纤维进行表面处理,将未处理陶瓷纤维与处理的陶瓷纤维以一定比例加填到废纸纤维中,抄造手抄片,比较手抄片的紧度、撕裂度、环压强度、耐折度和抗压强度,并对手抄片的微观形貌进行观测.结果 陶瓷纤维交错分散于纸纤维之间.经过KH-550硅烷偶联剂处理的陶瓷纤维加填后,当质量分数<20％时,手抄片的撕裂度、环压强度、抗张强度随纤维含量的增加而下降;当质量分数>20％后,以上性能均随陶瓷纤维含量的增加而上升.手抄片的耐折度随含量的增加明显下降.抄片的环压强度显著提高,陶瓷纤维质量分数为40％时,环压强度为3.81 kN/m,为废纸纤维手抄片的2.06倍.结论 加填陶瓷纤维质量分数至40％,不仅节约了植物原材料,也会提高抄造纸的环压强度,可用于承受高环压强度的纸质材料.     

Composite materials based on wood and nylon fibre

Nylon-wood fibre and polypropylene-wood fibre composite materials were manufactured without any additives to determine the effects of wood fibre on the mechanical properties of the different composites. The raw materials used were eucalypt hardwood fibre, Nylon fibre obtained from stockings, and polypropylene (PP) pellets. A hot press technique was used to manufacture the composite materials, and improvements in the manufacturing methods are suggested. Tests were carried out on the manufactured boards to determine tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Fracture surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy to investigate failure mechanisms. An increase in tensile strength and modulus of elasticity was observed in wood fibre/Nylon matrix composites, indicating that interfacial bonding occurred between these two phases. Bundles of wood fibres with internal voids prevent achieving maximum mechanical properties. The tensile strength of the PP based composites decreased significantly with increasing wood fibre content.     

Influence of binary additives of compatibilizers on the micro-and macrorheological properties of melts of polypropylene-copolyamide mixtures

We have investigated the influence of binary additives of compatibilizers copolymer of ethylene with vinyl acetate/siloxane liquid on the rheological properties of melts and the processes of structure formation in polypropylene-copolyamide mixtures. It has been shown that there exists an optimal ratio of compatibilizers at which the maximum influence of additives on the process of specific fiber formation shows up. The mechanism of their action is connected with an increase in the length of the interphase layer, a decrease in the surface tension, and an increase in the lifetime of the liquid jet. The use of compatibilizers influences the viscosity of melts only slightly, and the capability of four-component compositions to be processed markedly increases. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 737–743, July–August, 2008.     

Nanoparticle–Plant Interactions: Two‐Way Traffic

In this Review, an effort is made to discuss the most recent progress and future trend in the two‐way traffic of the interactions between plants and nanoparticles (NPs). One way is the use of plants to synthesize NPs in an environmentally benign manner with a focus on the mechanism and optimization of the synthesis. Another way is the effects of synthetic NPs on plant fate with a focus on the transport mechanisms of NPs within plants as well as NP‐mediated seed germination and plant development. When NPs are in soil, they can be adsorbed at the root surface, followed by their uptake and inter/intracellular movement in the plant tissues. NPs may also be taken up by foliage under aerial deposition, largely through stomata, trichomes, and cuticles, but the exact mode of NP entry into plants is not well documented. The NP–plant interactions may lead to inhibitory or stimulatory effects on seed germination and plant development, depending on NP compositions, concentrations, and plant species. In numerous cases, radiation‐absorbing efficiency, CO₂ assimilation capacity, and delay of chloroplast aging have been reported in the plant response to NP treatments, although the mechanisms involved in these processes remain to be studied.     

Chemical imaging of wood-polypropylene composites

Recent investigations of wood plastic composites have revealed a detrimental effect of using lubricant systems in production. This includes nullifying part or all of the mechanical benefit of using a polar compatibilizer, maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP), in the composite formulation. This investigation utilizes lubricants labeled with deuterium in conjunction with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to allow for the separation of individual lubricants from all other material constituents. All of the deuterium labeled lubricants, used without MAPP, revealed their expulsion from the wood interface during crystallization. MAPP coupling agent was found to exist near the wood, but it is unclear if any covalent bonding with the hydroxyl functionality on the wood surface occurred. The addition of zinc stearate lubricants appears to nullify the activity of the anhydride functionality near the wood surface as evidenced by a shift in the FT-IR spectra to the hydrolyzed form of the coupling agent. Most of the additives collect at the edges of the spherulites in mostly amorphous regions of the material. The consequence of this morphology may be a weak interface between crystallites.