热处理工艺对疏浚工程用船体钢组织及磨粒磨损性能的影响

为了提高疏浚工程船用低碳低合金耐磨钢的耐磨性能,分别采用淬火+200 ℃低温回火、淬火+250 ℃配分、循环热处理3种热处理工艺对试验钢进行热处理,并借助扫描电镜与透射电镜分析组织与析出相,磨粒磨损试验机测试磨损质量损失,硬度计测试热处理钢的硬度。结果表明,试验钢淬火+200 ℃回火后得到回火马氏体,基体中有少量碳化物,回火马氏体仍呈板条状;淬火-配分试验钢得到马氏体加较多残留奥氏体;经循环热处理后,试验钢中马氏体板条消失,基体中有颗粒状(Nb,Ti)C析出相。试验钢淬火-回火后硬度为39.5 HRC,淬火-配分试验钢硬度为40.5 HRC,循环热处理试验钢硬度30.8 HRC。试验钢耐磨性与硬度成正比,试验钢经循环热处理后,磨损量最大,耐磨性能最差,淬火-回火试验钢次之,淬火-配分钢耐磨性能最好。3组试验钢磨粒磨损后试样表面均出现大量犁沟,磨损机制主要是塑性变形。     

热处理对高Cr热作模具钢组织和力学性能的影响

通过中频真空感应炉冶炼了试验钢,采用箱式电阻炉进行了热处理试验,并分析了预处理、淬火、回火等不同热处理下的组织、硬度变化规律,探讨了淬火温度对试验钢最终组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢预处理后的组织为高温回火马氏体+弥散的第二相,组织均匀细化,晶界连续的网状组织完全消除。淬火组织为板条马氏体+残余奥氏体,硬度较高;回火组织主要为回火马氏体+少量残余奥氏体,马氏体板条较为明显,硬度下降。随淬火温度提高,回火组织中回火马氏体板条更为细小化,残余奥氏体含量略有增加;试验钢淬火态、回火态硬度均提高;冲击功先略有降低,当淬火温度超过1040℃时又提高。     

回火温度对M50钢组织及摩擦磨损性能影响

采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、洛氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等研究了不同温度(160、300和540℃)回火处理对淬火态M50钢的微观组织、硬度及摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果 表明:经1090℃淬火后M50钢显微组织由马氏体、碳化物及残留奥氏体组成,硬度为64.5 HRC,残留奥氏体含量为18％;回火处理使M50钢组织中马氏体转变为回火马氏体,随着回火温度的升高,试验钢硬度先降低再升高,其中,300℃回火时试验钢的硬度较低,540℃回火出现二次硬化现象,硬度值较大,残留奥氏体含量较低约4％.摩擦磨损试验结果表明:540℃回火处理可以有效降低试验钢的摩擦系数和磨损率,其磨损机制为轻微磨粒磨损伴随粘着磨损.     

热处理对机床轴承用不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用真空感应炉冶炼了试验钢,并进行了不同工艺的热处理。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对组织进行了观察,对洛氏硬度进行了检测。结果表明,试验钢淬火组织主要为细小的板条马氏体+大量残余奥氏体+未溶析出相,经-80℃深冷处理、低温回火后残余奥氏体含量逐步减少;随着淬火温度提高,回火马氏体基体逐渐粗化,第二相粒子数量逐渐减少,尺寸也减小;1030℃淬火并深冷处理后在150℃回火,试验钢获得最高的硬度,随着回火温度提高,基体组织逐渐由回火马氏体转变为回火屈氏体再到回火索氏体,第二相粒子逐渐粗化;硬度值先几乎不变,当温度超过450℃硬度值迅速下降,650℃时降低至34HRC。     

27SiMn钢板条马氏体冲蚀磨损性能研究

对27SiMn钢三种淬火处理工艺获得的不同形态马氏体的磨损性能进行了研究,并与退火态进行对比.结果表明,采用亚温淬火+低温回火的热处理工艺获得的是板条马氏体+铁素体相间分布的细小、均匀的组织,具有较好的抗磨粒磨损及冲蚀磨损性能.     

合金元素对低合金耐磨钢组织及性能的影响

对不同合金元素含量的低合金耐磨钢进行淬火加回火热处理后,测试力学性能及－40 ℃冲击吸收能量,借助SEM、TEM等分析组织及析出相,研究合金元素对低合金耐磨钢的组织和性能的影响。结果表明：含有Ni、Cu、Cr、Mo等合金元素的试验钢淬火及190 ℃低温回火后均得到板条状马氏体组织,马氏体板条间有细小碳化物析出相。而没有添加Ni、Cu及少量添加Cr、Mo元素的试验钢淬透性降低,淬火及低温回火组织为马氏体及少量铁素体。添加Ni、Cu、Cr、Mo等合金元素的试验钢淬火及低温回火后得到较好的综合力学性能,最佳性能为屈服强度1218 MPa,抗拉强度1507 MPa,硬度429.5 HV,－40 ℃冲击吸收能量27.7 J。     

锥形磨浆机磨片用新型马氏体不锈钢的组织性能

针对锥形磨浆机磨片的工作条件和失效分析,设计制备了一种低碳马氏体不锈钢Fe-0.04C-15Cr-3Ni-0.5Mo-0.1Nb。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜以及硬度、冲击和摩损试验等方法研究了热处理工艺对试验钢显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在940~1100℃之间加热保温1 h后空冷淬火,显微组织为板条马氏体和均匀分布的细小颗粒状含Nb的MC型碳化物,随加热温度的升高原始奥氏体晶粒逐渐长大,MC型碳化物颗粒减少,硬度在1020℃达到最大值45.2 HRC;经1020℃淬火550~750℃之间回火后,随回火温度的升高,在原奥氏体晶界和板条界析出M23C6型碳化物,硬度先减小后增大,韧性先增大后减小,700℃回火时,冲击吸收功达到最大值102.8 J,硬度达到最小值33 HRC,750℃回火时,由于开始形成奥氏体和M23C6型碳化物的溶解,回火后的空冷过程中奥氏体又形成马氏体,使硬度升高,冲击吸收功降低,在550~700℃之间回火,试验钢的耐磨性随回火温度的升高而降低。     

两相区淬火对10Ni5CrMo钢组织与性能的影响

研究了10Ni5CrMo钢经调质处理和淬火 两相区淬火 回火(QLT)热处理后的组织与性能.结果表明,1ONiSCrMo钢经两相区淬火处理后,得到板条状的二次回火马氏体 铁素体的混合组织,并且在板条边界及板条内部析出逆转变奥氏体,该逆转变奥氏体与基体遵从K-S关系.10Ni5CrMo钢经QLT处理后改善了钢的回火稳定性,屈强比降低,尤其是低温韧性显著提高.随着回火温度的升高,逆转变奥氏体的含量增多.稳定的逆转变奥氏体提高了低温韧性.     

回火温度与钛含量对低合金耐磨钢组织及性能的影响

对两种不同Ti含量的低合金耐磨钢进行淬火后在160~540℃温度区间回火处理。结合冲击性能、力学性能及磨损实验的测试结果,利用SEM,TEM等对不同热处理状态实验钢的微观组织及析出相的分析,研究了回火工艺及组织演变对性能影响。结果表明,两组实验钢在190℃回火,均得到回火马氏体,回火马氏体形态仍然为板条状,板条间有(Nb,Ti,V)碳化物析出;而500℃回火时,马氏体板条消失,得到回火索氏体组织。两组实验钢淬火后在190℃与500℃回火时-20℃冲击功出现峰值,分别为40 J与60 J,其中Ti含量为0.09%的2号实验钢淬火及在190℃回火后,综合力学性能最佳,其屈服强度为1218 MPa,抗拉强度1507 MPa、硬度429.5 HV,伸长率17.5%,抗磨损性能也优于Ti含量较高(0.18%)的1号实验钢。     

冷处理对马氏体不锈钢组织和硬度的影响

将传统马氏体不锈钢9Cr18Mo和新型含氮马氏体不锈钢SV30钢进行1050℃淬火、-80℃低温冷处理和180℃回火。对比不同热处理状态下两种钢的硬度,用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析了显微组织及相组成。采用原位纳米力学测试系统Triboindenter测试了SV30钢中马氏体、残留奥氏体的纳米硬度。结果表明:SV30钢淬火后硬度仅为39.8 HRC,残留奥氏体含量高达67%;经冷处理后SV30钢残留奥氏体含量略微降低,但硬度显著提高至58 HRC。与冷处理促进传统马氏体不锈钢9Cr18Mo残留奥氏体继续转变导致硬度提高不同,冷处理促进了SV30钢中马氏体相内部的弥散析出强化,而大幅度提高了硬度。     

中锰高碳钢的冲击磨损性能及磨损机制

采用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、MLD-10冲击实验机和硬度实验机等检测手段,对不同处理制度条件下的中锰高碳钢在中低冲击载荷条件下的耐磨性能与其磨损机制进行了研究。结果表明:低冲击载荷条件下,热轧态中锰高碳钢具有最优异的冲击磨损性能,远高于冷轧态与其他热处理制度下的中锰高碳钢,其磨损机制为剥削磨损与凿削磨损;在中等冲击载荷条件下,450℃保温15 min样品的冲击磨损性能最优越,且磨损机制为剥削磨损、凿削磨损与塑性变形。     

奥氏体化温度对中碳低合金耐磨钢组织和耐磨性的影响

研究了奥氏体化温度对中碳低合金耐磨钢组织与耐磨性的影响。结果表明,在900℃奥氏体化温度下,通过中断空冷淬火处理,试验钢的显微组织为下贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,此时试验钢具有较好的强韧性配合及最佳的耐磨性。     

Selection criteria for wear resistant powder coatings under extreme erosive wear conditions

Wear-resistant thermal spray coatings for sliding wear are hard but brittle (such as carbide and oxide based coatings), which makes them useless under impact loading conditions and sensitive to fatigue. Under extreme conditions of erosive wear (impact loading, high hardness of abrasives, and high velocity of abradant particles), composite coatings ensure optimal properties of hardness and toughness. The article describes tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) systems and self-fluxing alloys, containing tungsten carbide based hardmetal particles [NiCrSiB-(WC-Co)] deposited by the detonation gun, continuous detonation spraying, and spray fusion processes. Different powder compositions and processes were studied, and the effect of the coating structure and wear parameters on the wear resistance of coatings are evaluated. The dependence of the wear resistance of sprayed and fused coatings on their hardness is discussed, and hardness criteria for coating selection are proposed. The so-called “double cemented” structure of WC-Co based hardmetal or metal matrix composite coatings, as compared with a simple cobalt matrix containing particles of WC, was found optimal. Structural criteria for coating selection are provided. To assist the end user in selecting an optimal deposition method and materials, coating selection diagrams of wear resistance versus hardness are given. This paper also discusses the cost-effectiveness of coatings in the application areas that are more sensitive to cost, and composite coatings based on recycled materials are offered.     

Tool wear monitoring of micro-milling operations

The mechanical removal of materials using miniature tools, known as micro-mechanical milling processes, has unique advantages in creating miniature 3D components using a variety of engineering materials, when compared with photolithographic processes. Since the diameter of miniature tools is very small, excessive forces and vibrations significantly affect the overall quality of the part. In order to improve the part quality and longevity of tools, the monitoring of micro-milling processes is imperative. This paper examines factors affecting tool wear and a tool wear monitoring method using various sensors, such as accelerometers, force and acoustic emission sensors in micro-milling. The signals are fused through the neuro-fuzzy method, which then determines whether the tool is in good shape or is worn. An optical microscope is used to observe the actual tool condition, based upon the edge radius of the tool, during the experiment without disengaging the tool from the machine. The effectiveness of tool wear monitoring, based on a number of different sensors, is also investigated. Several cutting tests are performed to verify the monitoring scheme for the miniature micro-end mills.     

Relative wear resistance of borided steels

Conclusions Among the steels investigated, the wear resistance in contact with anthracite was highest for steel 45 after boriding and heat treatment consisting of oil quenching from 850° and tempering at 180° for 2h.V. Ya. Chubar' Zaporozh'e Machine Construction Institute. Dneprovskii Electrode Factory, Zaporozh'e. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 9, pp. 70–71, September, 1976.     

Finite element modeling of erosive wear

Material damage caused by the attack of particles entrained in a fluid system impacting a surface at high speed is called ‘Erosion’. Erosion is a phenomenon that takes place in several engineering applications. It also can be used in several manufacturing process such as abrasive waterjet machining. Erosion is a complex process dependent on particle speed, size, angle of attack as well as the behavior of the eroded material. Extensive experimental results have been reported in the literature on the erosion of different materials. Simulating the erosion process through finite element enables the prediction of erosion behavior of materials under different conditions, which will substitute the need of experimentation, and will enable the identification of constants required for existing analytical models.In this paper, an elasto-plastic finite element (FE) model is presented to simulate the erosion process in 3D configuration. The FE model takes into account numerical and material damping, thermal elastic–plastic material behavior and the effect of multiple particle impacts as well as material removal. The workpiece material modeled was Ti–6Al–4V. The effects of strain hardening, strain rate and temperature were considered in the non-linear material model. Comparison against results reported in literature and erosion models by Finnie, Bitter and Hashish are made. It is shown that the predicted results are in agreement with published results obtained experimentally and from analytical erosion models.