给水排水专项规划编制中若干问题的探讨

近年来,中国的工业化和城市化进程得到了快速推进,作为城乡发展的重要支撑——给水排水设施的规划建设面临着诸多的矛盾和问题,既面临着工业化带来的日趋严重的水资源短缺和环境污染问题的压力,又面临着统筹城乡一体化发展带来的城乡一体化用地布局与基础设施紧凑有序建设之间的矛盾。本文从上述情况出发,对给排水系统设计、规模确定、管网布局和排水体制选择等方面问题进行了探讨。     

旅游地景观生态规划中的生态敏感性分析：以湖南凤凰南华山国家森林公园为例

生态敏感性分析是旅游地景观生态规划的基础。从景观生态学的角度通过分析区域内各系统对人类活动的反应,并从自然、社会和环境等生态因素中选取了坡度、坡向、高程、汇水排水、植被多样性、景观价值、光照等七个生态因子,采用单因子加权叠加法,应用GIS的空间分析等功能,对湖南南华山国家森林公园作生态敏感性评价,并在此基础上对研究区作土地利用开发、土地配置和生态环境保护区划的分析。     

厦门海底隧道结构防排水原则研究

 海底隧道不同于陆地隧道，水压高，水源充足，又无天然出口，海底隧道的渗水问题远比陆地隧道严重得多，处理起来也困难得多。海底隧道结构防排水系统的合理性和可靠性是海底隧道成功的关键，也是控制运营费用的主要部分，海底隧道结构防排水原则和标准的确定又是设计合理防排水系统的基础。在分析国外已建成海底隧道防排水设计的基础上，提出确定海底隧道防排水原则的临界地下水位，并通过数值分析计算厦门海底隧道设置盲管排水系统后的排水量和衬砌背后水压，从运营经济性角度分析排导系统设置的可行性，提出厦门海底隧道应采用“以堵为主，限量排放”的防排水原则。在此基础上，提出厦门海底隧道合理的防排水体系，并在工程中得到应用。提出的研究方法也可为其他海底隧道结构防排水系统设计提供参考。     

Financial and Economic Measurement of Environmental Factors

The paper describes how financial and economic aspects can be analysed and quantified in environmental assessment, and how this can be related to the losses or gains in any given project. Projects which require environmental assessment often have the image of being harmful to the environment - as is the case of new roads, railways or developments which either take land out of agriculture or attract an environmentally damaging image. Many projects involve resources which are not traded and which are not always valued in financial or economic terms. Nonetheless, they are capable of being valued in this way, and their evaluation leads to greater understanding in decision-making. The study, undertaken to assess the costs and benefits of drainage for the middle and south level barrier banks on the Ouse Washes, demonstrates how (a) financial and economic analysis of the cost, and (b) the gains of a project, can guide the allocation of public resources to the benefit of the environment.     

居住区下沉庭院雨水排水设计方案探讨

结合工程实例,探讨了上海赵巷镇特色居住区8号地块庭院雨水设计中的几个问题.提出了当一层庭院地面标高低于室外地面标高时,庭院的雨水排水设计方案,并探讨了下沉庭院排水的两种机械排水方式.     

Neighborhood spillover effects between rezoning and housing price

The objective of this research was to investigate neighborhood spillover effects between rezoning of vacant parcels and housing price in the Knoxville, TN area. The study is unique in that it correctly highlights the need to analyze the dynamics of zoning structure and accommodates the neighborhood spillover effects associated with the real estate market. Results indicate that the probability of rezoning vacant land is expected to increase as housing price in a neighboring location increases. The rise in the housing price in a neighboring location implies increasing pressure on housing demand. This increased pressure on housing demand likely contributes to greater demands for residential development and commercial development that complements residential use. Currently, the major guidelines for the approval of rezoning petitions, according to the planners in the Knoxville area, are consistency with long-and short-range land use plans adopted by state, municipality, and county governments, and consistency with surrounding land use and environmental constraints, e.g., slope, flooding, and drainage. Local planning authorities can modify and update consistency measures in the current guidelines by accounting for varying degrees of housing demand pressure. For example, consistency measures can be strengthened in areas with greater housing-price increases, if preservation is desirable because these areas are likely to experience greater rezoning pressure.     

矿山酸性废水预测评价方法

酸性矿山废水是全球矿山面临的最严重的环境问题之一,预测酸性矿山废水对于预防、控制和治理金属矿山环境污染问题具有重要意义。目前预测方法分为现场短期实验、实验室静态评价、实验室动态评价和现场,文章探讨了静态评价和动态评价两类方法的优、缺点,并提出了进一步的研究设想。     

以保护基址水环境为导向的建筑簇群空间规划方法研究

基于水环境保护的用地布局强调 建筑与环境的空间整体性,减少对环境的 扰动并让自然做功,获得自然的生态服务回 报。结合案例详细阐释了水文过程保护下簇 群空间环境布局的相关理念与技术方法应 用,通过流域生态过程梳理、地形地貌保护 利用、低碳建设维护措施构建,在土地利用 布局、场地设计、建筑空间布局三大重点环 节,梳理出水环境保护设计回应：深化水文 生态过程和基址环境禀赋分析,促进自然 水文环境效能与设计管理各环节的有机协 作;保护高价值自然植被群落、土壤环境与 基址地表排水模式;土地功用与水文过程 及资源特征相匹配;微地形设计响应和绿 色基础设施植入。     

城市道路纵断面与路外地面排水之间的关系

从分析路外地坪标高与道路间存在高差的原因出发,针对路外地面与人行道间存在高差,不利于居民出行且不利于排水的问题作了研究,分情况提出了解决路外排水不畅的设计方法,以改善上述的不利现状。     

城市道路排水设施管理建设思考

近些年来，随着城市建设用地的迅速扩大，城市道路排水措施主要依赖于城市排涝泵站，城市不透水面积逐渐增加，给城市排水建设带来了很多压力。本文对城市排水建设中遇到的问题进行了分析，并提出了解决对策。     

深圳特区内排水管网运营绩效评价研究与应用

城市排水管网的运营绩效评价涉及组织、经济、环境等方面,已有的排水管网综合评价主要针对经济方面,缺少从基础状况、日常管理、生产运营、环境等方面的评价,采用定性和定量相结合的方式筛选出17个指标进行运营绩效评价,采用层次分析法确定各个指标的权重,再采用线性加权综合得分的方法对城市排水管网运营绩效进行评价。经过综合测算发现,综合评价得分与实际情况相符,能够反映深圳市排水管网绩效现状,并且直接反映需要进一步改进的指标项。     

浅议城市规划与城市排水

城市规划与城市排水密切相关，在生产布局、竖向规划、地面覆盖规划和城区改造过程中，融合排水意图，可降低排水工程投资和污水处理成本，便于合流制系统分流化。     

Contaminated Land and Aquifer Protection

The paper discusses the definition of contaminated land, its legislative controls, how it is identified and how a hazard ranking exercise may be carried out on a property portfolio in order to deal constructively with the problem of contaminated land. Such land is important because it can have substantial financial penalties attached to its investigation and remediation. The potential liabilities now arising from environmental impairment are such that anyone involved in the acquisition, ownership or disposal of land has to take an interest in it. The legislative background and environmental policy considerations which affect contaminated land are described, as well as the role of the National Rivers Authority in dealing with the subject. The principal types and sources of contaminated land are identified and current guidelines and standards for dealing with it are discussed. A technique developed for Scottish Enterprise whereby a property portfolio can be ranked in order of its potential hazard by combining the sensitivity of a site with its contamination potential in order to define environmental risk is described, and the necessity to seek professional and experienced advice in evaluating the consequences of contaminated land is highlighted.     

环保理念在全地下泵站设计中的运用

传统的城市排水泵站仅具备单一的提升功能,并不注重对周边环境的保护功能。近年来,随着社会不断进步和人们环保意识的提高,排水泵站的建设理念已经向环境保护方面转变。全地下泵站告别了过去的设计模式,而采用新的工艺,进行臭气脱臭处理、设备降噪处理、污杂物拦截破碎以及泥砂沉淀分离处理,是一种环保型城市排水泵站。     

A model for identifying the vulnerability of streams and rivers to land use-induced changes

This article describes a model for identifying the vulnerability of streams and rivers to land-induced change. Landscape architects are frequently asked to make land use recommendations which affect landscape change. The challenge is to organize information to aid landscape architects in making responsible recommendations. This model considers three types of spatial information: (1) sources of land use-induced change; (2) intensity of drainage within watersheds; and (3) sensitivity of drainage basins to change. The model also demonstrates the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and its application. The strength of this model is that it provides landscape architects with both time- and cost-efficient means of assessing the vulnerability of streams and rivers with existing data. It further directs site-specific investigation to areas which are identified and prioritized with regard to the relative vulnerability of streams and rivers to land-induced change.     

Evaluation of two different drainage systems for rock tunnels

Water penetration and dripping in tunnels is almost always a significant problem which is usually solved with the help of a tunnel waterproofing drainage system mounted where drips and leaks are detected. Today’s drainage systems are made of foamed polyethene (PE) mats which are covered with shotcrete. These are relatively expensive, complex to install, sensitive to mechanical impact, and often have a much shorter expected lifetime than the tunnel. In this study, a new type of drainage, Rockdrain, was studied and compared with the present drainage system. The systems were evaluated with respect to technical, environmental, and economic aspects. A field test was performed with the Rockdrain system and compared with installation of a traditional system. Laboratory tests were performed on especially the different shotcrete layers used in the Rockdrain system. The environmental evaluation was performed by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the economic evaluation was performed by Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis. The results indicate that the Rockdrain system has a good drainage function, is significantly cheaper than the current system, has a longer expected lifetime, is easier to install, and is less sensitive to mechanical impact.     

Eutrophication of Tamar Lakes (1975–2003): a case study of land-use impacts, potential solutions and fundamental issues for the Water Framework Directive

Tamar Lakes is comprised of two reservoirs, which are located in South West England and in the headwaters of River Tamar at approximately 135 m above ordnance datum. Upper Tamar Lake (UTL) is a direct feed source reservoir of potable water in North Cornwall. Immediately following completion in 1975, UTL was subject to intense blue‐green algal blooms that continue to the present. These blooms create operational problems for water treatment, especially in hot‐dry years. Lower Tamar Lake (LTL) was constructed as a water supply reservoir in 1819 and became obsolete following UTL coming on‐line. Detailed water quality investigations over a period of some 28 years have confirmed the source of nutrient enrichment that fuels the algal blooms to be agriculturally derived, corresponding with a substantial increase in livestock farming. Associated poor land management practices, such as extensive field drainage and inappropriate slurry disposal to land, are linked with substantial elevations in organic contaminants such as ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) during rainfall events. Evidence demonstrates that both reservoirs act as primary treatment lagoons, substantially reducing the worst of these pollutants and providing significant environmental gain. The implications of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and regulatory monitoring are discussed in relation to resource management.     

浅析宁波地区满铺地下室小区室外排水设计要点

宁波近几年大型住宅小区在有限的用地面积和高容积率作用下,结构设计中更多地采用了满铺式地下室,给较薄覆土厚度情况下雨污水等管道布置带来了一定的困难。本文根据长期工程设计实践,从室外排水管道、排水构筑物、特殊排水出路等方面,对满铺地下室小区室外排水设计进行了分析和探讨,分析成果可以为类似的沿海城市大型小区室外排水设计提供参考和借鉴。     

Field drains as a route of rapid nutrient export from agricultural land receiving biosolids

We report research on the environmental risk of incidental nutrient transfers from land to water for biosolids amended soils. We show that subsurface (drainflow) pathways of P transport may result in significant concentrations, up to 10 mg total P l(-1), in the drainage network of an arable catchment when a P source (recent biosolids application) coincides with a significant and active transport pathway (rainfall event). However, the high P concentrations were short-lived, with drainage ditch total P concentrations returning to pre-storm concentrations within a few days of the storm event. In the case of the drainflow concentrations reported here, the results are unusual in that they describe an 'incidental event' for a groundwater catchment where such events might normally be expected to be rare owing to the capacity of the hydrological system to attenuate nutrient fluxes for highly adsorbed elements such as P. Consequently, there is a potential risk of P transfers to shallow groundwater systems. We suggest that the findings are not specific to biosolids-alone, which is a highly regulated industry, but that similar results may be anticipated had livestock waste or mineral fertilizer been applied, although the magnitude of losses may differ. The risk appears to be more one of timing and the availability of a rapid transport pathway than of P source.     

Post-reclamation water quality trend in a Mid-Appalachian watershed of abandoned mine lands

Abandoned mine land (AML) is one of the legacies of historic mining activities, causing a wide range of environmental problems worldwide. A stream monitoring study was conducted for a period of 7 years to evaluate the water quality trend in a Mid-Appalachian watershed, which was heavily impacted by past coal mining and subsequently reclaimed by reforestation and revegetation. GIS tools and multivariate statistical analyses were applied to characterize land cover, to assess temporal trends of the stream conditions, and to examine the linkages between water quality and land cover. In the entire watershed, 15.8% of the land was designated as AML reclaimed by reforestation (4.9%) and revegetation (10.8%). Statistic analysis revealed sub-watersheds with similar land cover (i.e. percentage of reclaimed AML) had similar water quality and all tested water quality variables were significantly related to land cover. Based on the assessment of water quality, acid mine drainage was still the dominant factor leading to the overall poor water quality (low pH, high sulfate and metals) in the watershed after reclamation was completed more than 20 years ago. Nevertheless, statistically significant improvement trends were observed for the mine drainage-related water quality variables (except pH) in the reclaimed AML watershed. The lack of pH improvement in the watershed might be related to metal precipitation and poor buffering capacity of the impacted streams. Furthermore, water quality improvement was more evident in the sub-watersheds which were heavily impacted by past mining activities and reclaimed by reforestation, indicating good reclamation practice had positive impact on water quality over time.