阴影衰落环境下无线传感器网络连通性研究

在无线传感器网络的大规模部署过程中,各种障碍物和地形所引起的阴影衰落效应将会影响传感器网络的通信能力,从而影响传感器网络的连通性。针对阴影衰落环境下无线传感器网络的连通性问题,为了得到网络无孤立节点概率表达式作为网络连通概率的上界,引入网络的连通度。采用对数正态阴影衰落模型,主要分析衰落因子对连通度的影响,论证了在采用相同泊松过程的随机部署的无线传感器网络中,阴影衰落效应在一定程度上有利于提高网络的连通度。仿真结果证实了结论的正确性。     

车载自组织网络中连通概率的预测与建模

近年来,随着车载通信技术的快速发展,作为物联网应用之一的车联网基础应用越来越引起人们的关注.连通概率是车辆通信的基本要素之一.提出了一个基于公路模型的连通概率预测算法,并对高速公路上车辆的联合分布进行了研究,定量地分析出了段的连通概率上下界的计算式,用Rstudio推导出了段连通概率和每个元胞平均车辆数目的关系图,最后根据路径的连通概率,计算路径包含的所有段的连通概率的乘积,得出路径的连通概率计算模型.分析结果表明,可以通过增大通信距离或者车辆密度的方法来提高整个路径的连通概率.     

无线紫外光非视距通信网络的连通性能研究

研究了空间角度对无线紫外光非视距(UV-NLOS)通 信系统连通概率的影响。仿真分析了500个节点均匀分布的网络处于1-连通状态时收发仰角 对网络性能的影响,并分析了 OOK和PPM调制方式下网络节点密度、通信覆盖范围、数据传输速率和发送功率等网络性能参 数。结果表明,网络处于1-连通状态时,PPM调制方式能获得比OOK调制方式更好的网络连 通性能;相同调制方式下,定向发送-垂直接收比垂直发送-垂直接收场景下网络性能更佳 ;定向发送-定向接收场景下,收发端仰角均为小角度时各网络连通效果更好。     

车载自组织网络中网络连通特性研究

研究了3个典型车辆移动模型和真实车辆行驶轨迹对车载自组织网络连通特性的影响,评价了车辆移动模型的合理性。仿真结果表明,相邻车辆的速度相关性对连接持续时间产生显著影响;交通“热点”和红绿灯规则造成的节点聚簇行为增强了网络连通度;节点分布不均匀使得车载自组织网络具有较高中心度的结论。     

广播电视传输网络的维护措施论述

人们之所以能够正常的接收到广播电视的信号主要就是通过网络传输获取的,在现代社会中文化传媒产业获得了快速的发展,在传输网络的实际工作中通常会因为多方面因素的影响造成广播电视的运行故障,为了确保人们能够持续的接收到广播电视信号,就需要对其传输网络加强维护,解决其中的故障问题,为人们提供更加优质的广播电视服务.     

激光网络目标信号的同步传输系统

随着社会发展和科技进步,研究人员发现激光网络在目标信号转换和传输方面有着得天独厚的作用,对激光网络目标信号的同步传输,能够有效提高目标信号的处理效率。因此,设计稳定高效的激光网络目标信号同步传输系统,激光驱动器驱动激光网络中被试品的目标信号,通过激光探测器中进行调制、转换处理,并通过FPGA和总线实现目标信号的采集和传输,同步控制模块通过AVR处理器和FPGA处理器检测、存储目标信号,并采用同步比例传输方法,确保激光网络目标信号的同步传输。实验结果表明,该同步传输系统故障消除率、同步传输精度均高于对比系统,明显提高了目标信号的传输效率和稳定性。     

浅谈影响传输网络性能的抖动特性

同步模块是每个系统的心脏，它为系统中的其他每个模块馈送正确的时钟信号，因此，同步模块的设计和实现在传输系统中显得特别重要。为了通过降低发射和接收错误来提高网络效率，必须使系统的各个阶段都要使用的时钟的质量保持一定的等级。抖动是影响同步网络和时钟恶化的重要因素。本文论述了抖动产生的各种原因以及它们对传输网络性能的影响。     

激光网络目标加密信号同步传输方法研究

针对激光网络目标加密信号同步传输效率较低、运算量过大的问题,提出了一种激光网络目标加密信号同步传输方法。结合同步过程会受相位及波频幅值因素影响,建立双阶同步模型,提取两个相同相位的线性调频信号,排列组合形成一组同步频域,计算一致性较强的同步权重因子。构建信号发送和接收模型,提取信号的带宽、频域及时延量等影响传输效率的参数,得到该参数调频处理的最优解。通过正常信号及混沌信号同步传输的周期特点,计算同步信号发送端到接收端之间误差时间变量,分析得出传输误差随周期变化的关系,完成加密信号的同步传输。实验结果表明,所提方法同步性能较好,具有极强的抗噪性,且结构简单运算量较低、传输效率较高。     

WDM光网络的光路传输质量估计算法

在波长路由WDM光网中,信号在路由与波长分配算法(RWA)选定的光路上传输．传输过程中引入的各种串扰和噪声使信号的传输质量受到损伤,信号质量不断下降,目的结点无法正确有效地接收光信号。通过定义合理的结点和传输链路模型．提出了一种考虑线性传输损伤的比特错误率估算方法．在光路建立之前预先估计WDM网络中将要建立光路的传输质量,以此作为网络优化设计过程中RWA算法选路的依据。通过网络仿真和实验验证了算法的正确性。     

激光网络目标加密信号同步传输方法研究

针对激光网络目标加密信号同步传输效率较低、运算量过大的问题,提出了一种激光网络目标加密信号同步传输方法。结合同步过程会受相位及波频幅值因素影响,建立双阶同步模型,提取两个相同相位的线性调频信号,排列组合形成一组同步频域,计算一致性较强的同步权重因子。构建信号发送和接收模型,提取信号的带宽、频域及时延量等影响传输效率的参数,得到该参数调频处理的最优解。通过正常信号及混沌信号同步传输的周期特点,计算同步信号发送端到接收端之间误差时间变量,分析得出传输误差随周期变化的关系,完成加密信号的同步传输。实验结果表明,所提方法同步性能较好,具有极强的抗噪性,且结构简单运算量较低、传输效率较高。     

Connectivity analysis for dynamic movement of vehicular ad hoc networks

Speed variation is one of the main challenges in deriving the connectivity related predictions in mobile ad-hoc networks, especially in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In such a dynamic network, a piece of information can be rapidly propagated through dedicated short-range communication, or can be carried by vehicles when multihop connectivity is unavailable. This paper proposes a novel analytical model that carefully computes the connectivity distance for a single direction of a free-flow highway. The proposed model adopts a time-varying vehicular speed assumption and mathematically models the mobility of vehicles inside connectivity. According to the dynamic movability scenario, a novel and accurate closed form formula is proposed for probability density function of connectivity. Moreover, using vehicular spatial distribution, joint Poisson distribution of vehicles in a multilane highway and tail probability of the expected number of vehicles inside single lane in a multilane highway are mathematically investigated. The accuracy of analytical results is verified by simulation. The concluded results provide helpful insights towards designing new applications and improving performance of existing applications on VANETs.     

Revisiting vehicular network connectivity with radio propagation model

In vehicular networks, radio waves propagate in an external environment and are therefore subject to many obstacles such as buildings, trees or hills. Modeling the transmission range by a perfect circle around each transmitter is absolutely wrong especially in urban environments. In our previous work, we defined a terrain characteristics-based propagation model for vehicular network. This model determines the received signal power according to the type and the density of obstacles encountered by the radio waves. In this paper we calibrate the model parameters to meet the physical layer specifications of the standard dedicated to inter-vehicular communication, 802.11p. We validate the new values by several simulation tests. Based on this model, we present a study of the radio connectivity for a vehicular network in city environment and evaluate the impact of obstacles on information dissemination in such a network. The tests are performed by considering a simulation environment that represents a real city map. We define several metrics characterizing the radio connectivity and the information dissemination and examine the effect of vehicles density and obstacles on those metrics.     

Analytical Model for Connectivity in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

We investigate connectivity in the ad hoc network formed between vehicles that move on a typical highway. We use a common model in vehicular traffic theory in which a fixed point on the highway sees cars passing it that are separated by times with an exponentially distributed duration. We obtain the distribution of the distances between the cars, which allows us to use techniques from queuing theory to study connectivity. We obtain the Laplace transform of the probability distribution of the connectivity distance, explicit expressions for the expected connectivity distance, and the probability distribution and expectation of the number of cars in a platoon. Then, we conduct extensive simulation studies to evaluate the obtained results. The analytical model that we present is able to describe the effects of various system parameters, including road traffic parameters (i.e., speed distribution and traffic flow) and the transmission range of vehicles, on the connectivity. To more precisely study the effect of speed on connectivity, we provide bounds obtained using stochastic ordering techniques. Our approach is based on the work of Miorandi and Altman, which transformed the problem of connectivity distance distribution into that of the distribution of the busy period of an equivalent infinite server queue. We use our analytical results, along with common road traffic statistical data, to understand connectivity in vehicular ad hoc networks.      

ACAR: Adaptive Connectivity Aware Routing for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks in City Scenarios

Multi-hop vehicle-to-vehicle communication is useful for supporting many vehicular applications that provide drivers with safety and convenience. Developing multi-hop communication in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) is a challenging problem due to the rapidly changing topology and frequent network disconnections, which cause failure or inefficiency in traditional ad hoc routing protocols. We propose an adaptive connectivity aware routing (ACAR) protocol that addresses these problems by adaptively selecting an optimal route with the best network transmission quality based on statistical and real-time density data that are gathered through an on-the-fly density collection process. The protocol consists of two parts: 1) select an optimal route, consisting of road segments, with the best estimated transmission quality, and 2) in each road segment of the chosen route, select the most efficient multi-hop path that will improve the delivery ratio and throughput. The optimal route is selected using our transmission quality model that takes into account vehicle densities and traffic light periods to estimate the probability of network connectivity and data delivery ratio for transmitting packets. Our simulation results show that the proposed ACAR protocol outperforms existing VANET routing protocols in terms of data delivery ratio, throughput and data packet delay. Since the proposed model is not constrained by network densities, the ACAR protocol is suitable for both daytime and nighttime city VANET scenarios.     

Analytical model for connectivity of vehicular ad hoc networks in the presence of channel randomness

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a highly mobile wireless ad hoc network formed by vehicles equipped with communication facilities. Developing multihop communication in VANETs is a challenging problem because of rapidly changing network topology and frequent network disconnections. This paper investigates the network connectivity probability of one‐dimensional VANET in the presence of channel randomness. Network connectivity is one of the most important issues in VANETs, because the dissemination of time‐critical information requires, as a preliminary condition, the network to be fully connected. We present an analytical procedure for the computation of network connectivity probability, taking into account the underlying wireless channel. Three different fading models are considered for the connectivity analysis: Rayleigh, Rician, and Weibull. A distance‐dependent power law model is employed for the pathloss in a vehicle‐to‐vehicle channel. Furthermore, the speed of each vehicle on the highway is assumed to be a Gaussian distributed random variable. The analysis provides a general framework for investigating the dependence of various parameters such as vehicle arrival rate, vehicle density, vehicle speed, highway length, and various physical layer parameters such as transmit power, receive signal‐to‐noise ratio threshold, path loss exponent, and fading factors (Rician and Weibull) on VANET connectivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Connectivity analysis of passive cluster with high stability in vehicular wireless network

A passive cluster model with the maximum lifetime was proposed for vehicle to vehicle communication based on the relative velocity. The cluster head was elected based on the average relative velocity and the neighbor list. The cluster lifetime was deduced as the function of the average relative velocity. The traffic safety messages were dissemi-nated to all cluster members by inter-cluster message broadcasting and intra-cluster message relaying in interconnected vehicular network. The link connectivity probability between the cluster head and members were deduced as the function of the vehicle density for inter-cluster broadcasting. The path connectivity probability between the cluster head and the neighbor cluster head was deduced as the function of the vehicle density and intra-cluster distance for on intra-cluster dis-semination. Simulation results show that the connected probability is suitable for vehicular network under the traffic den-sity constraints.     

Performance Analysis with Traffic Accident for Cooperative Active Safety Driving in VANET/ITS

Recently, by using vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications for VANET/ITS, the cooperative active safety driving (ASD) providing vehicular traffic information sharing among vehicles significantly prevents accidents. Clearly, the performance analysis of ASD becomes difficult because of high vehicle mobility, diverse road topologies, and high wireless interference. An inaccurate analysis of packet connectivity probability significantly affects and degrades the VANET/ITS performance. Especially, most of related studies seldom concern the impact factors of vehicular accidents for the performance analyses of VANET/ITS. Thus, this paper proposes a two-phase approach to model a distributed VANET/ITS network with considering accidents happening on roads and to analyze the connectivity probability. Phase 1 proposes a reliable packet routing and then analyzes an analytical model of packet connectivity. Moreover, the analysis is extended to the cases with and without exhibiting transportation accidents. In phase 2, by applying the analysis results of phase 1 to phase 2, an adaptive vehicle routing, namely adaptive vehicle routing (AVR), is proposed for accomplishing dynamic vehicular navigation, in which the cost of a road link is defined in terms of several critical factors: traffic density, vehicle velocity, road class, etc. Finally, the path with the least path cost is selected as the optimal vehicle routing path. Numerical results demonstrate that the analytical packet connectivity probability and packet delay are close to that of simulations. The yielded supreme features justify the analytical model. In evaluations, the proposed approach outperforms the compared approaches in packet connectivity probability, average travel time, average exhausted gasoline. However, the proposed approach may lead to a longer travel distance because it enables the navigated vehicle to avoid traversing via the roads with a higher traffic density.     

Assessing the influence of selfishness on the system performance of gossip based vehicular networks

In delay tolerant vehicular networks, gossip is an efficient forwarding scheme, which significantly reduces the message transmission overhead while maintaining a relatively high transmission rate in the high mobility vehicular environment. This mechanism requires vehicles as the network nodes to forward messages according to the system-defined gossip probability in a cooperative and selfless way among all the vehicles in the system. However, in the real word vehicular networks, most of the vehicular nodes exhibit selfish and non-collaboration behaviors to reduce the gossip probability in order to save their own energy and other limited resources in the vehicular nodes. In this paper, we study how node selfishness influences the performance of energy-constrained gossip forwarding based vehicular networks. We consider two typical forms of selfishness in the realistic vehicular networks: individual selfishness and social selfishness, and study the networking performance by focusing on the average message transmission delay and mean transmission cost. First, we model the message transmission process with selfish behaviors in the gossip forwarding based delay tolerant vehicular networks using a continuous time Markov chain. Based on this useful model, we derive closed-form formulae for average message transmission delay and mean transmission cost. Then, we give extensive numerical results to analyze the impact of selfishness on system performance of the vehicular networks. The results show that gossip forwarding in delay tolerant vehicular networks is robust to selfish behaviors since even when they increase the message transmission delay, there is a gain on the message transmission cost.     

The performance of MIMO system using MRT scheme in vehicular systems

In this paper an inter‐vehicle multiple‐input multiple‐output system using maximal ratio transmission (MRT) scheme is proposed, and its performance is investigated where the proposed system uses multiple antennas for transmission and reception. It has the advantage of increasing effectively the diversity order without changing the receiver. As far as we know, MRT has not been employed in vehicular systems to improve system performance. Specifically, error performance of the MRT with different number of antennas at the transmitting and receiving stations has been examined, ie, MRT (2, 1) and MRT (2, 2) in a vehicular system in which cascaded Nakagami‐m fading distribution used. First, we derive expressions of probability distribution function and then moment generating function of end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio. Based on these expressions, we obtain the symbol error rate expression on account of examining the performance of the considered system. Then, the upper bounds for the symbol error rate expressions for high enough signal‐to‐noise ratio values have been calculated. Finally, we validate the confirmation of obtained theoretical results through simulation results and furthermore show that the multiple‐input multiple‐output system using MRT scheme can provide the full diversity.      

A Dual Ring Connectivity Model for VANET Under Heterogeneous Traffic Flow

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is characterized as a highly dynamic wireless network due to the dynamic connectivity of the network nodes. To achieve better connectivity under such dynamic conditions, an optimal transmission strategy is required to direct the information flow between the nodes. Earlier studies on VANET’s overlook the characteristics of heterogeneity in vehicle types, traffic structure, flow for density estimation, and connectivity observation. In this paper, we have proposed a heterogeneous traffic flow based dual ring connectivity model to enhance both the message disseminations and network connectivity. In our proposed model the availability of different types of vehicles on the road, such as, cars, buses, etc., are introduced in an attempt to propose a new communication structure for moving vehicles in VANETl under cooperative transmission in heterogeneous traffic flow. The model is based on the dual-ring structure that forms the primary and secondary rings of vehicular communication. During message disseminations, Slow speed vehicles (buses) on the secondary ring provide a backup path of communication for high speed vehicles (cars) moving on the primary ring. The Slow speed vehicles act as the intermediate nodes in the aforementioned connectivity model that helps improve the network coverage and end-to-end data delivery. For the evaluation and the implementation of dual-ring model a clustering routing scheme warning energy aware cluster-head is adopted that also caters for the energy optimization. The implemented dual-ring message delivery scheme under the cluster-head based routing technique does show improved network coverage and connectivity dynamics even under the multi-hop communication system.