Comparison of alginate and pectin based beads for production of poultry probiotic cells

A comparative study on the stability and potential of alginate and pectin based beads for production of poultry probiotic cells using MRS medium in repeated batch fermentation was conducted. The bead cores, made of three types of materials, i.e., ca-alginate, ca-pectinate and ca-alginate/pectinate, were compared. The effect of single and double layer coatings using chitosan and core material, respectively, on the bead stability and cell production were also studied. The pectin based beads were found to be more stable than that of the alginate beads and their stability was further improved by coating with chitosan. The cell concentration in pectin based beads was comparable to that in the alginate beads. On the other hand, pectin based beads gave significantly lower cell concentration in the growth medium for the initial fermentation cycles when compared to the alginate beads. In conclusion, pectin was found to be potential encapsulation material for probiotic cell production owing to its stability and favourable microenvironment for cell growth.     

双菌微囊化发酵耦合泡沫分离强化乳链菌肽生产的工艺

本研究拟通过共培养乳酸链球菌与酿酒酵母解除产物抑制效应,并将泡沫分离耦合于微胶囊固定细胞发酵强化乳链菌肽（Nisin）的生产。采用液芯微胶囊固定乳酸链球菌和酿酒酵母细胞,并对海藻酸钠和壳聚糖浓度进行优化。结果表明,以乳糖为底物碳源,乳酸链球菌与酿酒酵母的初始接种比例102:1时,共培养发酵液中Nisin效价高达3436.3 IU/mL。海藻酸盐-壳聚糖-海藻酸盐（ACA）液芯微胶囊的制备条件为海藻酸钠浓度15 g/L和壳聚糖浓度5.5 g/L。在微胶囊固定细胞发酵与泡沫分离耦合时间为21 h,分布器孔径180 μm,气体体积流率40 mL/min条件下,Nisin的富集比和回收率分别为5.8和63.1%,总效价为3973.2 IU/mL。本研究建立的双菌微囊化发酵-泡沫分离耦合工艺能够有效解除产物抑制和菌体细胞损失,为高密度、连续发酵生产Nisin奠定了理论基础。     

Survivability of probiotics encapsulated in alginate gel microbeads using a novel impinging aerosols method

Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria in cross-linked alginate beads is of major interest for improving the survivability in harsh acid and bile environment and also in food matrices. Alginate micro beads (10-40 μm) containing the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM were produced by a novel technique based on dual aerosols of alginate solution and CaCl₂ cross linking solution. Extruded macro beads (approximately 2 mm diameter) produced by the conventional method and micro beads produced by novel aerosols technique offered comparable protection to L. rhamnosus in high acid and bile environment. Chitosan coating of micro beads resulted in a significant increase in survival time of L. rhamnosus from 40 to 120 min in acid condition and the reduction in cell numbers was confined to 0.94 log over this time. Alginate macro beads are more effective than micro beads in protecting L. acidophilus against high acid and bile. Chitosan coating of micro beads resulted in similar protection to L. acidophilus in macro beads in acid and extended the survival time from 90 to at least 120 min. Viability of this organism in micro beads was 3.5 log after 120 min. The continuous processing capability and scale-up potential of the dual aerosol technique offers potential for an efficient encapsulation of probiotics in very small alginate micro beads below sensorial detection limits while still being able to confer effective protection in acid and bile environment.     

ACA微胶囊固定化细胞发酵木糖醇

考察了以游离酵母细胞、海藻酸钠固定化细胞、壳聚糖 /海藻酸钠 (ACA)微胶囊固定化细胞的木糖醇发酵 ,发现与游离、海藻酸钠固定化发酵相比 ,微囊化发酵转化率更高、更稳定。其转化率稳定在 65 %左右 ,发酵周期约为 5 0h。     

利用甲壳胺和海藻酸钠处理染整废水

介绍了联合使用甲壳胺和海藻酸钠处理染整废水的处理方法。在含酸性铬蓝K染料的废水中分别加入甲壳胺和海藻酸钠的水溶液后,把二种溶液混合。由于带正电的甲壳胺和带负电的海藻酸钠相互沉淀而使染料与废水分离。实验结果表明,甲壳胺和海藻酸钠的添加量、添加比例、处理温度、pH值、处理时间等因素对废水脱色均有影响。     

Microencapsulation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis in Modified Alginate-chitosan Beads and Evaluation of Survival in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was entrapped in alginate, alginate-chitosan, alginate-chitosan-Sureteric and alginate-chitosan-Acryl-Eze. Survival and in vitro release of bifidobacteria from the microparticles were investigated under conditions simulating gastrointestinal fluids covering the pH range from 1.5 to 7.5, with and without pepsin (3gL^-1), pancreatin (1gL^-1), and bile (10gL^-1). All types of microcapsules protected B. animalis, but the use of chitosan and enteric polymers in the formulation of the beads, especially Acryl-Eze, enhanced the beneficial effects of the microencapsulation technique. Besides promoting the controlled release of bifidobacteria in simulated gastrointestinal juices, the microencapsulation with enteric polymers improved the survival rate of these microorganisms.     

Mead production: fermentative performance of yeasts entrapped in different concentrations of alginate

Mead is an alcoholic drink known since ancient times, produced by yeast fermenting diluted honey. However, the production of mead has suffered in recent years, partially owing to the lack of scientific progress in this field. In this study, two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, QA23 and ICVD47, were immobilized in 2 or 4% (w/v) alginate beads to assess the most effective alginate concentration for yeast immobilization to produce mead. Neither of the alginate concentrations was able to prevent cell leakage from the beads. The fermentation length was 120 h for both yeast strains. In all cases, at the end of the fermentation, the number of cells entrapped in the beads was higher than the number of free cells, and the total 4% alginate bead wet weight was significantly higher than the 2% alginate bead wet weight. In addition, the evaluation of mead quality showed that the yeast strain had significantly more influence on the physicochemical characteristics than the alginate concentration. Although the yeasts immobilized in the two alginate concentrations were able to perform the fermentation, further research is needed in order to understand the evolution of the yeast population inside the beads throughout the fermentative process. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Optimisation of bacteriocin production of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MA23, a strain isolated from Boza

Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MA23 produces a bacteriocin (6400 AU/mL) that inhibits the growth of many Gram‐positive bacteria but is not active against Gram‐negative bacteria. This bacteriocin inhibits growth of lactococcal strains that are producing nisin, lacticin or lactococcin suggesting it to be different from these bacteriocins. The nutritional requirements and optimal growth conditions for MA23 bacteriocin production were studied with fed‐batch fermentations. The optimal pH, carbon source and nitrogen source for bacteriocin production were pH 6.5, sucrose (0.5%) and yeast extract (1%), respectively.     

Modelling of Continuous Corn Starch Hydrolysate Fermentations in Immobilised Cell Reactors

Corn starch hydrolysate has been fermented by two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces oviformis, either in batch or in continuous modes, using both suspended-cell and en-trapped-cell systems, provided with different porous supports, namely a commercial synthetic sponge, crushed almond skins and alginate beads. The present results demonstrate that starch hydrolysate is an excellent substrate for alcohol fermentation, whether out of the presence of growth factors for the yeast or in absence of inhibiting substances. A semi-empirical kinetic model, previously proposed for comparing the results of continuous fermentations of various substrates in different reactors, is now successfully extended to the study of different porous supports for cell entrapment in a fixed-bed column. The best results in terms of ethanol productivity (7.8 g^p/1h, referred to the whole reactor volume) are obtained entrapping the yeast cells within the spongy matrix.     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释制备红景天苷微囊

用壳聚糖 海藻酸钠微囊技术制备了一系列红景天苷微囊。试验结果表明 :海藻酸钠的浓度、壳聚糖的浓度及壳聚糖溶液的pH值对海藻酸钠 壳聚糖微囊的包埋率、载药量及缓释性能有影响 ,海藻酸钠和壳聚糖微囊能作为红景天苷活性成分的载体。     

固定化渗透乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces Lactis)连续水解乳清的研究

研究了一种利用固定化渗透乳酸克鲁维酵母催化水解乳清中乳糖的技术,分析了制备工艺、水解条件对于固定化细胞活性的影响。结果表明,在细胞添加量为60%、交联剂为1%BaCl2,凝胶颗粒大小为1～1.5mm时,固定化细胞的活性可达到78.819 U/g,固定化细胞最适反应温度为36℃,最适pH值7.0,相对于游离细胞,固定化细胞在对温度及pH的适应性上均有所提高,具有较好的应用前景。此外初步探索了一种复合流速连续水解的工艺,即在水解不同阶段,采用了不同的流速进行水解。结果表明,这种复合流速连续水解工艺可以在一定程度上缩短水解时间,提高水解的效率。     

固定化醋酸杆菌发酵特性的研究

采用海藻酸钠包埋法制备固定化醋酸杆菌。摇瓶实验的产酸速率可达0.82克醋酸/升·时。连续14批次的发酵实验表明,固定化细胞活性稳定,凝胶颗粒强度无变化,适于连续化生产。用2～4％海藻酸钠固定的醋酸杆菌,在使用过程中,存在明显的细胞泄漏现象,高产酸速率是固定化细胞和游离细胞共同作用的结果。在本实验条件下,总产酸速率与固定化细胞的投入量成正比。用改变凝胶颗粒直径和改变包埋的细胞浓度的方法考察了固定化醋酸杆菌发酵过程中的内扩散效应,减小颗粒直径可提高包埋法制备的固定化细胞的表观活性。     

Control of lipase digestibility of emulsified lipids by encapsulation within calcium alginate beads

Structured delivery systems, fabricated from natural lipids and polymers, are finding increasing use to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and nutraceuticals, as well as to control the release of lipophilic bioactive molecules within the human gastrointestinal tract. This study focused on the development of filled hydrogel particles to control the digestion and release of encapsulated lipids. These filled hydrogel particles were fabricated by trapping sub-micron lipid droplets within calcium alginate beads. These particles remained intact when the pH was varied from 1 to 7, but exhibited some shrinkage at pH 1 and 2. The free fatty acids released from the filled hydrogel particles after addition of pancreatic lipase were monitored using a pH-stat in vitro digestion model. Encapsulation of lipid droplets within calcium alginate beads (d = 2.4 mm) reduced the free fatty acids released from around 100% to less than 12% after 120 min. The rate and extent of lipid digestion increased with decreasing bead size (from 3.4 to 0.8 mm), decreasing degree of cross-linking (i.e., lower calcium or alginate concentrations), and decreasing triglyceride molecular weight (i.e., tributyrin > MCT ≈ corn oil). These results have important implications for the design of delivery systems to protect and release lipophilic bioactive components within the human body, as well as to modulate satiety/satiation by controlling the rate of lipid digestibility.     

Survival, acid and bile tolerance, and surface hydrophobicity of microencapsulated B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 during storage at room temperature

Survival, acid and bile tolerance, and surface hydrophobicity of microencapsulated Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 were studied during storage at room temperature (25 °C) at low water activity (0.07, 0.1, and 0.2). Two types of alginate-based systems were prepared with and without mannitol as microencapsulant of B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb12. Formation of gel beads containing cells was achieved by dropping each emulsion into CaCl(2) solution; then, the beads were freeze dried. Survival, acid tolerance during 2-h exposure in de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS) broth at pH 2.0, bile tolerance during 8-h exposure in MRS broth containing taurocholic acid at pH 5.8, and retention of surface hydrophobicity were determined after freeze drying and during storage. The result showed that neither alginate nor alginate-mannitol formulation was effective in protecting B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 during freezing and freeze drying. The viability in alginate-mannitol and alginate formulations after freeze drying was 6.61 and 6.34 log CFU/g, respectively. Storage at low a(w) improved survival, acid tolerance, bile tolerance, and surface hydrophobicity retention of microencapsulated B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 when compared with controlled storage in an aluminum foil (with a(w) of 0.38 and 0.40 for alginate-mannitol and alginate formulations, respectively). Alginate mannitol was more effective than the alginate system during a short period of storage, but its effectiveness decreased during a long period of storage (80% survival at 10 wk). Nevertheless, storage of microencapsulated B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 in an aluminum foil without a(w) adjustment during 10 wk at room temperature was not effective (survival was 64% to 65%).     

Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation.

Previous research has shown that Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture increases lactate utilization and cellulose digestion by pure cultures of ruminal bacteria. Based on these pure culture results, in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations were conducted to determine the effects of 0.35 and 0.73 g/L of Sacc. cerevisiae culture on the fermentation of ground corn, maltose, alfalfa hay, bermudagrass hay, and lactate. In addition, experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of Sacc. cerevisiae culture and monensin on the mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. In the presence of ground corn, both concentrations of Sacc. cerevisiae culture had little effect on final pH or fermentation products, except the 0.35 g/L treatment increased valerate concentration. Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture had little effect on final pH or fermentation products in maltose or lactate fermentations. When alfalfa hay was the substrate, 0.73 g/L of Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased propionate concentration and both treatments decreased the acetate to propionate ratio. In the case of Coastal bermudagrass hay, 0.73 g/L Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased concentrations of acetate, propionate, CH4, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, and decreased the acetate to propionate ratio, whereas both treatments increased total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Similar to alfalfa hay, in vitro dry matter disappearance of Coastal bermudagrass hay was numerically increased in the presence of Sacc. cerevisiae culture. Monensin altered the fermentation by decreasing concentrations of CH4 and lactate and increasing concentrations of propionate. There was no interaction between Sacc. cerevisiae culture and monensin. In conclusion, the incorporation of Sacc. cerevisiae culture into mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations of ground corn, maltose, or lactate had little effect on final pH and fermentation products. However, in the presence of alfalfa hay or Coastal bermudagrass hay Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased concentrations of several fermentation products and numerically increased in vitro dry matter disappearance of forage fiber.     

固定化酵母在糯米酒中的应用研究

以海藻酸钠为栽体，以CaCl2和ZnSO4为交联剂制作固定化酵母，并将其应用于糯米稠酒的连续发酵。研究结果表明，当海藻酸钠溶液浓度为2．5％，以CaCl2溶液为交联剂制备的固定化酵母，应用于糯米稠酒生产的效果较好。连续发酵5批，所得糯米稠酒米香、醇香浓酸甜适中，酒体醇厚，无苦涩味。     

Shelf-life extension of peaches through sodium alginate and methyl cellulose edible coatings

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sodium alginate and methyl cellulose coatings on the respiration rate, firmness, acidity, pH, total soluble solids and desiccation rate of peaches. Coated and uncoated control fruits were stored at 15 °C and 40% RH. Respiration rate, moisture loss, and changes in firmness, total titrable acidity, pH and total soluble solids of coated and control samples were determined at 3‐day intervals. The respiration rate, moisture loss and changes in quality parameters were much lower in coated peaches as compared with the control. While the maximum acceptable shelf‐life at 15 °C for control samples was 15 days, the coated samples maintained their acceptability up to 21 and 24 days, respectively, with sodium alginate and methyl cellulose coating. The reduced respiration and transpiration rates as a result of coatings were considered responsible for maintaining the quality and increasing the shelf‐life of peaches.     

Effect of sugars and malate on ruminal microorganisms

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a commercial feed supplement that contains sugars and malate on lactate fermentation by Selenomonas ruminantium grown in batch culture. Experiments also were conducted to examine the effects of this feed supplement on the mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation of ground corn and soluble starch in the presence and absence of 5 mg/kg of monensin. When S. ruminantium strains HD4 and H18 were incubated in basal medium that contained DL-lactate, some DL-lactate was utilized by both strains after 24 h. In the presence of 1 g/L of sugars plus malate commercial feed supplement, both strains used most of the carbohydrate associated with the feed supplement between 6 and 8 h, and lactate was the main end product. In ground corn fermentations by mixed ruminal microorganisms, 2.25 and 3.25 g/L of sugars plus malate commercial feed supplement increased concentrations of acetate, propionate, and total volatile fatty acids, while 3.25 g/L increased lactate and decreased final pH and butyrate. Fermentation of soluble starch in the presence of both concentrations of sugars plus malate commercial feed supplement increased concentrations of acetate, propionate, and total volatile fatty acids and decreased the acetate:propionate ratio. In the presence of 5 mg/kg of monensin, sugars plus malate treatment increased concentrations of propionate and total volatile fatty acids in ground corn and soluble starch fermentations. Collectively, these results suggest that the sugars plus malate commercial feed supplement stimulates the ruminal fermentation.     

Analysis of hemin effect on lactate reduction in Lactococcus lactis

Lactococcus lactis is a facultative anaerobic microorganism that produces lactate as the major product, and acetate and acetoin as by-products; some strains of this species produce an antimicrobial compound, nisin. Lactate has a strong inhibitory effect on L. lactis growth. On the other hand, hemin has a suppressive effect on lactate production during L. lactis growth under aerobic condition. To achieve the optimum effect of hemin on lactate amount reduction in L. lactis ATCC11454, cultures entailing various conditions were performed with and without hemin. In the culture with hemin, L. lactis growth and lactate reduction improved compared with those in the culture without hemin; that is, lactate production was suppressed by 1.8- and 1.3-fold under batch and fed-batch cultures, respectively. In microaerobic fed-batch culture with hemin, lactate production was sufficiently suppressed. This result suggests that microaerobic fed-batch culture could be applied to the maintenance of the low lactate amount. Under this condition, metabolic shift was observed from lactate to acetoin and acetate. However, no increase in nisin production was observed even though lactate production could significantly decrease in L. lactis ATCC11454.     

Development and characterization of polylactic acid bandage coated with biopolymers and drugs for wound healing

For the present work, polylactic acid yarn (140 denier) was used for the production of bandage. The physical properties of fabric were measured. Chitosan–sodium alginate, calcium alginate–sodium alginate polymer and their blends were coated separately on the bandage to incorporate wound healing, haemostatic, easy removal, biocompatibility and antibacterial property. The polymer-coated samples were subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Bacteria present in wound samples were found using different bio-chemical methods. Antibiotic drugs were selected based on the antibiotic sensitivity test. The polymer-coated bandages have been further immobilized with tetracycline, chloramphenicol and rifampin drug to increase the rate of wound healing and antibacterial activity. The drug-loaded samples were subjected to drug release study for about four days in a static condition. All coatings showed a continuous drug release for about four days. Further, the antibacterial activity of the drug-loaded and polymer-coated samples was evaluated against http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus and Proteus bacteria. It is concluded that chitosan, sodium alginate and calcium alginate coated with tetracycline and chloramphenicol drug-immobilized bandages are highly effective against bacteria.