Effect of high pressure homogenization on the production of yeast extract via autolysis and beta-glucan recovery

The aim of this study was to assess the application of high pressure homogenization (HPH) as a pretreatment prior to the process of autolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in order to enhance both the production of yeast extract and the valorization of the solid residue of autolysis for β-glucan extraction. Autolysis of HPH treated (200–600 bar, 1–3 passes) and untreated samples, carried out at 52 °C and pH = 5.5, was mathematically modelled based on protein, amino acid and total solids release. HPH treatment accelerated yeast autolysis at all conditions studied and resulted in higher protein, amino acid and total solids yield. A combination of HPH treatment and shorter autolysis times achieved high extract yields of low turbidity. The β-glucan content of the solid autolysis residue increased with increasing treatment intensity and autolysis time with a simultaneous decrease in protein content due to the mechanical disruption of the cells.Industrial relevanceThe use of HPH as a pretreatment of yeast suspensions allows for the acceleration of yeast extract production by autolysis, reducing the very long autolysis times otherwise required. At the same time, the solid residue obtained after autolysis has a higher β-glucan content for HPH treated samples, allowing for more efficient valorization of this rich in valuable glucan by-product. In our work we have demonstrated that with one pretreatment step, both aspects of the autolytic process can be significantly enhanced.     

Effects of Polyphosphates on Cell Numbers, Enterotoxin A, and Extracellular Protein in Staphylococcus aureus 196E

Effects of sodium salts of pyro- (SAPP), tripoly- (STPP), and hexametaphosphate (SHMP) on cell numbers, enterotoxin A (SEA) and extracellular protein production (ECP) of Staphylococcus aureus strain 196A were studied in 4% N-Z amine broth plus 1% yeast extract after 24 hr at 30°C. At pH 7.0, concentrations lower than 56 mM (1.2%) SAPP, 27 mM (1%) STPP or 3 mM (0.4%) SHMP had no antibacterial effects and a bacteriostatic effect showed at slightly higher concentrations. SAPP was the least effective inhibitor at neutral pH, but displayed enhanced inhibitory effects at pH 5.5. Reduction in SEA and ECP paralleled cell growth suppression; their concentrations were 1400 ng/mL and 1.5 mg/mL, respectively, in phosphate free broth (9 × 10⁹ CFU/mL), and nondetectable when cell numbers were ≤10⁶ per mL.     

Inhibition of Undesirable Gas Production in Tofu

Of 100 gas-producing bacterial isolates, 65% were Gram-negative. Bacterial growth and gas production in commercial tofu was accompanied by acidification, and pH decreases as low as 5.2. Coliform bacteria constituted 15% of the total bacterial flora. Sporeformers and yeast counts remained < 10³ CFU/mL. Pasteurization was effective in lowering the bacterial counts, and retarded gas production. The addition of lactic acid (reducing pH to 5.5) or lactic acid bacteria (2 × 10⁷ CFU/g) to tofu helped reduce gas production by about 50%. Addition of both lactic acid and Lactobacillus plantarum stopped gas production in contaminated tofu.     

The effect of moderate pulsed electric fields on autolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the amino acid content in autolysates

The effect of moderate pulsed electric fields (MPEF) strength on autolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated in this study. After exposure to MPEF with intensity of 7 kV cm⁻¹ for 4 ms, the integrity of the cell wall was obviously destroyed and the inactivation of S. cerevisiae reached 99.43%. During the subsequent 42-h autolysis process, the release of free α-amino nitrogen of MPEF-treated cells, as well as extracellular protease activity, was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of untreated cells. Moreover, exposure to 7 kV cm⁻¹ led to an increase of the total amino acid of 149.36%. In particular, the content of aspartic acid and glutamic acid which are important umami flavour precursors increased by 232.55% and 209.40%, respectively. These results indicate that MPEF will be an effective method to accelerate autolysis of S. cerevisiae for obtaining high-quality yeast extract as flavour enhancers and nutrition supplements.     

酸马奶中具有潜在共生性乳酸菌和酵母菌的筛选

对内蒙古锡盟地区酸马奶中分离出的8株乳酸菌和7株酵母菌进行潜在共生菌的筛选。在各自培养基中交互添加代谢物作为实验组,以各自培养基中添加等量生理盐水作为对照,分析比较稳定期的浊度值。筛选出3对具有相互促进作用的乳酸菌(LC)和酵母菌(YE)：LC1和YE3,LC4和YE3,LC5和YE4,其中LC5和YE4相互促进作用极显著(P＜0.01)。LC5和YE4在脱脂乳培养基中共同培养和二者在各自培养基中交互添加代谢物培养都表明其具有相互促进作用,YE4的代谢物促进LC5的生长,使LC5发酵液的滴定酸度值增大,而对pH值变化没有影响;LC5的代谢物促进YE4的生长,使YE4发酵液pH值增大,接近酵母菌最适生长pH值。     

利用啤酒废酵母开发功能性液态调味剂的研究

为了得到利用啤酒废酵母生产功能性调味剂的最佳工艺流程;试验在前期啤酒废酵母的脱苦工艺和自溶条件单因素研究的基础上,对啤酒废酵母的自溶条件进行正交试验,并对功能调味剂的调配进行正交试验;结果表明:废酵母自溶的最佳自溶条件为pH 7.0、自溶温度55℃、自溶时间60h,影响因素依次为自溶时间>pH>自溶温度;功能性调味剂最优调配组合为糖1%、酒精2%、酱色1%,对调味剂风味的影响因素依次为:酒精>酱色>糖。     

用于微生物培养基有机氮源的废酵母自溶液研究

为进一步降低聚 β 羟基丁酸酯 (PHB)的生产成本 ,考察并优化了酵母自溶的影响因素与条件 ,探索采用廉价的废酵母自溶液作为有机氮源替代酵母浸粉的可行性。结果表明 ,自溶反应的最佳初始 pH为 7 0 ;加水比不仅影响酵母细胞的自溶速度和自溶效率 ,而且影响自溶产品的氨基氮终浓度 ,因此最佳加水比的确定取决于最终的经济核算。乙酸乙酯可以成功替代甲苯作为自溶促进剂 ,其优化用量为 3 %～ 4%。进一步以自制的酵母自溶液对重组大肠杆菌VG1( pTU 14 )进行摇瓶培养 ,结果表明 ,当以酵母自溶液为有机氮源替代酵母浸粉时 ,PHB浓度可以提高 2 2 7%以上。因此 ,废啤酒酵母自溶液在PHB的大规模生产中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Effect of pH on the gel properties and secondary structure of fish myosin

The relationships between gel properties and the secondary structures of silver carp myosin were investigated at pH 5.5–9.0 using dynamic rheological measurement, circular dichroism and scanning electron microscopy. The gel properties of fish myosin were strongly pH and temperature dependent. During heating at 1 °C/min, myosin formed gels in the pH range 5.5–7.5, but not at pH 8.0–9.0. α-Helix was the predominant structure at pH 7.0. The α-helix fraction declined with increasing temperature and the pH away from 7.0, whilst the other secondary structure fractions increased. The α-helix structure of myosin was more susceptive to acid-treatment than alkali-treatment. As pH increased, the gelation rate and gel strength decreased, and the water-holding capacity (WHC) showed an increasing trend followed by a plateau. High β-sheet and β-turn fractions prior to heating could improve G′ at 90 °C, but they depressed the WHC. A compact and uniform gel of fish myosin was obtained at pH 7.0.     

Autolytic methods for the reduction of the purine content of baker's yeast,a form of single-cell protein

When a suspension of baker's yeast was incubated at 50°C, the cells became permeable to H⁺, a process completed in about 4 h. Cellular constituents of low molecular weight then diffused into the medium, but only after a long lag period were cell nucleic acids and proteins degraded by intracellular enzymes. The lag period was shorter at higher temperatures, when RNase and proteinases suffered some thermal denaturation. It was abolished if, before autolysis at 50°C, yeast was plasmolysed by ethyl acetate, or heated to 70°C for 1 min, treatments which, it is thought, disorganised the membrane of the yeast cell vacuole, within which the enzymes are located. Heat treatment, when effective, was sufficiently severe to disorganise the yeast cell plasma-lemma, with the consequence that a single adjustment of pH immediately following heat treatment served to maintain a constant pH, without addition of buffer, during the subsequent incubation at 50°C. Autolysis was not found to be an entirely suitable procedure for the reduction of the nucleic acid content of baker's yeast, because of the concomitant and severe loss of protein.     

Influence of skin cleansing preparation acidity on skin surface properties

Two long-term trials were conducted each over eight weeks to compare the effect of the regular application of skin cleansing preparations of pH 5.5 and pH 8.5 and pH 5.5 and pH 7.0 respectively on the surface pH, roughness and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of normal human forehead and forearm skin. Both trials were based on a cross-over design: five healthy volunteers started with a pH 5.5 preparation and switched to the other after four weeks, five additional volunteers used the preparations in the opposite order. While the skin surface pH was markedly lower in those individuals using the pH 5.5 preparation at each examination, as compared to those using the pH 8.5 or pH 7.0 preparation, no such difference could be established with respect to skin roughness and TEWL. Hence the skin irritancy of a cleansing preparation does not seem to be linked to its pH within the pH ranges tested.     

Characteristics and Novel Features of Thermostable α-Amylase Produced by Bacillus licheniformis M27 under Solid State Fermentation

The purified α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis M27, produced under solid state fermentation technique, showed novel characteristics as compared to those reported by other workers for the purified α-amylases from B. licheniformis obtained by submerged fermentation process. Some of the novel features of the characteristics of the enzyme from B. licheniformis M27 include two peaks for pH optima at 6.5–7.0 and 8.5–9.0, gradual loss of activity to about 86% between pH 7.0–7.5 followed by rise to full activity between 7.5–8.5, temperature optimum at 85–90°C at pH 7.0 and 9.0, sharp fall in stability at acidic pH values and the thermostability response which is more similar to the enzyme from other species of Bacillus. The moleculuar weight of the enzyme was found to be 19,500 ± 500 and 56,000 ± 2,000 when determined by gel filtration and SDS PAGE, respectively. The activation energy is 20.4 times lower than that reported for the enzyme from another strain of B. licheniformis. It also showed differences in the contents of amino acids such as serine, proline and methionine.     

面包酵母FX-2酶联辅助自溶工艺研究

该文主要研究了外源酶添加对面包酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）FX-2自溶过程的影响。 首先通过单一对照实验,发现甘露 聚糖酶、木瓜蛋白酶和β-葡聚糖酶能显著提高酵母自溶效率。 其次,以上述三种酶为对象,考察了酶添加量、pH和温度对面包酵母酶 联辅助自溶过程的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验设计分别确定了各酶的最佳助溶条件。 最后,进一步比较验证了单 酶、双酶和多酶联用的助溶能力,并获得最优的酶法辅助自溶工艺：13%酵母乳调pH至5.5,添加0.6‰木瓜蛋白酶,于57.5 ℃条件下助 溶30 min后,调节温度为55 ℃、pH为6.0、添加0.2‰ β-葡聚糖酶,助溶至10 h。 该条件下,细胞死亡率、酵母乳离心上清液干物质含量及 细胞壁水解度分别达100%、9.40%和54.41%,辅助自溶效果好。     

ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS BY YEASTS FROM A SEMI-DEFINED MEDIUM SIMULATING WORT

The biosynthetic pathways involved when α-amino acids are absorbed by yeasts from a semi-defined medium simulating wort have been measured using ¹⁵N and ¹⁴C isotopes. When grown in this medium under brewery conditions, a complex transaminase equilibrium system operates within the cell, showing that the theory of intact assimilation of amino acids into yeast protein is invalid. A relatively high level of specificity was found in respect of the transfer of carbon skeletons of amino acids in the medium to carbon skeletons of yeast protein amino acids and the contributions in respect of each amino acid have been measured throughout growth. Simple sugars have been shown to contribute significantly to the carbon skeletons of most amino acids found in yeast and the extent of these syntheses has been quantitatively assessed.     

毕赤酵母自溶物酵母抽提物的研究

段毕赤酵母菌渣为原料,按质量比1：2加水混合重新溶解,通过优化控制茵体自溶的温度、时间、pH值以及添加促溶剂钠盐的浓度等因素,促使茵体加速自溶后,经离心、烘干得毕赤酵母抽提物粗成品。实验表明,自溶最佳工艺条件为：温度55℃,时间8h,pH5．5,添加0．8％的NaCl,在此条件下,酵母抽提物得率46．5％,氨基酸含量6．6％,均达到最高。     

Bioactive Phaseolus lunatus peptides release from maltodextrin/gum arabic microcapsules obtained by spray drying after simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Bioactive peptides can be protected from the gastrointestinal environment by microencapsulation. The aim was to assess the effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on bioactive properties of P. lunatus peptides (ACE-I, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition) microencapsulated by spray drying using maltodextrin/gun arabic in optimal formula. Microcapsules were formulated using a 2² factorial design. The simultaneous effect of P. lunatus hydrolysate (4 and 10 g 100 g⁻¹) and proportion of maltodextrin/gum arabic (25:75 and 75:25 g 100 g⁻¹) on yield, protein efficiency, size, protein release at pH 2.0 and pH 7.0 of the different microcapsules was studied. Microcapsules with maximum yield, protein efficiency, and protein release at pH 7.0, and minimum protein release at pH 2.0 were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Microcapsules obtained in optimal formula preserved the α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitory activity of P. lunatus peptides after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.     

自溶-酶联技术制备啤酒废酵母抽提物工艺及产物理化参数研究

为了提高啤酒酵母的利用率,利用啤酒废酵母资源,采用自溶与添加外源酶相结合的方法制备酵母抽提物.以氨基氮得率、总氮得率和固形物得率为主要指标考察了对酵母自溶影响关键的几个因素,包括自溶促进剂、自溶时间、酶解时间,并在此基础上对酵母酶联自溶进行正交试验,结果表明:自溶-酶联技术是制备啤酒酵母抽提物的理想方法,制成品中氨基氮得率、总氮得率和固形物得率分别达到4.30%、8.98%和59.0%.并对其物理性状、溶解性、pH、干湿比、总氨基酸含量等理化参数指标进行评定.     

Populations and potential association of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with lactic acid bacteria in naturally fermented Korean rice wine

The microbial populations focused on predominant yeast species and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in 15 commercial makgeolli brands, where a fungal starter nuruk was used were examined. Viable yeast counts were obtained on yeast potato dextrose (YPD) and MRS agar containing sodium azide. MRS-C (0.1% cycloheximide supplemented) was used for selective counts of LAB. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to be predominant in the 15 samples tested, with an average count of 4.6×10⁷ CFU/mL. Contrary to the earlier studies, Lactobacillus plantarum and Weissella cibaria were shown as predominant LAB species with an average count of 1.7×10⁷ CFU/mL. Surprisingly, as many as 7 log viable cells/mL were present at the ethyl alcohol concentration of 6–7%. The data from real-time PCR also indicated that the yeast populations remains almost constant during the refrigerated storage of 12 days, while that of LAB decrease slightly first 9 days and increase after then, despite the overall increase in acidity. Data from the differential microbial counts suggest that yeast S. cerevisiae might be associated with 2 LAB species, L. plantarum and W. cibaria, under ethyl alcohol stress during the turbid rice wine fermentation.     

酵母自溶的成因及其对啤酒质量的影响

酵母自溶由酵母胞内蛋白分解酶外泄引起，影响酵母自溶的因素有：(1)酵母菌种；(2)麦汁营养成分组成不合理；(3)酵母使用代数过高；(4)酵母添加量过多；(5)温度、压力、pH值等发酵工艺条件控制不当；(6)酵母回收时间、方法、压力、酵母贮存条件；(7)微生物污染。酵母自溶会影响啤酒风味稳定性，使啤酒苦味、涩味加重；啤酒双乙酰含量增加；啤酒的泡持性下降；啤酒总酸偏高；啤酒pH值升高；增加啤酒过滤成本。防止酵母自溶的方法有：(1)选择优良强壮的出发菌株；(2)控制酵母添加量和使用代数；(3)制备营养丰富、组成合理的麦汁；(4)严格发酵工艺奈件；(5)加强酵母质量管理；(6)加强卫生管理，保证纯种发酵。     

Effects of milk pH alteration on casein micelle size and gelation properties of milk

The effects of changes in pH above and below the natural pH of milk (ca 6.6) on the casein micelle size and the gelation properties of the pH adjusted and restored samples were investigated. The size of casein micelles increased at pH 7.0 and 7.5, then started to decrease above pH 8.5. It is postulated that at pH below 8.5 the casein micelles swell, while elevated pH causes their dissociation. Conversely, the size of casein micelles decreased on acidification to pH 5.5 and increased when the pH dropped below 5.5, due to the shrinkage of casein micelles at lower pH before their aggregation at pH below 5.5. In response to neutralising treated milk back to normal milk pH of 6.6, it was found that the casein micelle size of treated milk with a narrow range of pH change between 6.0 and 7.0 was reversible, while beyond this range the structure of casein micelles became irreversible. The restoration of casein micelle size was followed by the restoration of some parameters such as soluble calcium, ethanol stability, and milk whiteness. Acid-induced gelation did not change the elastic modulus, while rennet-induced gelation was affected by initial milk pH. In reference to the size of reversible range elastic modulus (G’) of acid or rennet gels made from restored milk, the sizes were similar to control milk after 6 h of gelation.     

pH值对烤烟物质生产和营养的影响

砂培试验结果表明,在烤烟伸根期,pH值低于7.0对叶绿素含量、叶绿体Hill反应强度、叶片Pn和叶片延伸速率有促进作用。pH值在7.0-8.0范围内有利于烤烟中后期的物质生产。pH值对全株干物质积累的影响因烤烟生长期不同而异,但干物质积累量最终增加至pH8.0。pH值不改变根、茎、叶占全株总重的比例。随pH值从5.5升至8.0,烤烟根系干重增加,烟叶中钾、钙、镁浓度也增加,叶中锌、锰和铜浓度降低。烟叶中氮总量随pH上升(至8.0)而增加,总磷量几乎不受pH值(6.0-8.0范围)的影响。从pH值与烤烟干物质积累之间的关系看,pH值住5.5-6.5范围内有利于烤烟前期干物质积累,在7.0-8.0范围内有利于烤烟中后期物质生产。