环形炉内管坯加热温度均匀性计算与分析

在考虑炽热炉底的辐射加热和导热加热的基础上,建立了环形炉内管坯二维加热模型。计算结果表明,管坯表面热流密度沿周向分布的不均匀性造成了管坯温度沿周向分布不均。炽热炉管对管坯下部表面的导热及辐射加热对其加热至关重要。     

管坯加热炉的发展历史及应用现状

在钢管的生产工艺中,轧制前的管坯加热工艺是非常重要的工序之一,管坯是否达到要求的加热温度以及管坯本身的温度是否均匀等因素都会影响最终成品的质量.详尽地介绍了管坯加热炉的发展历史和应用现状,并针对目前先进的蓄热式环形加热炉作了重点介绍,所作工作为管坯加热炉的发展起到了一定的借鉴、指导作用.     

管坯加热炉数学模型

无缝钢管管坯加热炉采用转底式环形加热炉，其主要优点是金属氧化烧损小（达0．5％），单位燃烧量小（〈60kg／t），炉子有效利用系数高（约50％）。此外，可完全实现加热自动化，操作简单，人员配备少。建立了该种加热炉的数学模型，其中估计到了圆形钢坯的放置位置及不对称加热条件。利用该模型进行计算需已知的参数为：废气温度、炉子生产率、钢种、料坯尺寸、炉内料坯之间的距离、料坯入炉温度、料坯出炉断面温差限制值、料坯断面最终温度梯度。     

环形加热炉管坯二维在线数学模型的研究

总括热吸收率法一般只用于钢坯加热过程一维在线数学模型的计算中,总结前人的研究工作,采用CFD模拟并结合黑匣子测试结果来分析管坯加热过程的总括热吸收率,将总括热吸收率法应用于环形加热炉管坯二维在线数学模型中,通过模拟计算证明了该方法的可行性。     

环形加热炉管坯二维传热数学模型采用总括热吸收率法的探讨

总括热吸收率法一般只用于钢坯加热过程一维数学模型的计算中,采用CFD模拟并结合黑匣子测试结果来分析管坯加热过程的总括热吸收率,将总括热吸收率法应用于环形加热炉管坯二维在线数学模型中,通过实践证明了该方法的可行性。     

低温辐射加热炉

本文阐述了低温辐射加热的基本原理和低温辐射传热及加热温度均匀的技术,以此为基础设计出新型干燥炉——低温辐射加热炉。该炉用同一个热源进行辐射与热风复合加热,它既适用于簿的、形状简单的工件加热,又适用于厚的、形状复杂的超大工件的加热。     

环形炉内辐射传热的新的物理-数学模型

建立了加热圆钢坯或方钢坯的环形转底炉的物理一数学辐射传热数学模型。计算的复杂性在于各点气体和固体之间的相互辐射、温度的不均匀和角度系数的难以确定。列出辐射能量守恒方程，然后进行求解，并认为所采取的求解方法有一系列优点，精度高，速度快。举例进行实算，列出了计算结果。该模型可以用来对各种形状钢坯在环形加热炉中加热时，计算加热时间和加热质量（热流分布）。     

环形加热炉管坯温度优化控制的研究

结合宝山钢铁（集团）公司钢管分公司环形加热炉的实际情况,通过建立环形加热炉数学模型,实现了以管坯温度为直接控制目标的在线优化控制,控制系统包括管坯物料跟踪,温度跟踪,炉温优化动态设定,低氧化烧损空燃比智能设定,待轧控制,出炉温度反馈等功能,取得了良好的控制和节能效果。     

宝钢环形加热炉燃烧状态的检测和分析

通过对宝钢环形加热炉烟气成份的检测,总结和分析了环形加热炉目前的燃烧状态以及燃烧过程中设定的空燃比与实测空燃比之间的偏差。在此基础上提出了改进目前燃烧状态、既能确保燃料的完全燃烧又能最大限度节约燃料的技术措施。通过这些措施的实施,可以提高管坯的加热质量和减少燃料的消耗。     

Critical heat flux performance for flow boiling of R-134a in vertical uniformly heated smooth tube and rifled tubes

In the present paper, critical heat flux (CHF) experiments for flow boiling of R-134a were performed to investigate the CHF characteristics of four-head and six-head rifled tubes in comparison with a smooth tube. Both of rifled tubes having different head geometry have the maximum inner diameter of 17.04 mm while the smooth tube has the average inner diameter of 17.04 mm. The experiments were conducted for the vertical orientation under outlet pressures of 13, 16.5, and 23.9 bar, mass fluxes of 285-1300 kg/m²s and inlet subcooling temperatures of 5-40 °C in the R-134a CHF test loop. The parametric trends of CHF for the tubes show a good agreement with previous understanding. In particular, CHF data of the smooth tube for R-134a were compared with well-known CHF correlations such as Bowring and Katto correlations. The CHF in the rifled tube was enhanced to 40-60% for the CHF in the smooth tube with depending on the rifled geometry and flow parameters such as pressure and mass flux. In relation to the enhancement mechanism, the relative vapor velocity is used to explain the characteristics of the CHF performance in the rifled tube.     

Critical heat flux of countercurrent boiling in an inclined small tube with closed bottom

The study was focused on the effect of the inclination angle on the critical heat flux of countercurrent boiling in an inclined uniformly heated tube with open top and closed bottom ends at zero inlet flow. The experimental results show that the CHF data of the small vertical tubes agree reasonably well with the predicting correlation proposed by Tien. The CHF data of the small inclined tubes decrease with reducing the inclination angle. The experimental data of the inclined tubes agrees reasonably well with the modified correlation, which is resulted from the conventional correlation for vertical tubes.     

Critical heat flux in non‐uniformly heated tube under low‐pressure and low‐mass‐flux condition

In an actual boiling channel, e.g., a boiler water‐tube, the circumferential heat flux is not uniform. Thus, the critical heat flux (CHF) of a non‐uniformly heated tube becomes an important design factor for conventional boilers, especially for a compact water‐tube boiler with a tube‐nested combustor. A small compact boiler is operated under low‐pressure and low‐mass‐flux conditions compared with a large‐scale boiler, thus the redistribution of liquid film strongly affects the characteristics of CHF. In this investigation, non‐uniform heat flux distribution along the circumferential direction was generated by using the Joule heating of SUS304 tubes with the wall thickness distribution. The heated length of test‐section was 900 mm with an inner diameter of 20 mm and an outer diameter of 24 mm. The center of the inner tube surface was shifted by ε=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm from the center of the outer tube surface. The heat flux ratio between maximum and minimum heat flux of these tubes corresponded to 1.0, 1.7, 3.0, and 7.0, respectively. The experimental conditions were as follows: system pressure at 0.3 and 0.4 MPa, mass flux of 10–100kg/(m²s), inlet temperatures at 30° and 80°. The experimental results showed an increase in the critical heat flux substantiated by the existence of the redistribution of the flow. These characteristics are explained by using a concept similar to that of Butterworth's spreading model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(1): 47–60, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20095     

High-Quality Critical Heat Flux in Horizontally Coiled Tubes

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Prediction of critical heat flux on natural convective boiling in vertical short‐thick tube submerged in saturated liquid

An experimental and semitheoretical study was carried out for the critical heat flux (CHF) on natural convective boiling in uniformly heated vertical short‐thick tubes and vertical short‐thick annular tubes submerged in saturated liquids. By adapting a mathematical dealing method based on the theoretical formulas of CHF of both the natural convective boiling in vertical narrow‐long tubes and the pool boiling, a simple semitheoretical formula was derived. The new formula expands the prediction range of CHF from pool boiling of vertical plates to very long vertical tubes and agrees well with the data of the tubes, annular tubes submerged in water or other liquids under various pressure conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(5): 402–410, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10103     

恒热流工况下强化传热管传(火用)性能的评价

通过对管内对流换热过程的灯用传递分析,提出用强化前后的传灯用Nu或传灯用量差ΔNue或ΔE作为强化传热性能评价指标。以工程上常用的螺旋槽管为例,讨论了Re、量纲1热通量、不同结构参数等对强化管传灯用性能的影响。分析结果表明,对于所选螺纹管结构参数,ΔNue随Re增加而增大;随量纲1热通量、量纲1长度的增加而递减。算式可有效评价强化管传灯用效果,以便选取最佳结构参数。     

Heat transfer for flow boiling of water and critical heat flux in a half‐heated round tube under low‐pressure conditions

Heat transfer for flow boiling of water and critical heat flux (CHF) experiments in a half‐circumferentially heated round tube under low‐pressure conditions were carried out. To clarify the flow patterns in the heated section, experiments in the round tube under the same conditions were also carried out, and their results were compared. The experiments were conducted with atmospheric‐pressure water in test sections with inner diameter D = 6 mm, heated length L = 360 mm, inlet water subcooling ΔT_in = 80 K, and mass velocity G from 0 to 2000 kg/(m²·s) for the half‐circumferentially heated round tube and from 0 to 7000 kg/(m²·s) for the full‐circumferentially heated tube. The experimental data demonstrated that the wall temperature near the outlet of the half‐circumferentially heated tube remained almost the same until CHF. It was found that burnout occurred when the flow regime changed from churn flow to annular flow, and the liquid film on the heated wall dried out although liquid film on the unheated wall remained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(3): 149–164, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10022     

Thermodynamic optimization of a coiled tube heat exchanger under constant wall heat flux condition

In this paper the second law analysis of thermodynamic irreversibilities in a coiled tube heat exchanger has been carried out for both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. The expression for the scaled non-dimensional entropy generation rate for such a system is derived in terms of four dimensionless parameters: Prandtl number, heat exchanger duty parameter, Dean number and coil to tube diameter ratio. It has been observed that for a particular value of Prandtl number, Dean number and duty parameter, there exists an optimum diameter ratio where the entropy generation rate is minimum. It is also found that with increase in Dean number or Reynolds number, the optimum value of the diameter ratio decreases for a particular value of Prandtl number and heat exchanger duty parameter.     

Critical heat flux in subcooled flow boiling with water in a tube with axially nonuniform heating

Critical heat flux (CHF) in subcooled flow boiling under axially nonuniform heating conditions was experimentally investigated using a tube heated with a dc power source. The thickness of the tube wall in the axial direction was varied to attain axially nonuniform heating. The different thicknesses, therefore, separated the tube into regions of high heat flux and regions of low heat flux. The lengths of these regions of the tube were also varied to study the effect on the CHF. The objective of this system is to initiate boiling in the high-heat-flux region, thus increasing heat transfer, and to interrupt the bubble boundary layer in the low-heat-flux region. Because it is the initiation of boiling that increases heat transfer, the performance of such a system is linked to its effectiveness in repeatedly interrupting and re-establishing the bubble boundary layer. Our experiments, involving tubes that had sections of different thicknesses and different lengths, showed that when the heat flux in the low-heat-flux region was below the net vapor generation (NVG) heat flux, this system enhanced the CHF, but not when it was above the NVG. Also, for relatively short low-heat-flux regions, the CHF was not enhanced, presumably because there was insufficient time to interrupt the bubble boundary layer. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Jpn Res, 27(2): 169–178, 1998     

变热流条件下木材点燃时间与热流变化率关系的实验研究

实验研究了外加线性变化热流条件下木材点燃时间与热流变化率之间的关系,测量了不同种类木材在不同热流变化率下的点燃时间。通过分析实验数据发现,点燃时间和热流变化率之间符合很好的幂函数关系,而密度是影响木材着火的一个关键因素。