基于遗传算法迭代学习的偏心轴廓形误差补偿研究

为了提高偏心轴类零件轮廓加工精度,引入遗传算法和迭代学习PID控制算法,利用遗传算法对偏心轴磨床不同转速下的X-C轴PID参数进行整定,再通过迭代学习PID控制方法对X-C轴进行迭代学习控制,减小偏心轴磨床X-C轴的跟踪误差,通过MATLAB的Simulink仿真工具建立偏心轴磨削迭代学习PID控制仿真程序,进行仿真实验。实验表明基于遗传算法的PID迭代学习控制比普通PID控制更能够有效控制X-C轴跟踪误差,提高偏心轴轮廓加工精度。     

反馈杆精密微细电火花加工工艺技术研究

为了解决电液伺服阀中关键功能部件反馈杆的加工难题,提出了对其进行精密电火花加工工艺的方案。通过分析反馈杆的实际工作状态,将其分为悬杆和球头两部分并分别进行电火花加工,制定出一次装夹同时实现反馈杆悬杆加工、反馈杆球头加工和在位检测的微细电火花加工解决方案。通过对加工工艺、加工精度和检测精度的分析,确定了R轴径向跳动、A轴端面跳动、Y轴定位精度和重复定位精度、Z轴定位精度和直线电机驱动的刚度检测平台是影响产品加工效率和加工质量的关键因素。     

NURBS interpolator for constant material removal rate in open NC machine tools

Conventionally used linear or circular interpolators are undesirable for the precision machining of 3D free-form surfaces for the following reasons: the transmission errors due to the huge number of point data, discontinuity of curve segmentation, and unsmooth motion speed. In this regard, modern CNC machine tools are designed with a function for machining arbitrary parametric curves. However, these systems do not consider controlling feedrate adaptively, which dominates the quality of the machining process. This paper proposes a NURBS interpolator based on the adaptive feedrate control for the constant material removal rate. This is accomplished by varying feedrate using the curvature of a surface. The curvature-compensated feedrate system has important potential applications in ensuring part accuracy and protecting the cutting tool. The simulated and experimental results show it is applicable to real machining.     

Micro-end-milling of single-crystal silicon

Ductile-regime machining of silicon using micro-end-mill is almost impossible because of the brittle properties of silicon, crystal orientation effects, edge radius of the cutter and the hardness of tool materials. Micro-end-milling can potentially be used to create desired three dimensional (3D) free form surface features using the ductile machining technology for single-crystal silicon. There is still a lack of fundamental understanding of micro-end-milling of single-crystal silicon using diamond-coated tool, specifically basic understanding of material removal mechanism, cutting forces and machined surface integrity in micro-scale machining of silicon. In this paper, further research to understand the chip formation mechanism was conducted. An analysis was performed to discover how the chips are removed during the milling process. Brittle and ductile cutting regimes corresponding to machined surfaces and chips are discussed. Experiments have shown that single-crystal silicon can be ductile machined using micro-end-milling process. Forces generated when micro-end-milling single-crystal silicon are used to determine the performance of the milling process. Experimental results show that the dependence of the cutting force on the uncut chip thickness can be well described by a polynomial function order n. As cutting regime becomes more brittle, the cutting force has more complex function.     

数控机床动态轨迹误差仿真与优化研究

在介绍数控机床加工轨迹运动控制原理的基础上,对数控机床动态轨迹误差进行了仿真研究,得出数控机床动态轨迹误差与拟加工曲线的曲率和机床进给速度相关的结论。在待加工的工件几何曲线曲率已定情况下,提出了变进给速度的数控机床动态轨迹误差优化策略,仿真结果表明:该控制策略能够有效地减少机床动态轨迹误差量,提高相关轨迹曲线的加工精度。     

微细超声加工机床运动控制系统设计

微细超声加工机床设计包括硬件设计与运动控制系统设计,运动控制系统是机床的核心组成部分,直接或者间接地影响到加工质量与加工效率。采用宏微复合的硬件设计结构能有效地保证运动控制精度,针对精密微三维运动平台,基于LabVIEW开发了微细超声加工中的运动控制系统,该系统包括初始化模块、粗对刀模块、精确对刀模块、绝对坐标实时显示模块、数据采集模块与加工模块。将微细工具所受的实时力与微三维运动平台的运动结合形成闭环控制,能有效地实现精确对刀以及恒压力进给加工。最后,对控制系统进行了测试,研究了恒力控制范围与增量位移、进给速度、回退速度之间的关系。     

非导电陶瓷特种加工复合磨削技术

概述了国内外非导电陶瓷磨削加工技术的研究进展.对延性域磨削和半延展性磨削、在线电解修整磨削、电化学在线控制修整磨削等精密、超精密磨削加工技术及超声波辅助磨削、激光预热辅助磨削、机械电解电火花复合磨削、电火花磨削等特种加工复合磨削技术的原理、特点进行了分析评述.提出了非导电陶瓷的电火花诱导可控烧蚀磨削加工技术,并介绍了其...     

Experimental investigation to study the effect of solid lubricants on cutting forces and surface quality in end milling

Milling is a widely employed material removal process for different materials. It is characterized by high material removal rate. Machining leads to high friction between tool and workpiece, and can result in high temperatures, impairing the dimensional accuracy and the surface quality of products. Application of conventional cutting fluid may not effectively control the heat generation in milling. Besides, cutting fluids are a major source of pollution. Solid lubricant assisted machining is an environmental friendly clean technology for desirable control of cutting temperature. The present work investigates the role of solid lubricant assisted machining with graphite and molybdenum disulphide lubricants on surface quality, cutting forces and specific energy while machining AISI 1045 steel using cutting tools of different tool geometry (radial rake angle and nose radius). The performance of solid lubricant assisted machining has been studied in comparison with that of wet machining. The results indicate that there is a considerable improvement in the process performance with solid lubricant assisted machining as compared to that of machining with cutting fluids.     

High speed CNC system design. Part III: high speed tracking and contouring control of feed drives

A servo control system capable of delivering rapid and accurate feed motion is a necessity for high speed machine tools. The control law must be designed to provide a high tracking bandwidth as well as adequate disturbance rejection and parameter variation robustness, in order minimize the following errors in each axis. This also contributes to the minimization of the contour errors in the machined part. This paper provides a systematic approach for designing such a control law. Position, velocity, and disturbance estimates are obtained using a Kalman filter. The feedback loop is closed using a pole placement controller with disturbance cancellation, in order to counteract the detrimental effects of friction, cutting forces, and drive parameter variations. The overall tracking bandwidth is widened by compensating for the closed loop dynamics in a feedforward manner. Also, the tracking errors due to friction transients at the corners and arc quadrants are reduced by precompensating for the expected friction forces. The contribution of each component in the control scheme to the contouring accuracy has been experimentally verified, and the overall contouring performance has been demonstrated in high speed machining tests. The experimental results were obtained using the smooth trajectory generation algorithm and identified axis and friction models which have been presented in Parts I and II respectively, of this paper.     

不同材料去除模式下激光加热辅助切削氮化硅陶瓷表面粗糙度研究

激光加热辅助切削因其工艺空间大、经济性高、可得到高质量表面成为工程陶瓷等脆硬材料的高效加工方式。通过改变激光功率和切削深度两组单因素试验,研究了激光加热辅助切削氮化硅陶瓷（Si3N4）不同加工状态下表面粗糙度值的变化规律。结果表明:材料被塑性去除时,Ra和Rq值均小于被脆性去除和产生热损伤时得到的值。未产生热损伤时,Ra和Rq值随工件软化程度增大而减小。在塑性去除模式下,轮廓高度幅值曲线更加趋于对称和正态分布,表面轮廓更加精细。     

High-frequency tool-spindle for multifunctional, replaceable rotor-modules

The increasing demand for micro-parts and -structures requires micro-tools, precision machines and components. For machining the microparts, tool-spindles with very high rotational speeds of the spindle rotor are needed. In this paper a new developed small high-frequency tool-spindle capable for use of multifunctional micro machining and measuring tools is introduced.     

三轴数控机床加工精度可靠性分析

机床作为机械制造业的基础,几何误差、热误差、装配误差等都会影响数控机床的加工精度,数控机床加工精度的高低直接决定产品的生产质量。为保证数控机床对产品的加工质量,需要对数控机床的加工误差数据处理,求得数控机床加工精度可靠性,而一次二阶矩法和蒙特卡罗法是常用的可靠性分析方法。以三轴数控机床为研究对象,针对给定的误差数据,运用一次二阶矩法和蒙特卡罗法分析出数控机床加工精度可靠性。此分析对提高数控机床加工精度及保证使用寿命具有重要指导意义和参考价值。     

Progress in fluidized bed assisted abrasive jet machining (FB-AJM): Internal polishing of aluminium tubes

This paper deals with the internal finishing of tubular components made from a high strength aluminium alloy (AA 6082 T6) using a fluidized bed assisted abrasive jet machining (FB-AJM) system.Firstly, a Taguchi's experimental plan was used to investigate the influence of abrasive jet speed, machining cycle, and abrasive mesh size on surface roughness and material removal trends. Secondly, the leading finishing mechanisms were studied using combined 3d profilometer-SEM analysis to monitor the evolution of the surface morphology of machined workpieces. Finally, the circumferential uniformity and precision machining of the inner surface of workpieces were tested by evaluating the values of the more significant roughness parameters in different circumferential locations.Consistent trends of surface roughness vs. operational parameters were measured, and significant material removal was found to affect the workpieces during machining. As a result, FB-AJM was found to preferentially machine the asperities and irregularities of the surface, thereby altering the overall surface morphology producing more regular and smoother finishing. Moreover, the good circumferential uniformity and machining accuracy FB-AJM guarantees even on ductile aluminium alloy workpieces ensure that this technology can be applied to a diverse set of industrial components.     

一种进给伺服系统非线性PID交叉耦合控制

提高多轴伺服系统的轮廓跟随性能是现代计算机数控加工的重要应用之一。针对传统交叉耦合控制方法对自由曲线轨迹的轮廓跟踪精度较差以及传统PID控制系统抗扰性和鲁棒性较差的问题,提出一种基于自抗扰控制的交叉耦合轮廓误差补偿综合控制策略,该策略由用于位置环反馈控制和轮廓误差补偿的新型非线性PID (NLPID )、位置伺服控制器 TNP-ADRC 和基于NLPID的变增益交叉耦合控制器组成。在MATLAB/Simulink环境下对方波信号跟踪和标准圆轮廓加工过程中轮廓误差的变化情况进行仿真,仿真结果表明：与传统PID交叉耦合控制相比,该方法不仅能够有效提高系统的鲁棒性以及抗干扰能力,并且能够显著提高多轴运动控制系统的轮廓加工精度。     

Effect of tilt angle on cutting regime transition in glass micromilling

Recent development in mechanical micromachining technology has increased the realization of micromachining as a feasible manufacturing process of micro-scale components including glass-based devices. It has been found that glass can be machined in a ductile regime under certain controlled cutting configurations. However, favorable ductile regime machining instead of brittle regime machining in micromilling of brittle glass is still not fully understood as a function of cutting configuration. In this study, the effect of tilt angle along the feed direction on cutting regime transition has been studied in micromilling crown glass with a micro-ball end mill. Straight glass grooves were machined in water bath by varying the tool tilt angle and the feed rate, and the resulting surface was characterized using the scanning electron microscope and the profilometer to investigate the glass cutting regime transition. In characterizing the cutting regimes in glass micromilling, rubbing, ductile machining, and brittle machining regimes are hypothesized according to the undeformed chip thickness. It is found that a crack-free glass surface can be better machined in the ductile mode using a 45° tilt angle and feed rates up to 0.32 mm/min. During each milling pass, surface roughness was found to decrease from the entry zone to the groove bottom and then increase to the exit zone regardless of the cutting regime.     

Application of grey predictor and fuzzy speed regulator in controlling a retrofitted machining table

In this work, the control plant is an a.c. servo motor retrofitted traditional manually operated milling machine with a lead-screw transmission system. This obsolescent milling machine has non-linear time-varying behavior due to obvious backlash and irregular coulomb friction of the sliding surfaces. The system model is difficult to derive and identify for classical control design. In order to achieve the objectives of reducing the tracking error and path error and increasing the motion speed, a combination of PI control with grey prediction, cross-coupling and feedforward control loops and fuzzy speed regulator is proposed to control this machining table. The grey prediction loop is employed to improve the robustness and tracking accuracy of the control system. The fuzzy speed regulator is used to achieve the maximum machining speed under a specified error tolerance. The experimental results show that this control method achieves satisfactory performance of transient response, tracking and robustness under the influence of about 0.4 mm backlash on each axis and large stick-slip friction. This performance verifies the applicability of this economical approach to the automation of traditional milling machines.     

Intelligent cross-coupled fuzzy feedrate controller design for CNC machine tools based on genetic algorithms

In this paper, an intelligent contour control strategy has been investigated to improve the contour error of CNC machine tools. An uncoupled contour control system is first analyzed and then a cross-coupled controller is added in the control loop to form a cross-coupled contour control system. An algorithm for an on-line estimation of the contour error in arbitrary curved contouring is also proposed. To further reduce the contour error, a cross-coupled fuzzy feedrate control scheme is presented. The controller parameters are all optimized by a genetic based learning algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed control scheme is effective to improve the contouring accuracy of CNC machine tools.     

微细电火花加工及表面重铸层电解去除装置的设计

微细电火花加工工件表面的重铸层影响加工精度和使用性能,为此设计了具有微细电火花加工及电解去除表面重铸层功能的集成装置。该装置由运动平台、伺服控制、脉冲电源等关键部分组成,集成了微细电火花和微细电解加工功能。针对不同加工方法采用不同的控制策略,解决了微细电火花加工与电解加工在同一设备上的集成问题。通过实验验证,该装置可以很好地实现微细电火花加工表面重铸层的在线去除,且去除厚度可通过改变加工参数的形式来控制。     

基于FPGA的网络型运动控制芯片设计

针对运动控制系统网络化、集成化的需求,提出了一款基于FPGA的网络型运动控制芯片设计方案.在单片FPGA中实现了以太网网络芯片的控制、数据协议解析、运动控制精插补器和编码器反馈接口,与上位机、网络主站构成运动控制网络,可以驱动步进电机、位置模式伺服驱动器,实现高效集成的网络化运动控制,适合在多通道复合数控机床、多轴运动控制等场合应用.仿真与实验验证了方案的可行性.     

Ductile shear failure damage modelling and predicting built-up edge in steel machining

This paper reports an improved ductile shear failure model for steels and its application, through finite element simulations, to predicting the conditions for built-up edge formation in steel machining. The model has two parts, a standard damage accumulation law and (the improved part) how damage affects the steel's flow stress after failure. The accumulation law includes a strain to failure with inverse exponential dependence on hydrostatic pressure and reducing in a blue-brittle temperature range. The flow stress after failure remains finite in compressive hydrostatic conditions, to create a friction resistance to shear across the failure surface. Predictions of built-up edge formation depend strongly on strain hardening behaviour. This affects the hydrostatic stress field in the chip formation region. Simulations show the general features of built-up edge formation (a finite cutting speed range with an upper limit determined by increased ductility with temperature and a lower limit determined, depending on conditions, by insufficient heating for blue-brittleness, lower chip/tool friction or a change to unsteady chip formation). The simulations are tested against previously published observations of built-up edge formation in orthogonal cutting of a Russian steel equivalent to AISI 5130. To extend the work to a wider range of steels requires more data to be gathered on individual steels’ damage accumulation law coefficients. Also, at this stage, the simulations only predict the conditions (cutting speed, uncut chip thickness) in which built-up edge forms. They are not able to follow the growth of the built-up edge to its final shape.