双头螺柱断裂失效分析

M30×410 mm的双头螺柱在使用中发生了断裂。通过宏观检查、断口扫描、金相检查、化学成分测定、力学性能检测、硬度梯度检测等方式对断裂原因进行分析。结果表明,螺柱的显微组织、化学成分、力学性能正常;螺柱断口具有典型的疲劳断裂特征,其断裂形式为疲劳断裂;螺柱断裂的主要原因是螺柱杆部表面产生的微裂纹在交变应力的持续作用下逐步扩展,最终造成断裂。     

柴油发电机主轴承螺栓断裂分析

分析柴油机发电机主轴承紧固螺栓断裂原因,对断裂件的化学成分、力学性能和断口宏、微观形貌等进行观察和检测。结果表明:该螺栓的化学成分除Cu元素外,其余均满足设计标准;抗拉强度高出设计要求值约为18%,硬度值超出设计要求范围上限约为5%,螺栓断裂与其材质无关,但螺栓高的强度和硬度容易使微动裂纹扩展,从而发生疲劳断裂;螺栓断面存在多处疲劳裂纹源,且裂纹扩展区较大,呈现微动疲劳断裂特征,微动疲劳是引起螺栓断裂的主要原因。     

42CrMo合金钢螺栓的断裂失效分析

通过宏观和微观断口形貌观察、化学成分分析、力学性能检测、金相观察、渗氮层检查等方法对42CrMo合金钢的螺栓断裂原因进行分析。结果表明:螺栓断裂属于大应力集中高应力双向弯曲疲劳断裂,裂纹起源于螺栓退刀槽靠近螺杆端圆角处;由于表面渗氮硬度高,韧性和抗疲劳性能下降,承载大冲击载荷能力减弱,引起螺栓断裂失效。改进工艺后,螺栓圆角处不做渗氮强化,螺栓没有发生断裂失效。     

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对断裂失效的螺栓件进行宏观分析、化学成分分析、力学性能试验、断口分析、金相分析和硬度测试,结果表明,该螺栓属于起裂螺纹根部表面的单向弯曲疲劳断裂,断裂螺栓起裂区断口为穿晶和少量沿晶混合的疲劳断口,扩展区断口为穿晶疲劳断口,终断区很窄,为韧窝断口,说明螺栓起裂过程除受到弯曲疲劳应力外,还受到氢的作用,螺栓终断时弯曲应力并不大。螺栓镀锌后残留氢偏高和工作中存在振动是导致螺栓发生疲劳断裂的主要原因。     

六角头螺栓断裂原因分析

对断裂失效的螺栓件进行宏观分析、化学成分分析、力学性能试验、断口分析、金相分析和硬度测试,结果表明,该螺栓属于起裂螺纹根部表面的单向弯曲疲劳断裂,断裂螺栓起裂区断口为穿晶和少量沿晶混合的疲劳断口,扩展区断口为穿晶疲劳断口,终断区很窄,为韧窝断口,说明螺栓起裂过程除受到弯曲疲劳应力外,还受到氢的作用,螺栓终断时弯曲应力并不大。螺栓镀锌后残留氢偏高和工作中存在振动是导致螺栓发生疲劳断裂的主要原因。     

660MW汽轮发电机组中压缸汽封螺栓的断裂原因分析

某电厂660MW汽轮发电机组中压缸轴封漏汽严重,检修中发现中压缸前端下部端汽封体垂直结合面螺栓以及下部轴封漏汽盒处端部螺栓均发生断裂现象。通过化学成分分析、力学性能测试、断口宏观形貌观察、金相组织检查、非金属夹杂物分析等手段,分析了螺栓断裂的原因。排除螺栓产生腐蚀疲劳、应力腐蚀、高温脆化断裂、高温蠕变断裂的可能性。最终确定了螺栓断裂原因为疲劳断裂。     

35CrMo钢螺栓断裂原因分析

35Cr Mo钢螺栓在使用中发生断裂。为了揭示螺栓断裂的原因,对断裂的螺栓进行了化学成分分析、显微组织检验和力学性能测定。结果表明,螺栓的化学成分、显微组织、氢含量以及夹杂物含量均符合要求,拉伸性能偏低。由断裂螺栓的断口分析发现,大部分螺栓都存在疲劳裂纹,疲劳裂纹均起源于螺纹根部,裂纹端部应力集中是螺栓发生断裂的原因,与偏低的拉伸性能无关。此外,螺纹根部的机加工缺陷也是裂纹源,在周期应力的作用下导致螺栓疲劳断裂。     

汽轮机高中压转子大轴联轴器螺栓断裂失效分析

通过断口宏微观观察、化学成分分析、非金属夹杂物评定、金相组织检验、硬度实验、力学性能分析、断口扫描电镜和断口X射线能谱分析,对汽轮机高中压转子大轴联轴器螺栓的断裂原因及性质进行分析。实验与综合分析结果表明:7号螺栓为疲劳断裂,且为首先断裂螺栓,其余螺栓为后来振动加大导致的一次性脆性断裂。     

连接螺栓的失效分析

某构件进行疲劳性能试验时,连接螺栓发生断裂。通过断口宏微观观察、金相组织检查、硬度及化学成分检测,确定了连接螺栓的断裂性质和原因。结果表明：连接螺栓的断裂性质为微动疲劳;断裂原因是球轴承上由于某种偶然因素形成缺口,导致球轴承上裂纹的萌生和扩展,球轴承裂纹的产生使得连接螺栓与球轴承之间的预紧力减小,局部松动而产生不均匀接触,在径向有规律的往复载荷作用下,导致连接螺栓产生微动磨损,进而发生微动疲劳断裂。     

30CrMnSiA钢制电机固定螺栓断裂原因分析

固定电机的30CrMnSiA钢制螺栓在使用过程中发生断裂,通过载荷分析、螺栓外貌及断口形貌观察、显微组织分析、化学成分及硬度检测,对其断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺栓的失效性质为疲劳断裂,螺纹根部的加工损伤是疲劳裂纹源,而螺栓表面脱碳对疲劳断裂起到了促进作用。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。