不锈钢堵头裂纹失效分析

不锈钢堵头经使用5年后出现严重的穿透性裂纹,通过裂纹面断口分析、裂纹剖面金相检验、显微组织观察、显微硬度测试等方法对堵头裂纹形成原因进行了分析。结果表明,堵头裂纹属于应力腐蚀裂纹,堵头外表面介质环境存在较多含硫酸根等应力腐蚀敏感的离子是导致不锈钢堵头发生应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因。     

某化工厂管道输气用不锈钢法兰漏气裂纹分析

某材质为0Cr18Ni9不锈钢法兰在巡检时发现有气体泄露现象,着色探伤发现在焊接附近存在较多周向裂纹.通过宏观与微观形貌、显微组织、化学成分、硬度测试等方法,对法兰裂纹形成原因进行分析.结果表明,法兰开裂为沿晶型应力腐蚀开裂,与焊接敏化效应无明显直接相关性.裂纹形成主要原因为法兰选材以及热加工工艺不合理导致材料应力腐蚀...     

304不锈钢热水管应力腐蚀开裂分析

针对304不锈钢热水管道发生腐蚀泄露的现象,通过化学成分分析、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪等分析手段,对泄露热水管道的成分组成、显微组织、裂纹形貌及腐蚀产物成分进行了检测分析。分析结果表明:应力腐蚀开裂是造成该304热水管腐蚀泄露的主要原因,这是由管壁受到的应力以及环境中的氯离子共同作用所引起的。     

不锈钢气管泄漏分析

通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜以及能谱分析等方法,对TP316不锈钢气管腐蚀开裂泄漏原因进行分析。结果表明,该气管的化学元素组成符合相应的材料标准,通过能谱分析显示腐蚀泄漏区域具有硫和氯元素沉积,显微组织中含有形变马氏体,固溶处理不充分,另外该气管在冷拔后没有进行去应力退火,在管内通入的气体中含有硫、氯等杂质元素情况下,导致气管的内表面产生应力腐蚀裂纹,裂纹不断扩展,最终致使气管泄漏。因此,应力腐蚀是导致气管产生泄漏的主要原因。     

压水堆主回路高温水中奥氏体不锈钢加工表面的腐蚀与应力腐蚀裂纹萌生：研究进展及展望

奥氏体不锈钢是制造压水堆主回路部件的重要结构材料。奥氏体不锈钢在压水堆核电站中的服役整体表现优异，但服役过程中仍然发生过应力腐蚀开裂事故。发生冷变形是奥氏体不锈钢部件出现应力腐蚀开裂事故的主要原因，而切削加工及加工表面的后处理是在部件表面引入冷变形的主要工艺过程。本文基于过去20年本领域国内外相关研究结果，综述了切削加工等工艺在奥氏体不锈钢表面引入的塑性变形区的显微组织与残余应力特征，以及表面变形对奥氏体不锈钢在压水堆主回路高温水环境中的腐蚀及应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为影响的研究进展。基于这些研究，指出了不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹萌生研究中存在的问题、可能的解决办法，并对其他亟待开展的研究做了展望。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢导管开裂原因分析

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢导管外场例行检查时被发现有裂纹。通过裂纹及破断口的宏、微观观察,腐蚀产物成分分析,硬度、残余应力检测等方法分析了导管开裂失效原因。结果表明:导管的开裂失效原因为应力腐蚀破裂。     

铀矿用不锈钢泵轴断裂原因分析

目的找到不锈钢泵轴断裂原因。方法通过对断裂的泵轴进行失效分析,利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、直读光谱仪、显微硬度计等测试方法和手段,对失效泵轴的断口形貌、组织、化学成分、显微硬度等进行分析。结果断口形貌呈明显的脆性疲劳开裂特征,且裂纹源呈现多源特征,有疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹存在。316L泵轴材质成分和组织问题不大,在近表面存在大量夹杂物,同时泵轴表面观察到点蚀和微裂纹存在。结论近表面夹杂物在酸性环境中极易引起点蚀,同时泵轴与联轴器根部结合处存在变截面,形成应力集中。当泵轴受到腐蚀、应力以及电机交变载荷作用时,形成腐蚀疲劳裂纹源,裂纹扩展造成瞬断是此次不锈钢泵轴断裂的主要原因。     

合成氨装置脱氧器/酸气气提器材料的失效原因分析

某化肥厂合成氨装置中的脱氧器/酸气气提器筒体泄露。对该筒体材料的成分、显微组织、腐蚀状况、裂纹及断口进行了分析。结果表明,该筒体材质为316L不锈钢,失效的原因是Cl-在筒体内局部富集发生点蚀,进而引发材料的应力腐蚀开裂。此外筒体内的酸性介质H2S、CO2、HCOOH和CO、O2等加速了应力腐蚀裂纹的扩展。鉴于本工艺条件,建议对设备材料进行升级。     

SUS304不锈钢定位器基座的失效分析

通过化学成分、结构受力、显微组织和断口形貌分析等手段,对电气化铁路接触网的SUS304不锈钢定位器基座断裂失效的原因进行分析.结果表明,局部腐蚀与疲劳过载的共同作用是导致该不锈钢零件断裂失效的主要原因.由于所用SUS304不锈钢中含C、Cr量比JIS标准偏高,易形成粗大碳化物并诱发局部腐蚀;同时受力的"工"形斜梁结构设计不合理,受拉应力作用的部位横截面积偏小,导致疲劳过载,因此使处于应力集中区内的局部腐蚀成为裂纹源.最后提出相应的改进措施.     

0Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al不锈钢自锁螺母的开裂原因

某0Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al不锈钢自锁螺母在服役过程中出现开裂。对开裂螺母进行了宏观和微观断口形貌观察、表面能谱分析、显微组织及力学性能分析与测试等。结果表明：该螺母开裂原因为应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)。裂纹起源于法兰面与螺母体交接处,螺母体与法兰面呈直角此处易积液,螺母表面处理方式为钝化和涂MoS₂,其耐蚀能较差。在腐蚀性潮湿大气环境中,干湿交替作用下螺母产生局部腐蚀点,在腐蚀点处萌生裂纹,裂纹在螺母圆周切向拉应力作用下扩展直至螺母开裂。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。