基于高炉炉况评价和反馈补偿的喷煤量决策优化

高炉炼铁过程操作者根据炉况设定喷煤量,针对在增减量的大小和时机上存在盲目性、粗糙性、滞后性难题,将高炉冶炼机理与专家经验、过程信息相结合,建立基于煤气流分布和炉缸热状态评价的喷煤反馈补偿模型.首先,分析提取表征高炉煤气流分布和炉缸热状态的重要参数,利用熵权法确定评价模型的输入参数权重,依据专家经验与数据统计分析相结合的方法划分参数等级,分别建立煤气流分布和基于炉温预测的炉缸热状态评价模型;其次,建立与炉缸热状态和煤气流分布相适应的喷煤量反馈补偿模型,消除喷煤设定值不确定性、滞后性影响,提高煤粉的燃烧效率,实时、准确地为现场操作人员提供喷煤设定值.     

基于工件热状态的均热炉优化控制

主要讨论如何基于工件(钢锭、钢坯等)的热状态来进行均热炉的优化控制.首先,我们基于热状态估计方程,得到工件的温度分布,然后由此提出了几种新的冶金加热炉控制思想方法.     

ANSYS在热释电薄膜红外探测器二维热分析中的应用

根据热释电薄膜红外探测器的结构和实际的测试条件,利用有限元软件ANSYS建立了不同结构组成的热释电薄膜红外探测器的二维模型,并对其进行了热分析,得到了探测器内的温度场分布.分析了复合热释电薄膜红外探测器的绝热层对温度场的影响,并将复合热释电薄膜红外探测器与微桥结构探测器的性能进行了比较.     

Multivariable temperature measurement and control system of large-scaled vertical quench furnace based on temperature field

A temperature control system of 31m vertical forced air-circulation quench furnace is proposed,which is a kind of equipment critical for thermal treamlent of aluminum alloy components that are widely used in aerospace industry. For the effective operation of the furnace, it is essential to analyze the radial temperature distribution of the furnace. A set of thermodynamic balance equations modeling is established firstly. By ufilizmg the numerical analysis result to modify the temperature measurements, the control accuracy and precision of the temperature are truly guaranteed. Furthermore, the multivariable decouplmg self-learning PID control algorithm based on the characteristics of strong coupling between the multi-zones in the large-scaled furnace is implemented to ensure the true homogeneity of the axial temperature distribution. Finally, the redundant structure composed of industrial control computers and touch panels leads to great improvement of system reliability.     

CAD of a low-temperature solar energy collector using interactive programming

This paper describes a pilot interactive computer program used by midshipmen in the early phases of design of a low-temperature solar energy collector. The model has been made as simple as possible without losing the fundamental relationships of thermodynamics, fluid dynamics and heat transfer theory. The subjects covered include solar radiation, flat plate collectors, application loads and economics. Design parameters are location, time duration, absorptivity, reflectivity, tilt angle, number of cover glasses, collector temperature, air temperature, insulation condition, etc. The program provides enough information to allow users to evaluate and design their own solar thermal processes.     

肋板结构外保温设计方法

为合理设计肋板外保温结构2层保温材料的厚度,采用稳态热平衡理论计算初步确定厚度方案,采用Abaqus软件对外保温结构进行仿真分析,结果认为规则部位内保温层与外保温层之间的界面温度满足工程要求,验证理论计算的合理性.保温层圆角过渡部位内保温层与外保温层之间界面温度不满足设计要求,采用Abaqus优化模块对局部尺寸进行优化...     

A comparison of methods for assessing the thermal insulation value of children's schoolwear in Kuwait

In this study, three methods were used to determine the thermal insulation values of different school clothing worn by 6 to 17 year old girls and boys in Kuwait classrooms for both summer and winter seasons. The different clothing ensembles' insulations were determined by 1: measurement using adult-sized versions of the clothing on thermal manikins, 2: estimations from adult clothing data obtained from the standards tables in ISO 9920 and ASHRAE 55, and 3: calculations using a regression equation from McCullough et al. (1985) that was adapted to accommodate children's sizes for ages 6-17 years. Values for the clothing area factor, f(cl), were also determined by measurement and by using a prediction equation from ISO 9920. Results in this study suggested that the clothing insulation values found from the measured and adapted data were similar to the adult's data in standards tables for the same summer and winter seasons. Further, the effect of the insulation values on the different scholars' age groups were investigated using the clothing temperature rating technique and compared to the scholars' comfort temperature found in recent field studies. Results showed that the temperature ratings of the clothing using the three methods described above are close and in agreement with the scholars' comfort temperature. Though estimated and measured f(cl) data differed, the impact on the temperature ratings was limited. An observed secular change in the children's heights and weights in the last few decades implies that, for adolescents, the children's body surface areas are similar to those of adults, making the use of adult clothing tables even more acceptable. In conclusion, this study gives some evidence to support the applicability of using adults' data in ASHRAE 55 and ISO 9920 standards to assess the thermal insulation values of different children's clothing ensembles, provided that careful selection of the garments, ensembles material and design takes place.     

The effect of unevenly distributed thermal stimuli on the sensation of warmth and coolness

Combinations of clothing provide different degrees of thermal insulation for various parts of the body. The effect of this uneven thermal insulation on general comfort is examined by using experimental clothing which could provide varying degrees of thermal resistance. The relationship between skin temperature and sensation was found to be approximately linear when the exposed areas were not large, and that clothing of the same thermal resistance can yield different sensations depending on the parts of the body involved.     

发电列车车下燃油箱保温性能CFD仿真

基于CFD理论,应用STAR-CCM+仿真某发电列车车下燃油箱在给定高寒工况下的保温性能.在考虑列车运行时车外流场影响的基础上,耦合分析箱体、保温材料和燃油等的温度分布特性,找出燃油可能发生结蜡的区域.给出相关分析结论和改进建议,为保证燃油箱拥有稳定的工作性能提供可靠的设计参考.     

Influence of combustion parameters on NOx production in an industrial boiler

NO_x formation during the combustion process occurs mainly through the oxidation of nitrogen in the combustion air (thermal NO_x) and through oxidation of nitrogen with the fuel (prompt NO_x). The present study aims to investigate numerically the problem of NO_x pollution using a model furnace of an industrial boiler utilizing fuel gas. The importance of this problem is mainly due to its relation to the pollutants produced by large boiler furnaces used widely in thermal industrial plants. Governing conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy, and equations representing the transport of species concentrations, turbulence, combustion and radiation modeling in addition to NO modeling equations were solved together to present temperature and NO distribution inside the radiation and convection sections of the boiler. The boiler under investigation is a 160 MW, water-tube boiler, gas fired with natural gas and having two vertically aligned burners.The simulation study provided the NO distribution in the combustion chamber and in the exhaust gas at various operating conditions of fuel to air ratio with varying either the fuel or air mass flow rate, inlet air temperature and combustion primary air swirl angle. In particular, the simulation provided more insight on the correlation between the maximum furnace temperature and furnace average temperatures and the thermal NO concentration. The results have shown that the furnace average temperature and NO concentration decrease as the excess air factor λ increases for a given air mass flow rate. When considering a fixed value of mass flow rate of fuel, the results show that increasing λ results in a maximum value of thermal NO concentration at the exit of the boiler at λ = 1.2. As the combustion air temperature increases, furnace temperature increases and the thermal NO concentration increases sharply. The results also show that NO concentration at exit of the boiler exhibits a minimum value at around swirl angle of 45°.     

MEMS-based microthruster with integrated platinum thin film resistance temperature detector (RTD), heater meander and thermal insulation for operation up to 1,000°C

We have fabricated microthruster chip pairs—one chip with microthruster structures such as injection capillaries, combustion chamber and converging/diverging nozzle machined using the deep reactive ion etching process, the other chip with sputtered platinum (Pt) thin film devices such as resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and a heater. To our knowledge, this is the first microelectromechanical systems-based microthruster with fully integrated temperature sensors. The effects of anneal up to 1,050°C on the surface morphology of Pt thin films with varied geometry as well as with/without PECVD-SiO₂ coating were investigated in air and N₂ and results will also be presented. It was observed that by reducing the lateral scale of thin films the morphology change can be suppressed and their adhesion on the substrate can be enhanced. Chemical analysis with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that no diffusion took place between neighboring layers during annealing up to 1?h at 1,050°C in air. Electrical characterization of sensors was carried out between room temperature and 1,000°C with a ramp of ±5?Kmin^?1 in air and N₂. In N₂, the temperature-resistance characteristics of sensors had stabilized to a large extent after the first heating. After stabilization the sensors underwent up to eight further temperature cycles. The maximum drift of the sensor signal was observed for temperatures above 950°C and was less than 8.5?K in N₂. To reduce the loss of combustion heat, chip material around microthruster structures was partially removed with laser ablation. The effects of thermal insulation were investigated with microthruster chip pairs which were clamped together mechanically. The heater was operated with up to 20?W and the temperature distribution in the chip pairs with/without thermal insulation was monitored with seven integrated RTDs. The experiments showed that a thermal insulation allows the maximum temperature as well as the temperature gradient within the microthruster chip pairs to be increased.     

Effect of superficial insulation on roller-compacted concrete dams in cold regions

Superficial insulation is often used to prevent cracking of concrete dams located in cold regions. In this study, surface temperatures with and without heat insulation during the overwintering period are calculated. Using the material properties of roller-compacted concrete (RCC) as bases, we simulate and analyse the temperature field and thermal stress of certain RCC gravity dams in cold regions. The simulation and analysis are performed by three-dimensional finite element relocating mesh method under the following conditions: under the absence of heat insulation, and with the application of a 5 or 8 cm polystyrene slab for heat conservation. Moreover, the effects of superficial insulation and different thicknesses on the temperature field and thermal stress are analysed. Results show that superficial insulation can considerably increase the superficial temperature of RCC dams in cold regions, thereby decreasing superficial temperature difference and maximal tensile stress. These conditions prevent surface cracks from forming.     

Assessment of cold stress in terms of required clothing insulation—IREQ

A heat exchange model has been developed, by which the thermal stress associated with work in cold environments can be evaluated. Based on measurements of air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity and air velocity and measurements or estimates of activity level (energy metabolism) the model calculates a clothing insulation (IREQ) required to maintain body heat balance. IREQ may be regarded as an index of cold stress, and the value for IREQ specifies the insulation to be provided by clothing under given conditions, in addition to the insulation of the boundary air layer. IREQ, hence, may serve as a guideline for selection of appropriate clothing in cold environments. Basic insulation values of clothing (I_cI) measured with thermal manikins can be used for this purpose, but need to be corrected to account for the effect of body motion, posture, wind penetration and moisture absorption before a comparison is made with IREQ.     

基于分散推理结构的加热炉钢坯温度分布模糊控制

针对钢坯加热炉系统所具有的典型分布参数特点,提出了一种基于分散推理结构的钢坯温度分布模糊控制方案．首先,将炉内钢坯温度偏差分布作为模糊推理系统的输入信息;然后,对于每一个炉温调整点,通过一组二维模糊控制器,产生一组与钢坯温度偏差分布对应的炉温补偿控制分量;最后,综合各控制分量获得各调整点处的炉温补偿量．仿真算例表明,该方案能够有效地保证钢坯按理想加热曲线完成加热过程．     

乙烯裂解炉燃烧传热的CFD模拟

为了掌握乙烯炉炉膛内的热场分布规律,本文采用CFD方法对SL-Ⅱ型工业乙烯裂解炉辐射段内所发生的燃烧、辐射传热、烟气流动等过程进行了耦合模拟,并且详细地分析了炉膛内流场及温度场的分布情况。其中,裂解炉的几何模型按照工程图纸1:1的比例建立;网格划分在专业网格生成软件ICEM11.0中完成;计算采用标准k-ε双方程模型模拟湍流,漩涡耗散/有限速率燃烧反应模型(EDM/FRC)模拟侧壁烧嘴的预混燃烧和底部烧嘴的非预混燃烧,离散传递模型(DTM)模拟炉膛辐射传热,计算过程在CFX5.0中完成。计算得到了裂解炉炉膛内流场、温度场分布的详细信息,模拟结果与工业实测数据吻合较好。模拟结果表明,在底部烧嘴的射流核心区周围形成了大范围的回流,过渡段拐角处有小范围的回流现象;炉膛长度、宽度、高度方向都存在明显的温度梯度,说明传统的炉膛传热计算方法假定温度分布均匀是不准确的;炉膛的高温区主要集中在炉高4.5 m处;炉膛上部的热量,由于侧壁烧嘴的加入而得到了很好地补充,说明侧壁烧嘴的安装位置合理。研究结果表明CFD模拟是目前为止研究裂解炉内热场分布规律最为有效的手段之一,对于未来乙烯裂解炉的设计与优化作用很大。     

Design of functional work clothing for meat-cutters

The aim of this study was to design new functional work clothing for meat-cutters, paying particular attention to the metabolic requirements of the work and the thermal and general working conditions in slaughterhouses. On the basis of the results of the pilot study (review of the literature, questionnaires and interviews, work analysis, physiological measurements) different types of work clothing were designed for prolonged used during normal work in meat cutting. Physical material tests and measurements of thermal insulation values (l(cl)), and the follow-up of clothing maintenance were carried out. Further modifications and evaluations of work clothing were based on the opinions of meat-cutters and on the physiological trials in slaughterhouses. The final assembly of work clothing consists of three pieces (cotton/polyester): an apron, trousers with extra insulation in the lower back, and a work coat with extra insulation in the neck and shoulders, and at the wrists. The sleeves are protected against moisture by special textile material. The thermal insulation of this new set of work clothing together with long sleeved and legged underwear is 1.3 clo and it proved to be sufficient for thermal comfort in moderate work in an air temperature of 10 degrees C.     

极端温度环境中舰船弹库传热技术研究

根据《GJB1060.2-1991舰船环境条件要求-气候环境》标准,建立了舰船弹库在高温日照环境与极端低温环境下的传热模型。将太阳辐射和环境温度转化为综合温度,对弹库内部流场进行了流固耦合的二维计算仿真,分析了弹库内部温度在高温日照环境中的连续性变化以及在低温环境中的分布情况。仿真结果表明弹库具有良好的隔热保温性能,所做研究可以为舰船弹库的设计和使用提供决策参考依据和技术支撑。     

蓄热式加热炉控制技术综述

对蓄热式加热炉的诸多优势以及国内连续加热炉的蓄热式技术改造和十年应用情况做了简要介绍,将蓄热式加热炉的核心技术分成蓄热箱技术,自动燃烧控制技术,钢温预报和炉温优化技术四大部分,分别进行了介绍。为了研究解决蓄热箱废气温度过高的问题,通过微元法、能量平衡法以及传热学经典公式等手段对蓄热箱建模。模型对蓄热箱做了一些合理简化,并且用Matlab仿真来研究蓄热箱的各过程量的变化规律,得到了气体流量、换向时间、换向占空比的确定方法。仿真结果表明模型能使废气温度保持在设定值。     

仿人智能PID控制的PLC实现及其应用

提出一种基于PLC的仿人智能PID控制策略,给出了程序流程图和梯形图,并将其应用于试验电炉的温度控制系统中。实践表明该方法对于时变大滞后系统是行之有效。     

高炉炉墙探测棒的传感器布设研究

通过建立内嵌探测棒的高炉炉墙温度与炉墙厚度在线监测模型,并对其不同高炉炉墙厚度时的温度场进行稳态数值仿真,得出探测棒在不同高炉炉墙厚度时中轴线温度曲线的变化规律。根据探测棒中轴线温度曲线的变化规律,通过温度最大误差、平均误差等指标分析了三种不同的传感器布设方案,确定了传感器在探测棒上的布设数量和布设方案,实现了实时准确测量探测棒的温度场分布情况,结合探测棒长度数据进而推算出高炉炉墙的温度场分布情况,为指导高炉的正常运转和保证高炉长寿奠定了基础。