Melody recognition: The experimental application of musical rules.

Three experiments tested the recognition of transposed 3-tone melodies in a standard 2-alternative forced-choice psychophysical paradigm. Melodies were tested alone or embedded in 1 of 3 types of contexts that varied in degree of conformity to the rules of diatonicism and cadential ending. Results, replicated for both piano and sine-tone stimuli, indicate significant effects of contextual conditions, key of error, and key of transposition. Ease of recognition in transposition was related to the identification and application of rules defining structures among tones and among tone sets, and to the use of rules for detecting structural violations. (French summary) (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical and experimental studies of intraoperative autotransfusion using a new filtration device

The Haemocell S-350 device has recently been introduced for intraoperative autotransfusion. The system uses a novel membrane filter to process shed blood. In the first part of this study a 0.2-micron pore size filter was used in a randomized trial comparing the use of autotransfusion (n = 8) with bank blood controls (n = 9) during aortic reconstruction. This part of the trial was abandoned because of unexpected non-surgical bleeding. Bank blood requirements fell from a median of 3.0 (range 0.0-9.0) units to 1.5 (range 0.0-7.0) units when autotransfusion was used, but these patients had a greater perioperative blood loss (1791 (range 932-3104) versus 1140 (range 440-3840) ml). There was evidence of postoperative heparin excess with an activated partial thromboplastin time ratio of 1.3 (range 0.9-3.0) versus 1.0 (range 1.0-1.2) in controls and an activated clotting time of 206 (range 143-280) versus 137 (range 107-142) s. This was confirmed by raised plasma heparin levels and a prolonged thrombin time normalized by protamine. To improve performance a 0.6-micron pore size filter was studied in ten patients. Filtration efficiency doubled from 19 to 38 per cent. Electron micrographs demonstrated better filter clearance, but 44 per cent of the original concentration of heparin remained in the reinfusate. The S-350 device may be an attractive alternative to centrifugation for intraoperative autotransfusion but, until efficiency is improved, it should only be used for cardiovascular surgery when excess heparin can be reversed with protamine.     

Clinical and experimental studies of zhenkeling oral liquor on treatment infantile cough

One hundred and seventy children with cough were divied into two groups at random. 120 patient were treated with Zhenkeling oral liquor (ZKL group). The other 50 children were given pectoral syrup (control group). The results showed that the total effective rates of ZKL group and control group were 96.7% and 56.0% respectively, and the markedly effective rates were 80.8%, 18.0% respectively (P < 0.001). Animal experiments indicated Zhenkeling has the effect of relieving cough, reducing sputum and ameliorating asthma; their antibiotic and anti-inflammatory effects were discovered too. The dosage of Zhenkeling was 100 times as clinical dose in acute toxicity test and the dosage was 32, 16, 8 times as clinical dose in long term toxicity test respectively. No adverse action was found in these experiments.     

The problem of preselection in weighted application blank studies.

The problem of preselection in predictions based on application blanks was studied on the basis of data pertaining to 291 applicants for clerical jobs in Prudential's Western Home office in Los Angeles. "Among persons actually hired, only five of the 19 items were found to discriminate between terminated and nonterminated employees at or beyond the .05 level of confidence. At least one of the 10 preselection items was found to be predictive of turnover at the .001 level… . Three possibilities suggest themselves: 1… . allow preselection to operate prior to utilizing the weights. 2. Apply 'restriction in range' corrections to individual item validity co-efficients, where assumptions can be met… . 3. Develop 'preselection weights,' based upon differences between those hired and those rejected." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical and experimental studies on composite divitriol infusion in treating tinea manum

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Composite Divitriol Infusion (CDI) in treating tinea manum and studying its antimycotic action. METHODS: CDI was used to treat 139 patients with tinea manum. The experimental study in vivo was done, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the therapeutical effect of CDI. RESULTS: One hundred and four cases among the 139 patients were cured, 21 were markedly effective, 10 improved and 4 ineffective, the effective rate being 89.9%. Between CDI group and the control group, there was a very significant difference (chi 2 > 12.84, P < 0.005). The antimycotic action of CDI was studied in vitro. Its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of CDI were about 0.25% for Trichophyton rubrum, and 0.5% for Trichophyton gypseum and Microsporum gypseum. Trichophyton rubrum immersed with CDI show that the mycelia became roughened, deformed and macroconidum became smaller under SEM. CONCLUSION: CDI is valuable in treating tinea manum.     

Clinical and experimental studies on effects of chronic hepatitis B treated with astragali composita

Eighty-seven cases of chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) and 29 cases of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were treated with Astragali Composita (AC), the clinical markedly effective rates were 69.0% and 55.2%, the total effective rates were 90.8% and 89.7% respectively; the sero-negative conversion rates of HBeAg and HBV-DNA were 27.7% and 28.0% respectively, they were higher than that of control group (P < 0.05-0.01). Eight ducks infected hepatitis B virus were treated with AC, sero-negative conversion of DHBV-DNA was seen in 3 ducks, DHBV-DNA levels of duck sera were lower after treatment than that before treatment (P < 0.05); mild inflammatory changes in liver tissues were seen in 3 ducks, its pathologic changes were milder than that of control groups; DHBV-DNA in liver tissues of 2 ducks was negative in situhybridization. The results indicated that AC had obvious effects of protecting liver tissues and some effects of inhibiting sera HBV and HBV replication.     

Clinical and experimental studies on preventing and treating anaphylactic asthma with Zusanli point immunotherapy

We have studied on preventing and treating anaphylactic asthma with Zusanli (S36) point immunotherapy (ZPIT). Sixty-nine patients were observed. The results showed that the clinical curative effect of ZPIT was not only much higher than that of conventional desensitization therapy, but also the patients' total IgE level was reduced, anti-acarid IgE was lowered, SIgA level was raised, the absolute eosinophilic granulocyte level dropped and pulmonary function recovered. Animal experiment results showed that the ZPIT could more effectively suppress the guinea pigs' anaphylactic asthma allergized by albumin and more obviously resist the guinea pigs' bronchial spasm induced by histamine and acetylcholine than the conventional desensitization therapy and injected normal saline. The immunomodulating action of the ZPIT are elucidated from clinical study and animal experiment in the paper.     

Clinical and experimental studies of JPYS in reducing side-effects of chemotherapy in late-stage gastric cancer

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes thought to be responsible for both normal connective-tissue-matrix remodelling and the accelerated breakdown associated with tumor development. These MMPs and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP1) could be expressed by either the cancer or the stromal cells. Expression of mRNAs encoding interstitial collagenase (MMP1), 72-kD type IV collagenase (MMP2) and stromelysin (MMP3), which are probably involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, and of TIMP1 were studied in human mammary pathology by in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis. Out of 6 benign lesions, 2 expressed MMP2 mRNAs. mRNAs encoding MMP1 and MMP3 were detectable in occasional stromal and tumor cells in 2 out of 17 carcinomas. Thirteen out of 17 cancers expressed MMP2 mRNA throughout the tumor in stromal cells close to noninvasive tumor clusters and well-differentiated invasive cancer cells. TIMP1 mRNA expression was detected in noninvasive and well-differentiated invasive tumor cells. These data suggest that there is a cooperation between tumor and stromal cells, in particular for the production of 72-kD type IV collagenase, involved in the disruption of basement membranes. A lack of TIMP1 expression from invasive cancer cells would also contribute to matrix destruction.     

Obsessive compulsive disorder. Clinical and epidemiologic studies

Until recently, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) was considered rare trouble with rather poor outcome. Currently progress in behavioral psychology, psychopharmacology and methodology of epidemiologic studies multiplying by 50 the traditional prevalence rates, give an impetus to the interest in this pathology. Recent clinical and epidemiologic data in OCD are reported in this paper. Multiple questions are evoked such as the issue of OCD homogeneity, the meaning of comorbidity with other psychological disorders: depression, panic attacks, schizophrenia, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, the reality of OCD prevalence rate in general and psychiatric populations, the usefulness of classical demarcation between psychosis/neurosis in the treatment of OCD, and finally the search for a genetic diathesis and risk factors implicated in predisposition to OCD. A close relationship between clinical, epidemiologic and genetic approaches seems to be required in order to answer these questions and constitutes a first step prior to carrying on basic and applied research.     

Clinical experiences and experimental studies of false sensing with demand pacemakers (author's transl)

False triggering with a ventricular triggered pacemaker and false inhibition with a ventricular inhibited pacemaker were observed in two patients with complete heart block. These arrhythmias were considered to be attributable to false sensing with a demand pacemaker. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism of these false sensings, and the false sensings were reproduced in a series of experiments. Loose contact of the tip of electrodes to myocardial tissue, refractory period, the distance between two electrodes, and the after potential and its dv/dt of pacemaker impulses are considered to affect the performance of demand pacers.     

Endothelial proliferation in experimental granulomatous colitis. Autoradiography and immunohistochemistry studies

The time sequence and magnitude of endothelial cell proliferation was investigated in an experimental model of granulomatous colitis in rats, induced by intramural inoculations of mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Colonic tissues were assessed by gross examination, histopathology, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry. Gross examination of the colonic tissue showed thickening of the colonic wall, erythema, hemorrhage, and scattered ulcers. Histopathological findings were characterized by an acute transmural inflammation, progressing to chronic inflammation accompanied by regenerative changes in the glandular epithelium, goblet cell depletion, mucosal atrophy and fibrosis. Well-developed noncaseating granulomas were first observed at day 5 and were found to be a dominant feature up to day 17. Autoradiographic studies showed increased endothelial cell labeling up to 17% at 48 hr, compared to less than 1% labeling in control animals. Immunostaining for factor VIII-related antibody, an endothelial cell marker, showed increased numbers of microvessels and individual positive cells located in areas of inflammation as early as 24 hr. At day 5 these individual cells along with dilated neocapillaries were found surrounding the granulomas. This model of granulomatous colitis mimics many features of the human disease state. The early increase in endothelial cell proliferation that precedes granuloma formation during the course of the inflammatory response may suggest that the events leading to the expression of granulomatous colitis are dependent on endothelial proliferation.     

Clinical application of group development ideas.

The empirical literature supports the idea of groups developing structure over time in a predictable sequence. This is a clinically useful way of conceptualizing the whole group, especially closed time-limited groups. Two general types of development are discussed: one based on recurrent cyclical patterns and the other on progressive linear patterns. A basic 4-stage model is described consisting of 4 sequential stages: engagement, differentiation, interpersonal work, and termination. This model is compatible with findings from both cyclic and linear aspects of the literature. Clinical application is discussed with a particular focus on structural aspects of group organization and specific technical intervention strategies. These strategies are particularly useful when considering how to implement a variety of models of group psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

试验设计在科研项目中的应用

以试制MC尼龙产品时寻找原料最佳配比为例,系统介绍了正交试验设计这种统计方法的基本步骤,同时说明了它的应用场合。通过本文介绍,说明应用一个周密而完善的试验设计是提高科研成果质量的保证。     

Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.

Mediation is said to occur when a causal effect of some variable X on an outcome Y is explained by some intervening variable M. The authors recommend that with small to moderate samples, bootstrap methods (B. Efron & R. Tibshirani, 1993) be used to assess mediation. Bootstrap tests are powerful because they detect that the sampling distribution of the mediated effect is skewed away from 0. They argue that R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny's (1986) recommendation of first testing the X → Y association for statistical significance should not be a requirement when there is a priori belief that the effect size is small or suppression is a possibility. Empirical examples and computer setups for bootstrap analyses are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical studies of an experimental suppurative surgical infection in cattle caused by Cornynebacterium pyogenes

Studied were clinically and paraclinically six cattle manifesting an experimental suppurative surgery infection caused by Cornebacterium pyogenes, strain 1056. It was established that the infection assumes the course of septicaemia with metastases in the viscera, causing severe disturbances in the general condition and leading to death in most cases. Found were also anemia, leukopenia, that alternated with leukocytosis presenting nuclear shift to left, changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in terms of more rapid settling out of r. b. c. The urine presented protein and sediment consisting of 8 to 10 or numerous erythrocytes, 5 to 6 or 10 to 15 leukocytes, single to 8-10 kidney epithelium cells. The rumen content became alkaline, and the infusoria count dropped.     

Bickerstaff encephalitis. Clinical and magnetic resonance follow-up studies

We present a patient with Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis in whom MR imaging correlated with the clinical findings during the course of the disease. T2-weighted MR imaging showed increased signal intensity in the medulla oblongata, upper pons, pendunculi cerebelli and the cerebellum. In the course of the disease the lesions on MRI tended to descend more caudally. No anti-GQ1b antibody titers could be detected in the acute phase of the illness. Our findings suggest that MRI is the most valuable diagnostic tool in supporting the clinical diagnosis of Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis and may be helpful in the distinction between Miller Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis.