Differential space-frequency modulation via smooth logical channel for broadband wireless communications

In this letter, a differential space-frequency modulation (DSFM) scheme is proposed for multiple input multiple-output (MIMO)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in broadband wireless communications. We assume that the fading channels keep constant only within each OFDM block, and may change independently from one OFDM block to another. The differential schemes proposed for MIMO-OFDM systems in the literature cannot successfully decode with such a rapidly fading channel, since the successful decoding of the previously existing schemes relies on the assumption that the fading channel keeps constant within a period of several OFDM blocks, and it changes slowly from a period of several OFDM blocks to another. In our proposed DSFM scheme, the transmitted signals are differentially encoded in the frequency domain within each OFDM block. Thus, the differential decoding can be performed over subcarriers within each single OFDM block. Furthermore, if a statistical channel power-delay profile (PDP) is known at the transmitter, we propose to create a smooth logical channel to improve the performance of the DSFM scheme. We obtain the smooth logical channel by sorting the channel frequency responses over subcarriers from a statistical point of view. If the logical channel is not smooth enough, we further consider a pruning process in which we use only the "good" part of the channel and get rid of the "bad" part of the channel. Simulation results show that the proposed DSFM scheme over a smooth logical channel (with pruning, if necessary) performs well for various channel PDPs.     

Differential space-time modulation over frequency-selective channels

We present herein a new differential space-time-frequency (DSTF) modulation scheme for systems that are equipped with an arbitrary number of transmit antennas and operate in frequency-selective channels. The proposed DSTF modulator consists of a concatenating spectral encoder and differential encoder that offer full spatio-spectral diversity and significant coding gain. A unitary structure is imposed on the differential encoder to admit linear, decoupled maximum likelihood (ML) detection in space and time. Optimum criteria based on pairwise error probability analysis are developed for spectral encoder design. We introduce a class of spectral codes, namely, linear constellation decimation (LCD) codes, which are nonbinary block codes obtained by decimating a phase-shift-keying (PSK) constellation with a group of decimation factors that are co-prime with the constellation size. Since LCD codes encode across a minimally necessary set of subchannels for full diversity, they incur modest decoding complexity among all full-diversity codes. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed DSTF modulation and coding scheme, which compares favorably with several existing differential space-time schemes in frequency-selective channels.     

A New High Rate Differential Space-Time-Frequency Modulation for MIMO-OFDM

In this paper, we propose a new differential space-time-frequency （DSTF） modulation for MIMOOFDM system with four transmit-antennas and arbitrary receive-antennas, which can improve the transmission rate since it can adopt high order quadrature amplitude modulation （QAM） modulation. Our proposed DSTF scheme embeds some full diversity full rate （FDFR） quasi-orthogonal space-time codes （QOSTBC） with QAM modulation into the frequency intervals and adopts the differential modulation in both time and frequency domains. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DSTF scheme can improve transmission rate greatly. Compared with the conventional differential unitary space-time modulation （DUSTM）, it can get better transmission performance in high transmission rate for MIMO-OFDM system.     

Differential space-time-frequency modulation over frequency-selective fading channels

We present a differential space-time-frequency (DSTF) modulation scheme for systems with two transmit antennas over frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed DSTF scheme employs a concatenation of a spectral encoder and a differential encoder/mapper, which are designed to yield the maximum spatio-spectral diversity and significant coding gain. To reduce the decoding complexity, the differential encoder is designed with a unitary structure that decouples the maximum likelihood (ML) detection in space and time; meanwhile, the spectral encoder utilizes a linear constellation decimation (LCD) coding scheme that encodes across a minimally required set of subchannels for full diversity and, hence, incurs the least decoding complexity among all full-diversity codes.     

Single-Carrier Single-Block Differential Space–Frequency Coding Transmission Over the Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

In this paper, a single-carrier single-block differential space-frequency block coding scheme for multiple input multiple output frequency-selective fading channels is proposed. In the proposed scheme, an alternative constant modulus single-carrier transmission is adopted, which significantly mitigates the sensitivity to the nonlinear distortion while having comparable lower complexity to the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulus. Based on this, subgrouping the signal transmit matrix through the block matrix method and fatherly differential space-frequency complex orthogonal coding on each subblocks, it not only transmits the differentially encoded signal matrix within one symbol block periods regardless of the number of transmit antennas, but also achieves the available spatial and frequency diversities without the requirement of multichannel estimation at the receiver. In the proposed scheme, it is only required that the fading channels keep approximately constant within each subblock during one symbol block transmission period, and thus can be more robust and effective to combat the channel rapidly fading with even lower bit error ratio. Theoretical analysis and corroborating simulation under various channel conditions shows that, our proposed scheme yields superior performance to previously proposed differential schemes.

Differentially encoded M-PSK block codes

Two schemes for differential encoding of blockcoded M-ary PSK signals are presented and compared. Both proposed schemes perform differential encoding after channel decoding for minimizing the performance penalty associated with differential schemes. The first scheme requires the block codes to be rotationally invariant and linear, whereas the second requires rotational invariance only. Examples of bit error rate performance are also presented     

一种分布式MIMO差分检测方法

本文提出一种无需信道估计的分布式MIMO差分编码及检测方法:发送端将发射符号进行相位差分调制后生成空时码矩阵进行发射,接收端利用前后接收量判断相位信息恢复出发送端数据信息.本文将该方法在不同信道传播时延场景下进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明,在相同E_b/N₀情况下,不同信道传播时延对应的误码率性能不同:在信道传播时延从0.1T_s到0.9T_s的变化过程中,误码率随信道传播时延的增大先降低后升高,当信道传播时延为0.6T_s左右误码率达到最低,存在使系统误码率性能较好的信道传播时延.     

A New Data Rotation Based CP Synchronization Scheme for OFDM Systems

In this paper, a new data rotation scheme for improving the symbol timing and carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. The new data rotation scheme intentionally introduces a cyclic shift after the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) in the transmitter so that a higher energy cyclic prefix (CP) is obtained. This cyclic shift will not impair the orthogonality among the subcarriers and will only results in phase shift in the demodulated signal at the receiver. To recover the cyclic shift and for data detection, the scheme makes use of double differential encoding and decoding at the transmitter and the receiver. We analyze the performance of the new data rotation scheme by using order statistics theory. Our results show that the new scheme can provide a 1.6 dB gain in the performance of the CFO estimator and a 6 dB gain for the timing estimator at 15 dB SNR over AWGN channel, as well as a 6 dB gain in lock-in probability and a 4 dB gain in CFO performance at 5 dB SNR over frequency selective fading channel.     

Efficient Hybrid Modulation/Demodulation Scheme Using Differential Encoding/Decoding for UWB-IR

An efficient hybrid modulation/demodulation scheme using a short duration pulse in the time-domain for ultra wideband-impulse radio (UWB-IR) systems is proposed. The proposed modulation scheme is pulse position modulation (PPM) of the UWB-IR standard modulation combined with differential encoding, and non-coherent energy detection (ED) adopting differential decoding is proposed for demodulation. Differential encoding makes a pulse that can transfer additive information bit into bits assigned in one symbol without increasing the symbol period. The BER performance is evaluated for 2-PPM, 4-PPM and the proposed HD-2PPM (which has the same symbol duration as BPPM and includes two information bits per symbol). The error performance indicates that the proposed scheme is an outstanding 0.5 dB over existing schemes of UWB-IR, and the data-rate performance shows that the proposed method has higher spectral efficiency than conventional methods that occupy the same duration as the proposed scheme.

     

Differential spatial modulation scheme based on orthogonal space-time block coded

Focusing on the problem that differential spatial modulation (DSM) couldn’t obtain transmit diversity and has high decoding complexity,a new differential spatial modulation scheme based on the orthogonal space-time block code was proposed and the proposed scheme is called OSTBC-DSM.There were two matrices in this scheme:the spatial modulation matrix and the symbol matrix.The former was aimed to activate different transmit antennas by setting the position of nonzero elements,and the latter structured symbolic matrix by using orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) as the basic code block.The proposed scheme could obtain full transmit diversity and higher spectral efficiency compared with the conventional DSM schemes.Moreover,the OSTBC-DSM supported linear maximum likelihood (ML) decoding.The simulation results show that under different spectral efficiencies,the proposed OSTBC-DSM scheme has better bit error rate (BER) performance than other schemes.     

Low-complexity multipath diversity through fractional sampling in OFDM

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) enables low-complexity equalization and has been adopted in several wireless standards. However, OFDM cannot exploit multipath diversity without computationally complex coding and decoding. We show here that by sampling at a rate higher than the symbol rate, which is also known as fractional sampling (FS), one can improve the diversity that the wireless channel can provide in an OFDM system. We propose maximal ratio combining at each subcarrier for the FS-OFDM system, argue that the diversity gains acquired through this approach are related to the spectral shape of the pulse and its excess bandwidth, and derive analytical bit error and symbol error rate expressions for our scheme. We also explore extensions to differentially encoded systems that do not require channel status information at the receiver, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems that exploit space diversity, and low peak-to-average (PAR) options such as zero-padded (ZP) and cyclic-prefix only (CP-only) transmissions. We corroborate our approach with simulations.     

Linear constellation precoding for OFDM with maximum multipath diversity and coding gains

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) converts a frequency-selective fading channel into parallel flat-fading subchannels, thereby simplifying channel equalization and symbol decoding. However, OFDM's performance suffers from the loss of multipath diversity, and the inability to guarantee symbol detectability when channel s occur. We introduce a linear constellation precoded OFDM for wireless transmissions over frequency-selective fading channels. Exploiting the correlation structure of subchannels and choosing system parameters properly, we first perform an optimal subcarrier grouping to divide the set of subchannels into subsets. Within each subset, a linear constellation-specific precoder is then designed to maximize both diversity and coding gains. While greatly reducing the decoding complexity and simplifying the precoder design, subcarrier grouping enables the maximum possible diversity and coding gains. In addition to reduced complexity, the proposed system guarantees symbol detectability regardless of channel s, and does not reduce the transmission rate. Analytic evaluation and corroborating simulations reveal its performance merits.     

High Diversity Transceiver for Low Power Differentially Encoded OFDM System

In this work, we investigate differentially encoded blind transceiver design in low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) regimes for orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling. Owing to the fact that acquisition of channel state information is not viable for short coherence times or in low SNR regimes, we propose a time‐spread frequency‐encoded method under OFDM modulation. The repetition (spreading) of differentially encoded symbols allows us to achieve a target energy per bit to noise ratio and higher diversity. Based on the channel order, we optimize subcarrier assignment for spreading (along time) to achieve frequency diversity of an OFDM modulated signal. We present the performance of our proposed transceiver design and investigate the impact of Doppler frequency on the performance of the proposed differentially encoded transceiver design. To further improve reliability of the decoded data, we employ capacity‐achieving low‐density parity‐check forward error correction encoding to the information bits.     

Exploiting error-control coding and cyclic-prefix in channel estimation for coded OFDM systems

OFDM systems typically use coding and interleaving across subchannels to exploit frequency diversity on frequency-selective channels. This letter presents a low-complexity iterative algorithm for blind and semi-blind joint channel estimation and soft decoding in coded OFDM systems. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the channel finite delay-spread constraint and the extra observation offered by the cyclic-prefix. It converges within a single OFDM symbol and, therefore, has a minimum latency.     

A distributed differentially encoded OFDM scheme for asynchronous cooperative systems with low probability of interception

Recently, Li, Hwu and Ratazzi have proposed a physical-layer security design to guarantee low probability of interception (LPI) for MIMO systems without relying on upperlayer data encryption. The proposed scheme utilizes antenna array redundancy to deliberately randomize the transmitted signals to prevent eavesdropping. Motivated by their idea, in this paper we design a physical-layer transmission scheme to achieve LPI in cooperative systems. There are two major differences in cooperative systems: 1) each relay node may have only one antenna that can not provide antenna array redundancy for signal randomization; 2) there may exist timing errors due to the asynchronous nature of cooperative systems. Considering the two differences, we propose a distributed differentially encoded OFDMtransmission scheme with deliberate signal randomization to prevent eavesdropping and exploit the available spatial and frequency diversities in asynchronous cooperative systems. We use diagonal unitary codes to perform the differential encoding in the frequency domain over subcarriers within each OFDM block, or we use general (not necessarily diagonal) unitary codes to perform the differential encoding in the frequency domain across several OFDM blocks. By some deliberate signal randomization, the eavesdropper can not detect the transmitted symbols, while the authorized receiver can perform differential decoding successfully without the knowledge of the channels or the timing errors.     

Low‐Complexity Symbol Timing Offset Estimation Schemes for OFDM Systems

In this paper, we propose three symbol synchronization schemes for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) systems. The cyclic extension preceding OFDM symbols is of decisive importance for these schemes. The first scheme uses the phase‐differential coding of the received OFDM signal. The second and the third schemes use the length of the received OFDM signal. All three schemes make symbol synchronization possible, even though there is a frequency offset in the system. Simulation results show that these schemes can be used to synchronize an OFDM system over AWGN and multi‐path fading channels.     

Frames theoretic analysis of zero-padding OFDM over deep fading wireless channels

The performance of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems may be severely deteriorated when passing through wireless channels with the spectral s. Zero-Padding (ZP) for the OFDM signal guarantees the symbol recovery regardless of the channel spectral s if complicated ZP-OFDM-MMSE equalizer is used. In this paper we first establish a connection between ZP-OFDM and DFT codes and then two novel signal reconstruction schemes, signal projection and low-complexity signal reconstruction, are presented to deal with the spectral s based on the frames theory. The simulation results demonstrate that significant performance improvement can be achieved using our proposed methods over the so-called ZP-OFDM overlap and add (ZP-OFDM OLA) scheme.     

在频率选择性信道中的差分空频编码

本文提出了频率选择性衰变信道中采用了差分空频编码的正交频分复用(OFDM)传输方法。根据信道长度,我们将每个天线OFDM帧中的输入数据分组,同一组中各天线上的数据编码组成为一个对角信号星座,沿频域方向独立的对每组信号实施差分编码。通过分析成对错误概率,我们证明了这种码潜在能提供的分集是发射天线数,接收天线数和信道长度的乘积,比差分空时码具有更大分集增益,因而具有更好的性能,这一分析结果也为我们的仿真实验证实了。     

A differential detection scheme for transmit diversity

We present a transmission scheme for exploiting diversity given by two transmit antennas when neither the transmitter nor the receiver has access to channel state information. The new detection scheme can use equal energy constellations and encoding is simple. At the receiver, decoding is achieved with low decoding complexity. The transmission provides full spatial diversity and requires no channel state side information at the receiver. The scheme can be considered as the extension of differential detection schemes to two transmit antennas     

Bit Interleaved Time-Frequency Coded Modulation for OFDM Systems Over Time-Varying Channels

Bit Interleaved Time-Frequency Coded Modulation for OFDM Systems Over Time-Varying Channels Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising technology in broadband wireless communications with its ability in transforming a frequency selective fading channel into multiple flat fading channels. However, the time-varying characteristics of wireless channels induce the loss of orthogonality among OFDM sub-carriers, which was generally considered harmful to system performance. In this paper, we propose a bit interleaved time–frequency coded modulation (BITFCM) scheme for OFDM to achieve both time and frequency diversity inherent in broadband time-varying channels. We will show that the time-varying characteristics of the channel are beneficial to system performance. Using the BITFCM scheme and for relatively low maximum normalized Doppler frequency, a reduced complexity Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoding approach is proposed to achieve good performance with low complexity as well. For high maximum normalized Doppler frequency, the inter-carrier interference (ICI) can be large and an error floor will be induced. To solve this problem, we propose two ICI mitigation schemes by taking advantage of the second order channel statistics and the complete channel information, respectively. It will be shown that both schemes can reduce the ICI significantly.