Ultrahigh Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber With Ultralow Confinement Loss

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with circular air holes in the fiber cladding and elliptical air holes in the fiber core is proposed. According to calculation, both ultrahigh birefringence (larger than 0.01) and ultralow confinement loss (less than 0.001dB/km) can be achieved simultaneously over a large wavelength range for a PCF with only four rings of circular air holes in the fiber cladding. The confinement loss in this PCF can be effectively reduced while the birefringence almost remains the same. The proposed design of the PCF is a solution to the tradeoff between the birefringence and the confinement loss for the originally reported highly birefringent elliptical-hole PCF. Moreover, an approach to modify the effective index of fiber core is also suggested in this letter     

高双折射光子晶体光纤的偏振特性研究

基于超格子构造法，采用全矢量模型研究具有中心缺陷孔的椭圆孔光子晶体光纤(EHPCF)的偏振特性。研究表明，与相同结构参量的椭圆孔光子晶体光纤相比，具有中心缺陷孔的椭圆孔光子晶体光纤具有更大的模式双折射和走离参数。双折射、走离参数与频率的依赖关系与普通保偏光纤存在很大差别。走离参数在低频区出现零走离点，这为在该光纤中既保持高双折射又实现零走离单模运转提供了可能。适量增加中心缺陷孔，包层椭圆孔的椭圆率及面积可以获得高的双折射和大的走离参数。     

椭圆孔正方形点阵聚合物光子晶体光纤偏振特性

以聚合物为基材,设计了一种单模零走离参数的高双折射光子晶体光纤,该光纤具有椭圆孔正方形点阵,基于全矢量平面波方法,对其传输模场和偏振特性进行了数值模拟。结果发现,与传统的光子晶体光纤相比,该光纤具有更大的模式双折射和走离参数,当增长光纤结构参数椭圆孔长短轴之比η时,双折射明显增强并高达3.5×10-2,走离参数在低频区出现零走离点,这为在该光纤中即保持高双折射又实现零走离单模运转提供了可能。     

Bending-induced birefringence of optical fiber cladding modes

The bend-induced lateral stresses that generate birefringence in an optical fiber are analytically determined throughout the fiber cross section. This stress profile is used to determine the birefringence of a cladding mode in a single-mode fiber. The result demonstrates that the birefringence of cladding modes may be much smaller than that of the core mode and knowledge of the mode profile and stress distribution is necessary for an accurate prediction.     

高双折射光子晶体光纤特性分析

建立了基于透明边界条件(TBC)的全矢量迦辽金有限元法(FEM)分析二维光子晶体光纤(PCF)的模型,并对椭圆芯等5种高双折射光子晶体光纤基模的模式双折射、限制损耗及色散特性进行了数值分析和比较.通过减小内包层中沿x方向的空气孔,增大沿y方向的空气孔构成的一种光子晶体光纤的模式双折射在波长1550 nm处高达5.96×10-3,而椭圆芯光子晶体光纤为1.52×10-3.研究表明,可通过增加内包层中两个正交方向上空气孔的尺寸差来获得高双折射;同时还得出内包层中放大的空气孔减小限制损耗,增加色散,而减小空气孔尺寸带来的影响则刚好相反;内包层上空气孔数量越少,色散越平坦.     

Realization of true-time-delay using cascaded long-period fiber gratings: theory and applications to the optical pulse multiplication and temporal encoder/decoder

This paper proposes and demonstrates a technique for repetition-rate multiplication of an optical pulse train having an arbitrary period or pattern and the optical temporal encoding/decoding for the optical-code-division multiple-access (O-CDMA) system. The technique exploits the difference in the propagation speeds between the core and copropagating cladding modes of a fiber to obtain true-time-delay between the modes traveling in the core mode and the cladding mode, which can be used to achieve pulse multiplication. For the coupling to the cladding mode, long-period fiber gratings (LPGs) were used. A series of cascaded LPGs imprinted in a fiber with a specific separation has been employed to obtain a specific rate of pulse multiplication with a single input pulse. Second, by controlling the separations among the gratings, the temporal encoder/decoder for O-CDMA could be implemented. The principle and the applications of the proposed device are investigated in detail. The effect of the birefringence of fiber and fiber gratings on the system performance in the time and spectral domains is presented. The sensitivity of the cladding modes in a conventional fiber to the perturbations at the cladding has been overcome by replacing the conventional fiber with inner-cladding fiber. The properties and the benefits of using the inner-cladding mode are investigated.     

High birefringence photonic bandgap fiber with elliptical air holes

In this paper, we proposed a high birefringence photonic bandgap fiber (PBGF) with elliptical air holes in cladding and circular air hole in core. The forbidden gaps of the honeycomb structure are calculated when the circular air holes are deformed to the elliptical shape. And the birefringence of the PBGFs is investigated by using a full-vector finite element method (FEM) and the numerical results are presented.     

Photonic bandgap fibers with high birefringence

A highly birefringent air-guiding photonic crystal fiber which provides guidance by a full two-dimensional photonic bandgap (PBG) effect is proposed. The fiber core is formed by introducing a large air hole that has an area of four unit cells of the cladding materials. It is shown from computed results by a full-vector finite element method that the proposed PBG fiber has birefringence of the order of 10/sup -3/.     

Theoretical investigation of highly birefringent all-solid photonic bandgap fiber with elliptical cladding rods

We theoretically study for the first time the waveguiding properties of an all-solid photonic bandgap fiber with elliptical cladding rods. High birefringence in the order of 10/sup -3/ is easily achievable in such fibers. The contributions of the cladding rod's ellipticity, the lattice ratio of the cladding microstructure as well as the index contrast of two soft glasses to the birefringence are systematically evaluated. The evolutions of birefringence with the structure and material variations show that our highly birefringent fiber design can be tailored.     

Polarization Maintaining Air-Core Bandgap Fibers for Terahertz Wave Guiding

A polarization-maintaining air-core bandgap polymer fiber is proposed for low-loss terahertz (THz) wave guiding. The polarized guided modes are confined in an asymmetric core by a bandgap of periodic arrangement of square holes with round corners in the cladding. The guiding properties, including transmission bandwidth, numerical aperture, phase-index birefringence, modal absorption loss, and bend loss, are systematically investigated. The influence of background polymers on guiding properties is demonstrated in detail. Numerical simulations reveal that, while maintaining a relatively high phase-index birefringence (of the order of 10^-3 ), the THz fiber shows a significant suppression of absorption loss of the background polymers (by a factor of more than 25) due to the bandgap effect that repels the modal power from the absorbent polymers. The proposed THz fiber has potential for guiding intense THz waves for polarization-sensitive applications.     

掺Yb3+铝硅酸盐玻璃纤芯的光子晶体光纤

为了获得用于掺Yb3+脉冲光纤激光器的具有反常色散的光子晶体光纤,设计了一种掺Yb3+铝硅酸盐玻璃纤芯的结构,包层部分为普通的六边形结构,分布着直径相同的空气孔,其纤芯横截面为椭圆形,在包层和纤芯之间设计了4个小椭圆空气孔。研究了包层的空气孔直径d与空气孔中心间距Λ以及二者的比值d/Λ这些参量变化时,色散随波长变化的情况;同时研究了4个小孔对色散和双折射的影响。结果表明,这一结构的光子晶体光纤,当Λ=2.3μm、d/Λ=0.5时色散呈现反常色散,作为掺Yb3+脉冲光纤激光器的增益部分是可行的。该研究对掺Yb3+光子晶体光纤在脉冲光纤激光器方面的使用是有帮助的。     

非通视方位传递系统中保偏光纤分析

根据非通视方位传递系统对保偏光纤双折射的设计要求,重点分析了不同类型保偏光纤参数对双折射的影响。首先,从光纤应力应变、变分原理和应力光弹效应出发,推导建立保偏光纤应力光学耦合关系;然后,借助有限元分析软件研究了不同因素对保偏光纤双折射值的影响,并对两种保偏光纤（熊猫型保偏光纤和领结型保偏光纤）进行了对比分析。结果表明:在纤芯中心附近,减小纤芯与应力区的距离、增大应力区半径大小、固定纤芯尺寸时增大包层半径、提高保偏光纤参考温度等措施都能明显提高双折射值。同等条件下领结型保偏光纤产生的双折射值更大。研究成果能够为非通视方位传递系统中保偏光纤的设计选型提供一定的参考。     

A single-polarization fiber

We report an oPtical fiber which guides only one polarization. This fiber polarizer utilizes high modal birefringence (4.7 times 10^{-4}) to split the two polarizations of the fundamental mode and an ellipitcal depressed-index cladding to provide a steep wavelength-dependent tunneling loss to the fast axis mode. The stress-induced birefringence is created by an elliptical SiO2-B2O2inner cladding. A 4.7-m length of polarizer fiber exhibits an extinction ratio of 34 dB at a wavelength of 633 nm, with polarizing behavior over a bandwidth of 50 nm. Insertion loss of less than 1 dB has been observed for the guided linear-polarization mode. The polarizing band may be shifted from 620 to 525 nm by bending the fiber to a radius of 0.67 cm. Such fiber polarizers should find a variety of applications in fiber sensors, attenuators, isolators, wavelength filters, and tuners.     

Effect of acoustic birefringence on acoustooptic interaction in birefringent two-mode optical fibers

The acoustic birefringence in a highly birefringent (Hi-Bi) two-mode optical fiber is measured and shown to be about 0.8%. The birefringence is primarily caused by a cladding ellipticity in excess of 1%. The effect of the softer stress-inducing elements is small in comparison. The effects of misalignment of the acoustic and optical axes is studied in detail using both continuous-wave and pulsed acoustooptic interaction. In the Hi-Bi fiber, the misalignment is approximately 20/spl deg/. The acoustic birefringence and misalignment have a profound effect on the spectral characteristic of tunable acoustooptic notch- and passband filters, giving rise to double spectral peaks. The birefringence is not specific to Hi-Bi fibers. The same effect is demonstrated in a birefringent elliptic core fiber, and it should be expected also in standard telecom single-mode fibers. In tunable acoustooptic notch filters based on coupling to cladding modes in standard telecom fibers with ellipticity of the order of 1% the acoustic birefringence may cause double absorption peaks separated by more than 4 nm. It is also shown that acoustic birefringence provides guiding of the spatial orientation of the acoustic flexural waves, even if the fiber is twisted. This guiding effect eases the construction of acoustooptic components with long interaction length.     

椭圆孔六角点阵聚合物光子晶体光纤的偏振特性研究

基于全矢量平面波方法,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯为基材,设计了一种高双折射光子晶体光纤,并对其传输性质和偏振特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明,椭圆孔六角点阵聚合物光子晶体光纤的双折射是由于包层的不对称性引起的全局双折射,通过调节椭圆率,发现该光纤可以以单模方式在一合适波段运行,该波段与聚合物光纤的低损耗通信窗口一致。并且在 时,其双折射最高可达 。该研究结果为高双折射聚合物光子晶体保偏光纤的制备提供了理论依据。     

椭圆孔微纤芯光子晶体光纤的数值模拟

提出了一种在纤芯引入四个近矩形排列的椭圆空气孔,包层空气孔呈阶梯结构的高双折射光子晶体光纤,采用全矢量有限元方法,对光纤基模的模场分布、双折射、色散、限制损耗、有效模面积及非线性系数等特性进行了数值模拟.这种设计为获得高双折射光子晶体光纤提供了一种新的方法,为改善光子晶体光纤其他性能(如色散、非线性特性)提供了一种新的...     

混合双包层高双折射光子晶体光纤的特性

提出了一种新型的混合双包层结构的光子晶体光纤。利用多极法对光纤基模的模场分布、双折射、限制损耗及色散特性等进行了数值模拟,通过调节包层空气孔的孔径大小可以有效地控制光纤的双折射和限制损耗特性。结果发现:新设计的光纤具有高双折射低限制损耗特性,光纤结构参数为=1.0 m,d1=d2=d3=0.8 m时,该光纤在C波段（1.53~1.565 m）及L波段（1.57~1.62 m）呈现负色散及负色散斜率。在波长为1.55 m处,双折射高达10-2,限制损耗小于10-5 dB/m。     

基于乙醇灌注边孔光纤的Sagnac干涉型温度传感器

提出并研究了一种基于乙醇灌注边孔光纤(SHF)的Sagnac干涉型温度传感器。边孔光纤是一种高双折射光纤,其包层中纤芯两侧具有两个空气孔。将乙醇填充进边孔光纤的空气孔中,利用乙醇的折射率随温度的变化,改变边孔光纤的双折射系数,使Sagnac干涉仪的输出谱发生波长漂移,从而实现了温度传感。实验获得该传感器在20℃～80℃的温度变化范围内灵敏度为86.8pm/℃,为普通光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器的8倍。     

High-birefringence polarizing fiber with flat cladding

This paper presents the theoretical and experimental investigations on polarization characteristics of PANDA fiber with flat cladding. It is theoretically shown that the modal birefringence in the flat-clad fiber is almost the same as that in the circular-clad fiber. The flat-clad PANDA fiber has been fabricated by grinding off the preform cladding on the opposite faces and then drawing with a low furnace temperature. The modal birefringence of the fiber isB = 5.9 times 10^{-4}and the separation of the bending loss edges for the two polarization modes isDeltaupsilon = 0.51in the normalized frequency. The polarizing region can be tuned from 1.3 to 1.56 μm by varying the fiber-bending diameter from 3.5 to 4.5 cm. A 1.5-m length of polarizing fiber exhibits extinction ratios of 44.9 and 44.4 dB with insertion losses for the guided mode of 0.25 and 0.41 dB at 1.3 and 1.56 μm, respectively.     

General solutions for stress-induced polarization in optical fibers

General solutions of thermal stresses and material birefringence in polarization-maintaining optical fibers are presented. The solutions give the stresses and birefringence at every point in the cross section of various fibers. The fundamental solution of the stress field is constructed by using the complex variable method in elasticity. When the cores, inner claddings, or stress-inducing regions are ellipses, circles, or bow-tie shapes, exact closed-form solutions can be found. The average core birefringence and center core birefringence of elliptical core, elliptical cladding, twin core, Panda, and bow-tie fibers are calculated and compared. Among these fibers, the bow-tie fiber shows the highest birefringence