间隙强化FeMnCoCr亚稳高熵合金及其低温/临氢服役性能研究进展

以马氏体/孪晶相变为主要变形机制的FeMnCoCr系亚稳高熵合金以其优异的综合力学性能,倍受结构材料研究领域的关注,在氢能储运、吸能保护和深空深海等领域极具应用潜力,尤其是深低温/临氢等复杂服役场景增多,复杂的场景对金属结构材料提出了更严苛的性能要求。非金属元素间隙/置换强化是进一步提升该体系力学性能的主要手段,马氏体相变诱导塑性变形机制和多种复杂界面结构为拓展其在低温/临氢环境服役带来可能。本文围绕显微组织、精细结构和力学性能的最新研究进展,首先概述了近年来FeMnCoCr亚稳高熵合金发展动态,然后总结了几类常用非金属元素间隙/置换亚稳高熵合金调控方法和强化机理,最后概括了FeMnCoCr系亚稳高熵合金在低温/临氢服役环境中的影响机制,并展望了FeMnCoCr系亚稳高熵合金未来的研究方向和发展趋势。     

增材制造高强韧高熵合金中基于切变型相变的微裂纹抑制机理

研究选区激光熔化增材制造FeMnCoCrNi体系高熵合金的微裂纹行为,并采用XRD技术对激光打印后样品表面的残余应力进行分析。结果表明,经激光打印后等原子比FeMnCoCrNi高熵合金显示为稳定的单相面心立方(FCC)结构,出现残余拉应力,并产生微裂纹。相比之下,具有低层错能的非等原子比亚稳FeMnCoCr高熵合金在各种激光能量密度下均出现残余压应力,且无微裂纹形成。在激光熔化后的冷却过程中,亚稳高熵合金中发生的从FCC基体相到密排六方(HCP)相的切变型相变消耗了激光打印过程中的热应力,从而抑制微裂纹的产生。此外,相比于单相稳定高熵合金,亚稳高熵合金在拉伸变形过程中马氏体相变也有助于提高其抗拉强度和延展性。这些结果为增材制造领域设计开发高强、高韧、无裂纹的合金提供有益参考。     

近几年马氏体相变研究的进展

综合整理了近年来马氏体相变试验研究的新成果.认为马氏体相变切变过程缺乏热力学可能性.指出马氏体在晶界、相界面、位错等缺陷处形核,并非共格切变过程.发现板条状马氏体、片状马氏体中均存在堆垛层错亚结构；高密度位错、孪晶、堆垛层错亚结构的形成并非切变所致；马氏体形貌的演化系应变能起主导作用,与切变无关；马氏体表面浮凸是相变比...     

马氏体相变理论研究的最新进展

马氏体相变的切变机制存在误区,研究马氏体相变的形核、长大、组织形貌及亚结构等具有重要理论价值和实际意义。本文综合整理了近年来马氏体相变试验研究的新成果,指出马氏体在晶界、相界面、位错等缺陷处形核,并非切变形核;发现板条状马氏体中存在层错亚结构。位错、孪晶亚结构的形成也非切变所致;马氏体组织形貌的演化与应变能有密切关系;马氏体表面浮凸是相变比体积增大所致,N型切变缺乏试验依据。     

马氏体相变研究的最新进展(四)

正3.2.4有色金属合金中的马氏体孪晶图47是Cu-11.42Al-0.35Be-0.18B合金的马氏体组织中的孪晶形貌,可见呈现竹节状,竹节长短不等。图48是Cu-11Al合金的马氏体组织的电镜照片,可见马氏体片中存在贯穿的层错,层错微细而分布较为均匀。由于这类马氏体的亚结构以微细层错为主,甚至为全层错亚结构,故可称为层错型马氏体。层错亚结构也不能用切变机制解释。     

QA19—2合金脱铝腐蚀的TEM研究

针对QA19－2合金在海洋环境中亚稳β相优先脱铝腐蚀的问题，利用TEM，EDX以及XRD分析，对其发生脱铝和未发生脱铝的区域进行了细致的研究。结果表明，QA19－2合金的脱铝腐蚀与亚稳β1相的马氏体相变有关，腐蚀优先发生在相变产物片状β′、相区，β′1马氏体相的优先腐蚀是由有序的DO3结构及其内部存在的大量层错造成的。同时在TEM下观察到脱铝腐蚀形成的小孔及高含铝量的细小腐蚀产物。     

热机械处理Al-Co-Fe-Ni共晶高熵合金组织性能研究

共晶高熵合金具有优异的强塑性匹配,同时还兼具传统共晶合金良好的铸造性能,对高熵合金的实际化应用有着重大的意义。而如何进一步提升共晶高熵合金的强塑性能,成为了高熵合金领域的研究热点。本文以Al₂₁Co_19.5Fe_9.5Ni₅₀共晶高熵合金为研究对象,探究了热机械处理对合金微观组织和拉伸力学性能的影响规律。并结合合金微观组织和相结构对合金应变硬化能力的影响,阐明了热机械处理条件下合金的变形机制及其对合金力学性能的影响。结果表明,经过热机械处理后合金由共晶层片组织转变为近完全等轴晶组织,且FCC相中析出L1₂相。热机械处理后合金在拉伸变形过程中,随着应变量的增加FCC相内位错密度增加,B2相发生应力诱发马氏体相变而形成具有相互交错孪晶结构的L1₀相,最终在FCC相与B2相双重强化机制下,表现出更高的屈服强度(551 MPa)和断裂伸长率(10.2%),加工硬化率曲线出现显著变化。     

板条状马氏体的亚结构及形成机制

研究马氏体亚结构及形成机制具有重要理论意义和应用价值.应用35CrMo等材料,淬火为马氏体组织,采用JEM-2100电镜观察马氏体形貌和亚结构,发现35CrMo钢马氏体为板条状,亚结构除了高密度缠结位错外,还有高密度层错.结合2Cr13、Fe-15 Ni-0.6C合金试样的浮凸试验,应用隧道扫描显微镜观察表面马氏体浮雕形貌,测定浮凸的微细尺寸.综合上述试验结果,分析位错、层错形成机制.发现浮凸效应中没有出现位错滑移迹象,认为切变模型不能解释高密度位错和层错的形成.最后应用马氏体相变新机制分析了高密度缠结位错、精细层错的形成.     

N对TWIP钢马氏体相变及力学性能的影响

以传统TWIP钢为对比,测试了含N TWIP钢的力学性能,并利用XRD进行物相分析和TEM进行做观结构表征.结果表明,在由fcc或hcp结构向bcc结构马氏体进行相变时,晶体结构中的最大间隙由0.1047 nm降低至0.0725 nm.间隙原子N的存在显著增大bcc结构的晶格畸变能,提高α马氏体切变的阻力,因而强烈抑制α马氏体相变,导致组织中hcp结构ε相含量大幅度增加,提高了TWIP钢的强度,但也降低了钢的塑性.另外,奥氏体平均和区域层错几率的计算及微观组织分析结果表明,形变增加层错的数量,而马氏体相变消耗层错,从而减少层错数量.     

TC21合金时效过程中的相变研究

采用XRD、SEM、TEM及显微硬度测试等手段,系统研究了TC21合金固溶处理后的相变以及合金在550～850℃时а"相在时效过程中的分解机制及组织演变规律,结果表明:1000℃固溶30 min淬火后,TC21合金形成а"马氏体,且合金中存在少量β及O相(Ti2AlNb);随时效温度的升高,а"相逐步发生а"→а+а"_高→а+β_(亚稳)→а+β,а"+а'+β_(亚稳)→а+β,а"→а+β等分解过程;TC21合金的显微硬度依赖于时效温度和时效时间,时效时间延长,合金显微硬度先迅速增大,达到最大值后再逐渐减小.时效温度升高时,合金显微硬度达到最大值的时间缩短,且合金最终的显微硬度随时效温度的升高而降低.     

Deformation and annealing behaviors of high-entropy alloy Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi

This investigation explores the deformation and annealing behaviors of high-entropy alloys using a ductile high-entropy alloy of Al_0.5CoCrCuFeNi. This alloy had excellent workability and exhibited a large work hardening capacity in both hot forging and cold rolling. The main deformation and hardening mechanisms during cold work are uniquely associated with the nanotwinning deformation of this alloy. The easy formation of nanotwins appears to result from the blockage by the Widmanstätten Cu-rich precipitates of local slip deformation in a space of several tens nanometers, and the low stacking fault energy, which promotes the nucleation of nanotwins. This alloy was fully annealed in 5 h at 900 °C, revealing its significantly higher resistances to static anneal softening than traditional alloys with comparable melting points. This resistance is attributable to extensive solution hardening, low stacking fault energy, and the effect of sluggish diffusion on high-entropy alloys.     

亚稳态β钛合金的成分设计、变形机制与力学性能研究进展

本文介绍了当前孪晶塑性/相变塑性(TWIP/TRIP)钛合金的研究现状和设计方法,统计了TWIP/TRIP钛合金中发生{332}<113>、{112}<111>双孪晶钛合金β相的晶粒尺寸、屈服强度和加工硬化率。讨论了Bo-Md图在多组元钛合金设计上的应用和局限性,特别是析出不同二次相(α相与ω相)对基体β相稳定性的影响。从基体β相稳定性、析出相、β相晶粒尺寸和晶体学取向三方面归纳了亚稳态β钛合金TWIP/TRIP变形机制的影响因素,并对其中存在的一些问题和不足进行了分析,简要总结了双孪晶机制对钛合金力学性能的影响。通过综述最新的研究进展及相关问题,对未来高强韧钛合金的发展提出新见解。     

Reverse Transformation in [110]-Oriented Face-Centered-Cubic Single Crystals Studied by Atomic Simulations

Bidirectional transformations, which are achieved by triggering both dynamic forward transformation from the face-centered-cubic (fcc) austenite to the hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) martensite and the reverse transformation from martensite to austenite during cold deformation, have been previously reported in FeMnCoCr-based high-entropy alloys (HEAs). This leads to the permanent refinement of microstructure and hence enhances the work-hardening capacity of alloys. In order to reveal the microscopic mechanism of the reverse transformation in HEAs under deformation, the effect of the sample aspect ratio, i.e., Z/X, on the evolution of deformation systems in the equi-atomic FeMnCoCrNi alloy with [110] orientation during uniaxial tensile loading along the Z direction is investigated by atomic simulations in this study. When the aspect ratio is 0.5, the reverse transformation is more significant compared with other models, while a good plasticity can still be maintained. We then compare the micromechanical behavior of three fcc single crystals, i.e., FeMnCoCrNi, FeCuCoCrNi, and pure Cu. The results show that the stacking fault energy plays a major role in the activation of different deformation mechanisms; however, the lattice distortion in the HEA does not significantly affect the activation of deformation systems. Furthermore, for all materials dislocation slip leads to the softening, while strain hardening is attributed to the initiation of multiple deformation mechanisms. The Shockley partials slip leads to bidirectional phase transition, twinning and detwinning in the three materials. Thus, the reverse transformation can occur in all metallic materials where the fcc to hcp phase transformation is the dominant deformation mechanism. These findings contribute to an in-depth understanding of the deformation mechanism in fcc-structured materials under severe plastic deformation and provide theoretical guidance for the design of alloys with superior strength-plasticity combinations.     

Microstructural evolution and strain hardening of Fe–24Mn and Fe–30Mn alloys during tensile deformation

High Mn steels demonstrate an exceptional combination of high strength and ductility owing to their sustained high work hardening rate during deformation. In the present work, the microstructural evolution and work hardening of Fe–30Mn and Fe–24Mn alloys during uniaxial tensile testing at 293 K and 77 K were investigated. The Fe–30Mn alloy did not undergo significant strain-induced phase transformations or twinning during deformation at 293 K, whereas these transformations were observed during deformation at 77 K. A modified Kocks–Mecking model was successfully applied to describe the strain hardening behavior of Fe–30Mn at both temperatures, and quantitatively identified the influence of stacking fault energy and strain-induced phase transformations on dynamic recovery. The Fe–24Mn alloy underwent extensive ε martensite transformation during deformation at both test temperatures. An analytical micromechanical model was successfully used to describe the work hardening of Fe–24Mn and permitted the calculation of the ε martensite stress–strain curve and tensile properties.     

第二相对等径弯角挤压处理TiNi合金和Ti-Mo基合金力学性能及马氏体转变的影响

借助ECAP技术对TiNi合金和Ti-Mo基记忆合金在673~773K进行挤压处理,挤压路径为Bc,以获得超细晶组织,从而增强母相的强度,改进材料的性能。研究热力学稳定相及亚稳相对这两种合金的力学性能和马氏体转变的影响。结果表明,对于富钛TiNi合金,热力学稳定相Ti2Ni对马氏体转变及超弹性没有影响,而稳定相α相则可造成Ti-Mo-Nb-V-Al塑性降低。亚稳Ti3Ni4相对富镍TiNi合金的R相变、马氏体转变及超弹性有很大影响。并对第二相对TiNi合金和Ti-Mo基合金力学性能、马氏体转变的影响进行分析。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg–RE–TM Cast Alloys Containing Long Period Stacking Ordered Phases: A Review

Casting magnesium alloys hold the greatest share of magnesium application products due to their short processing period, low cost and near net shape forming. Compared with conventional commercial magnesium alloys or other Mg–RE-based alloys, the novel Mg–RE–TM cast alloys with long period stacking ordered(LPSO) phases usually possess a higher strength and are promising candidates for aluminum alloy applications. Up to now, two ways: alloying design and casting process control(including subsequent heat treatments), have been predominantly employed to further improve the mechanical properties of these alloys. Alloying with other elements or ceramic particles could alter the solidifi cation pattern of alloys, change the morphology of LPSO phases and refi ne the microstructures. Diff erent casting techniques(conventional casting, rapidly solidifi cation, directional solidifi cation, etc.) introduce various microstructure characteristics, such as dendritic structure, nanocrystalline, metastable phase, anisotropy. Further heat treatments could activate the transformation of various LPSO structures and precipitation of diverse precipitates. All these evolutions exert great impacts on the mechanical properties of the LPSO-containing alloys. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain a subject of debate. Therefore, this review mainly provides the state of the art of the casting magnesium alloys research and the accompanying challenges and summarizes some topics that merit future investigation for developing high-performance Mg–RE–TM cast alloys.     

低活化Fe36.41Cr28.06V35.53单相中熵合金的组织演化及性能研究

材料是核聚变堆应用的瓶颈问题之一。本文根据核聚变堆领域的要求使用低活化材料以及考虑到未来工程应用需要降低成本,选用低活化、低成本的Fe、Cr、V元素,依据最小吉布斯自由能准则设计出非等原子比Fe36.41Cr28.06V35.53单相中熵合金。采用真空熔炼的方法制备出该合金,并对其进行适当的热机处理。发现非等比Fe36.41Cr28.06V35.53合金在不同热机处理过程中没有发生相变,均为单相bcc固溶体,说明该合金相结构非常稳定。同时也与依据最小吉布斯自由能准则设计的结果吻合得非常好。Fe36.41Cr28.06V35.53合金的硬度高于传统耐热合金,在不同热机加工状态下合金的压缩塑性均大于50%,实现了强度和塑性的良好配合。在压缩变形过程中,由于偏析元素与位错的相互作用,合金的压缩应力—应变曲线出现锯齿流变行为。对Fe36.41Cr28.06V35.53合金进行了详细的微观组织表征,解释了该合金性能优异的微观机制。     

Kinetics of deformation processes in high-alloyed cast transformation-induced plasticity/twinning-induced plasticity steels determined by acoustic emission and scanning electron microscopy: Influence of austenite stability on deformation mechanisms

The austenite stability and the stacking fault energy of high-alloyed metastable transformation-induced plasticity/twinning-induced plasticity (TRIP/TWIP) steels, both depending on the chemical composition, have a strong influence on the deformation processes and stress/strain-induced martensitic phase transformation. Aiming at a better understanding of the kinetics of TRIP/TWIP-assisted plastic deformation, acoustic emission (AE) measurements were performed during room temperature tensile deformation of high-alloyed cast model steels with different austenite stability. The real-time AE investigations were complemented by detailed scanning electron microscopy investigations of deformed microstructures using electron backscattered diffraction to determine the martensitic phase transformation and electron channelling contrast to visualize dislocations and their arrangements. The quantitative AE analysis revealed different AE patterns at different plastic strains, which were correlated with underlying deformation mechanisms and microstructural transformations.     

Effect of Short-Range Ordering on the Strength-Ductility Synergy of Fine-Grained Cu-Mn Alloys at Different Temperatures

Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out at room temperature (RT) and 250 °C, respectively, to investigate the effect of short-range ordering (SRO) on the mechanical properties and deformation micromechanism of fine-grained (FG) Cu-Mn alloys with high stacking fault energy. The results show that at RT, with the increase in SRO degree, the strength of FG Cu-Mn alloys is improved without a loss of ductility, and corresponding deformation micromechanism is mainly manifested by a decrease in the size of dislocation cells. In contrast, at a high temperature of 250 °C, the SRO degree becomes violently enhanced with increasing Mn content, and the deformation microstructures thus transform from dislocation cells to planar slip bands and even to deformation twins, significantly enhancing the work hardening capacity of the alloys and thus achieving a better strength-ductility synergy of FG Cu-Mn alloys.