初始进气充量成分对末端气体自然化学特性的影响

本介绍了一台单缸二冲程爆震实验发动机上，研究进气充量中不同的残余气体成分对焰前的反应及自燃的影响的实验结果。结果表明，初始进气充量中含有一定量的残余废气时，抑制了自燃；在残余废气中含有一定量的部分氧化产物时，促进了低温化学反应和自燃。低温化学反应所释放的热量以及活生中间产物的积累导致了终燃混合气的自燃。ＲＯＮ５３汽油的自燃过程表现为两阶段着火特征。     

瞬变工况下多缸汽油机各缸进气均匀性

采用动态压力实测与数值计算相耦合的方法,在路试工况下对一台搭载在乘用车上的多缸汽油机各缸进排气参数进行连续检测,得到随循环数变化的各缸气体状态变化历程.通过对比分析各缸进、排气参数(如缸内新鲜充量、残余废气量等)差异性的变化范围及影响因素,揭示了各缸残余废气系数不均匀性的变化规律和诱因,以及对进气性能的影响.结果表明,在中低转速和负荷区域,各缸残余废气系数相对偏差在±10%,以内,此时主要受进气平均压力的影响;在高速高负荷区域,各缸残余废气系数相对偏差在±20%,以内,此时主要受排气压力波的影响.优化发动机排气系统结构和布置方式,是改变各缸进气均匀性的重要途径.     

HCCI汽油机小包角凸轮型线设计及试验

利用内部高温残余废气加热新鲜充量是实现均质压燃或可控自燃的一种行之有效的方式。本 文为了满足高内部残余废气率的需要,重新设计具有小持续角的特殊进、排气凸轮轴,详细给出了设计 方法和应注意的问题。在RicardoHydra140单缸机上利用新设计开发的凸轮轴进行了试验。试验表 明,所设计的小包角凸轮能够实现稳定压燃燃烧,为开展详细的汽油HCCI燃烧实验研究提供条件。     

气门升程对可控自燃汽油机混合及着火过程的影响研究

利用可变气门机构可以将燃烧废气保留在缸内,从而实现稳定的汽油机可控自燃燃烧.利用KIVA软件研究了相同发动机转速和气门定时下,不同气门升程下的缸内混合及着火过程.研究结果表明,大气门升程下的进气射流速度和湍动能较高,缸内废气和温度分布更加均匀.在进气及压缩过程初期,缸内温度分布与废气分布一致,但在接近上止点处时,受混合气低温自燃放热的影响,温度分布与废气分布的相关度降低.着火前缸内高温区域主要分布在燃烧室中心,大气门升程下的高温区域多,更有利于着火和燃烧过程.     

末端气体自燃前燃料的氧化放热化学动力学模拟

低温化学反应能够产生大量的活性基 ,并有显著的热量释放 ,足以使末端气体温度提高到自燃的程度。作者基于低温化学反应机理 ,建立了一个简易化学动力学模型 ,当给定混合气的量和初始计算温度时 ,该模型能预测出混合气氧化反应的温度、累积放热量以及产物浓度随曲轴转角的变化曲线。用此模型预测了 PRF75燃料在倒拖发动机上压缩自燃前的氧化放热过程 ,结果表明 ,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好     

末端气体自燃前燃烧的氧化放热化学动力学模拟

低温化学反应能够产生大量的活性基,并有显著的热量释放,足以使末端气体温度提高到自燃的程度。作者基于低温化学反应机理,建立了一个简易化学动力学模型,当给定混合气的量和初始计算温度时,该模型能预测出混合气氧化反应的温度,累积放热量以及产物浓度随曲轴转角的变化曲线。用此模型预测了ＰＲＦ７５燃料在倒拖发动机上压缩自燃前的氧化放热过程,结果表明,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

火花点火发动机末端混合气自燃化学的实验研究

本文介绍碳氢燃料的自燃化学过程的实验研究结果。试验研究是在一台倒拖发动机上进行的。实验中研究了进气温度，燃料辛烷值，发动机转速和压缩比对燃料氧化和自燃的影响，对实验中的燃料自燃变化规律以及自燃从无到有的连续循环间的放热过程进行了总结，并对实验中的一些特殊现象进行了可能的解释，指出焰前反应中间产物的某些特性及其对焰前反应的重要影响。     

火花点火发动机末端混合气自燃化学的实验研究

本文介绍碳氢燃料的自燃化学过程的实验研究结果。试验研究是在一台倒拖发动机上进行的。实验中研究了进气温度、燃料辛烷值、发动机转速和压缩比对燃料氧化和自燃的影响。对实验中的燃料自燃变化规律以及自燃从无到有的连续循环间的放热过程进行了总结，并对实验中的一些特殊现象进行了可能的解释，指出焰前反应中间产物的某些特性及其对焰前反应的重要影响。     

基于气门升程曲线的发动机性能优化

进排气门的开启时刻,对气缸充量有重要的影响。利用进气惯性及进气门迟闭可以有效地增加气缸充量,而较大的迟闭角可能会因为活塞的上移将气体推出气缸,减小气缸充量。同样,排气提前可以有效地降低缸内残余废气,使排气通畅;而较大的排气提前角可能会造成有效功的损失,并导致各缸间进排气干涉,减小气缸充量。采用仿真分析的方法,分析造成发动机扭矩偏低的原因,更改进排气门升程曲线,有效地增加气缸充量,增加发动机动力性。同时通过试验验证,选用最终的实施方案。     

灵活缸重整模式下低温重整产物对压燃式发动机燃烧和排放影响的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了第一参比燃料(PRF50)的低温重整过程及其产物对压燃式发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响。研究结果表明,PRF50燃料的低温重整区域随当量比的增加而增大,初始温度和压力的选择范围变化有限,并且PRF50燃料发生低温反应的触发界线开始向较高的初始进气温度方向移动;初始进气温度和当量比对重整过程的影响要大于初始压力的影响;PRF50燃料的低温重整产物均可使PRF50燃料均质充量压燃的燃烧相位提前,且重整产物的加入改善了发动机有害排放中一氧化碳、未燃碳氢和氮氧化物的排放,指示热效率也可提高约3.0%。     

柴油引燃天然气发动机燃烧过程的研究

对柴油引燃天然气发动机的着火过程、燃烧过程进行研究,提出了相应的数学模型,并进行了试验验证。着火模型的基本框架仍然采用Shell模型,但考虑到CH4对柴油着火过程的影响,修正了Shell模型。对CH4的均质燃烧过程,以简单的一步表观反应动力学概念的阿伦纽斯(Arrhenius)公式为基础,综合湍流脉动对化学动力学的影响,提出了一个新的燃烧模型。模拟计算借助了KIVA-3软件,修正的Shell模型和燃烧模型作为独立子程序与KIVA-3进行了耦合。研究表明,讨论的模型能够较好模拟柴油引燃天然气发动机的着火和燃烧过程。     

An experimental and numerical investigation on the influence of external gas recirculation on the HCCI autoignition process in an engine: Thermal, diluting, and chemical effects

In order to contribute to the solution of controlling the autoignition in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine, parameters linked to external gas recirculation (EGR) seem to be of particular interest. Experiments performed with EGR present some difficulties in interpreting results using only the diluting and thermal aspect of EGR. Lately, the chemical aspect of EGR is taken more into consideration, because this aspect causes a complex interaction with the dilution and thermal aspects of EGR. This paper studies the influence of EGR on the autoignition process and particularly the chemical aspect of EGR. The diluents present in EGR are simulated by N₂ and CO₂, with dilution factors going from 0 to 46 vol%. For the chemically active species that could be present in EGR, the species CO, NO, and CH₂O are used. The initial concentration in the inlet mixture of CO and NO is varied between 0 and 170 ppm, while that of CH₂O alters between 0 and 1400 ppm. For the investigation of the effect of the chemical species on the autoignition, a fixed dilution factor of 23 vol% and a fixed EGR temperature of 70 °C are maintained. The inlet temperature is held at 70 °C, the equivalence ratios between 0.29 and 0.41, and the compression ratio at 10.2. The fuels used for the autoignition are n-heptane and PRF40. It appeared that CO, in the investigated domain, did not influence the ignition delays, while NO had two different effects. At concentrations up until 45 ppm, NO advanced the ignition delays for the PRF40 and at higher concentrations, the ignition delayed. The influence of NO on the autoignition of n-heptane seemed to be insignificant, probably due to the higher burn rate of n-heptane. CH₂O seemed to delay the ignition. The results suggested that especially the formation of OH radicals or their consumption by the chemical additives determines how the reactivity of the autoignition changed.     

One-dimensional turbulence model simulations of autoignition of hydrogen/carbon monoxide fuel mixtures in a turbulent jet

The autoignition of hydrogen/carbon monoxide in a turbulent jet with preheated co-flow air is studied using the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model. The simulations are performed at atmospheric pressure based on varying the jet Reynolds number and the oxidizer preheat temperature for two compositions corresponding to varying the ratios of H₂ and CO in the fuel stream. Moreover, simulations for homogeneous autoignition are implemented for similar mixture conditions for comparison with the turbulent jet results. The results identify the key effects of differential diffusion and turbulence on the onset and eventual progress of autoignition in the turbulent jets. The differential diffusion of hydrogen fuels results in a reduction of the ignition delay relative to similar conditions of homogeneous autoignition. Turbulence may play an important role in delaying ignition at high-turbulence conditions, a process countered by the differential diffusion of hydrogen relative to carbon monoxide; however, when ignition is established, turbulence enhances the overall rates of combustion of the non-premixed flame downstream of the ignition point.     

Experimental analysis of propagation regimes during the autoignition of a fully premixed methane–air mixture in the presence of temperature inhomogeneities

The present work is devoted to the study of the combustion processes of a homogeneous methane–air mixture subject to thermal stratification within a rapid compression machine (RCM). Temperature fields obtained in nonreactive conditions have been documented in a previous study and the present work aims at correlating these data with the combustion process. The analysis of chemiluminescence images enables the delineation of two propagation regimes, namely spontaneous ignition fronts and deflagrations. The first is observed for short ignition delays, as the fluid features a fairly large and homogeneous hot core zone. The second dominates the combustion process for longer ignition delays. Indeed, despite global homogenization of the temperature fields, the hottest zones are fairly narrow and surrounded by non-negligible thermal gradients, which favors the formation of deflagration. The results thus clearly show a strong correlation between the preignition temperature field and the subsequent combustion process. They are commented on in the light of recent literature. In a second part, quantitative predictions of the occurrence of autoignition fronts and deflagrations are performed by employing a criterion derived from the analysis of direct numerical simulation data (Sankaran et al., 2005). The results are in good agreement with others previously obtained through chemiluminescence imaging for early and intermediate stages of combustion. It is more difficult to reach definitive conclusions for later instants. The present work highlights the relevance but also suggests some limitations of the corresponding criterion for the analysis of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion processes at the cylinder scale. Furthermore, the quantitative data gathered within the RCM demonstrate the relevance of this device for further investigation of these fundamental issues.     

Autoignited laminar lifted flames of methane, ethylene, ethane, and n-butane jets in coflow air with elevated temperature

The autoignition characteristics of laminar lifted flames of methane, ethylene, ethane, and n-butane fuels have been investigated experimentally in coflow air with elevated temperature over 800 K. The lifted flames were categorized into three regimes depending on the initial temperature and fuel mole fraction: (1) non-autoignited lifted flame, (2) autoignited lifted flame with tribrachial (or triple) edge, and (3) autoignited lifted flame with mild combustion.For the non-autoignited lifted flames at relatively low temperature, the existence of lifted flame depended on the Schmidt number of fuel, such that only the fuels with Sc > 1 exhibited stationary lifted flames. The balance mechanism between the propagation speed of tribrachial flame and local flow velocity stabilized the lifted flames. At relatively high initial temperatures, either autoignited lifted flames having tribrachial edge or autoignited lifted flames with mild combustion existed regardless of the Schmidt number of fuel. The adiabatic ignition delay time played a crucial role for the stabilization of autoignited flames. Especially, heat loss during the ignition process should be accounted for, such that the characteristic convection time, defined by the autoignition height divided by jet velocity was correlated well with the square of the adiabatic ignition delay time for the critical autoignition conditions. The liftoff height was also correlated well with the square of the adiabatic ignition delay time.     

Hydrogen combustion under diesel engine conditions

The autoignition and combustion of hydrogen were investigated in a constant-volume combustion vessel under simulated direct-injection (DI) diesel engine conditions. The parameters varied in the investigation included: the injection pressure and temperature, the orifice diameter, and the ambient gas pressure, temperature and composition. The results show that the ignition delay of hydrogen under DI diesel conditions has a strong, Arrhenius dependence on temperature; however, the dependence on the other parameters examined is small. For gas densities typical of top-dead-center (TDC) in diesel engines, ignition delays of less than 1.0 ms were obtained for gas temperatures greater than 1120 K with oxygen concentrations as low as 5% (by volume). These data confirm that compression ignition of hydrogen is possible in a diesel engine at reasonable TDC conditions. In addition, the results show that DI hydrogen combustion rates are insensitive to reduced oxygen concentrations. The insensitivity of ignition delay and combustion rate to reduced oxygen concentration is significant because it offers the potential for a dramatic reduction in the emission of nitric oxides from a compression-ignited DI hydrogen engine through use of exhaust-gas-recirculation.     

Modeling of autoignition and NO sensitization for the oxidation of IC engine surrogate fuels

This paper presents an approach for modeling with one single kinetic mechanism the chemistry of the autoignition and combustion processes inside an internal combustion engine, as well as the chemical kinetics governing the postoxidation of unburned hydrocarbons in engine exhaust gases. Therefore a new kinetic model was developed, valid over a wide range of temperatures including the negative temperature coefficient regime. The model simulates the autoignition and the oxidation of engine surrogate fuels composed of n-heptane, iso-octane, and toluene, which are sensitized by the presence of nitric oxides. The new model was obtained from previously published mechanisms for the oxidation of alkanes and toluene where the coupling reactions describing interactions between hydrocarbons and NO_x were added. The mechanism was validated against a wide range of experimental data obtained in jet-stirred reactors, rapid compression machines, shock tubes, and homogeneous charge compression ignition engines. Flow rate and sensitivity analysis were performed in order to explain the low temperature chemical kinetics, especially the impact of NO_x on hydrocarbon oxidation.     

Ignition of turbulent non-premixed flames

The initiation of turbulent non-premixed combustion of gaseous fuels through autoignition and through spark ignition is reviewed, motivated by the increasing relevance of these phenomena for new combustion technologies. The fundamentals of the associated turbulent-chemistry interactions are emphasized. Background information from corresponding laminar flow problems, relevant turbulent combustion modelling approaches, and the ignition of turbulent sprays are included. For both autoignition and spark ignition, examination of the reaction zones in mixture fraction space is revealing. We review experimental and numerical data on the stochastic nature of the emergence of autoignition kernels and of the creation of kernels and subsequent flame establishment following spark ignition, aiming to reveal the particular facet of the turbulence causing the stochasticity. In contrast to fully-fledged turbulent combustion where the effects of turbulence on the reaction are reasonably well-established, at least qualitatively, here the turbulence can cause trends that are not straightforward.     

A simulation of the combustion of hydrogen in HCCI engines using a 3D model with detailed chemical kinetics

The influence of changes in the swirl velocity of the intake mixture on the combustion processes within a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine fueled with hydrogen were investigated analytically. A turbulent transient 3D predictive computational model which was developed and applied to the HCCI engine combustion system, incorporated detailed chemical kinetics for the oxidation of hydrogen. The effects of changes in the initial intake swirl, temperature and pressure, engine speed and compression and equivalence ratios on the combustion characteristics of a hydrogen fuelled HCCI engine were also examined. It is shown that an increase in the initial flow swirl ratio or speed lengthens the delay period for autoignition and extends the combustion period while reducing NO_x emissions. There are optimum values of the initial swirl ratio and engine speed for a certain mixture intake temperature, pressure, compression and equivalence ratios operational conditions that can achieve high thermal efficiencies and low NO_x emissions while reducing the tendency to knock