A framework for fiber delay‐line buffers in packet‐based asynchronous multifiber optical networks (PAMFONET)

A major challenge in packet‐based optical networks is packet contention, which occurs when two or more packets are heading to the same output at the same time. To resolve contention in the optical domain, a fundamental approach is fiber delay‐line (FDL) buffering, in which packets can be delayed for a fixed amount of time. In the literature, the performance of FDL buffering has been studied extensively. However, most existing works are based on an assumption that there is only one fiber per link in the network. In this paper, we address the architecture and performance of FDL buffers in packet‐based asynchronous multifiber optical networks (PAMFONET), in which each link in the network may consist of multiple optical fibers. We propose a framework for FDL buffers in PAMFONET, in which we provide three essential architectures and corresponding packet scheduling policies. Extensive simulation results show that, with appropriate settings, the same number of FDLs can lead to better performance in multifiber networks than in single‐fiber networks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种FDL和LRWC相结合的光分组交换网络的性能分析

研究了FDL和有限长波长转换器(LRWC)相结合的方法来解决异步变长的分组交换网中的冲突问题,对这种冲突解决方案建立了数学模型并进行了理论分析,提出了一个用于修正最佳延迟单元的公式,即在负载较大的情况下,我们要求延迟单元较小,这样可显著的降低在此交换网中的分组丢失率;对系统丢包率与负载、FDL数目和最佳延迟单元的关系进行了研究和讨论,结果表明:在同样的输入负载情况下,有限长波长转换器(LRWC)的引入可以降低缓存的数量;对延迟单元的修正可以大大降低丢包率,同时系统的性能较之单独使用FDL时有较大的改善。     

基于全光波长变换和色散介质的可调谐光延迟线

对基于四波混频全光波长变换与色散介质组合的可调谐光延迟线进行了实验研究。将420m长的高非线性光纤(HNLF)分别与普通单模光纤(SMF)和色散补偿光纤(DCF)组合,依次实现了1ns和3ns的可调谐光延迟,实验结果与理论结果非常一致。     

Fixed point analysis of limited range share per node wavelength conversion in asynchronous optical packet switching systems

In this article, we study an asynchronous optical packet switch equipped with a number of wavelength converters shared per node. The wavelength converters can be full range or circular-type limited range. We use the algorithmic methods devised for Markov chains of block-tridiagonal type in addition to fixed-point iterations to approximately solve this relatively complex system. In our approach, we also take into account the finite number of fiber interfaces using the Engset traffic model rather than the usual Poisson traffic modeling. The proposed analytical method provides an accurate approximation for full range systems for relatively large number of interfaces and for circular-type limited range wavelength conversion systems for which the tuning range is relatively narrow.

DWDM全光网络中波长转换技术的比较

波长转换技术是 DWDM全光网络中一项重要的基础技术。介绍了波长转换技术的基本原理 ,并对现有主要的几种波长转换技术进行比较 ,最后指出基于四波混频技术的波长转换技术是未来的研究方向     

基于同波长光纤延迟线集光突发交换结构及其性能分析

由于光突发交换机制本身就避免了光缓存的使用，但是现实中，光突发包之间竞争以及提供优先级服务又依靠光纤延迟线来解决。为此，我们设计了应用光纤延迟线的光突发交换网络核心节点结构。为了避免光纤延迟线色散引起的突发包输入排队缓存偏移，在该结构中设计了同波长光纤延迟线集。采用了空分交换矩阵，避免了波长转换的需要。为了有效运行该交换结构，我们提出了输入排队与自适应光缓存调度算法，而该算法不仅仅适用于光突发交换，也适合于光纤延迟线得到普遍应用的光分组交换。该调度算法能够提供优先级服务，避免队头阻塞，对该调度算法建立了严格的理论分析模型，并进行了仿真。仿真结果表明，与传统的延迟线竞争解决方案相比，这一调度算法能够改善交换性能1到2个数量级，是利用光纤延迟线解决光突发交换中竞争问题的一个较佳方案。     

光分组交换中的波长变换器配置研究

首先对波长变换器的功能及分类进行详细的论述,然后,对波长变换器的配置进行分析,总结出两种波长变换器配置方法,即独占式配置方法和共享式配置方法.针对独占式配置方法,本文使用仿真实验的方法研究了在不同类型的波长变换器下交换节点丢包性能的差异.本文还对独占式配置方法和共享式配置方法进行对比研究.     

具有反馈式光缓存的OPS节点结构性能研究

对反馈式光分组交换节点的性能进行深入分析,并针对现有反馈式光分组交换节点结构的不足,提出一种改进的反馈式光分组交换节点结构,即SMOP-TWC交换结构.最后,本文使用仿真实验的方法对SMOP-TWC交换结构的性能进行深入研究.     

基于ED-NALM的全光波长变换理论模型

提出了应用非线性掺饵光纤放大环镜进行全光波长变换的理论模型.详细研究了反转光脉冲的峰值功率、脉冲宽度和消光比等重要物理参量以及反转光脉冲继续在常规单模光纤中传输时的演变特性.结果表明:应用此模型,反转光脉冲除具有较高的峰值功率和消光比外,脉冲的宽度也比初始信号脉冲的宽度窄,而且脉冲的中心部分带有一定量的线性上啁啾,当其在常规单模光纤中传输时,在光纤的初始阶段,脉冲的峰值功率将经历先增加后减小的变化过程,而脉冲宽度的变化趋势与其正好相反.     

有限波长转换的OBS竞争解决机制探讨

对下一代光互联干线网最有前景的交换方式,光突发交换的现状及未来商用化的挑战进行了简单介绍,针对有限波长转换能力的光突发结构进行了深入的网络分析和建模,并从全网预先的资源规划方面,提出了竞争解决方案的初步设想和今后工作的重点.     

基于光波长转换的光分组交换系统的性能分析与仿真

提出并分析了一种具有波分复用的光分组交换架构中置入波长转换器的模型,在该结构中每个输入线都共享波长转换器,讨论了在均衡和非均衡条件下,网络丢包率和波长转换器数目的关系,仿真结果表明该模型能在降低丢包率的同时又能减少波长转换器的数目.     

光纤环形腔半导体激光器全光波长转换特性分析

提出了一种基于光纤环形腔半导体激光器的全光波长转换方案。利用稳态速率方程,导出了激光器有源区载流子密度与偏置电流及输入信号光功率关系的隐函数表达。从而研究了待转换的信号光及偏置电流对转换光功率和消光比的影响。     

Performance evaluation of adaptive routing algorithms in packet‐switched intersatellite link networks

This paper addresses the performance evaluation of adaptive routing algorithms in non‐geostationary packet‐switched satellite communication systems. The dynamic topology of satellite networks and variable traffic load in satellite coverage areas, due to the motion of satellites in their orbit planes, pose stringent requirements to routing algorithms. We have limited the scope of our interest to routing in the intersatellite link (ISL) segment. In order to analyse the applicability of different routing algorithms used in terrestrial networks, and to evaluate the performance of new algorithms designed for satellite networks, we have built a simulation model of a satellite communication system with intersatellite links. In the paper, we present simulation results considering a network‐uniform source/destination distribution model and a uniform source–destination traffic flow, thus showing the inherent routing characteristics of a selected Celestri‐like LEO satellite constellation. The updates of the routing tables are centrally calculated according to the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

波长变换对光突发交换网络性能的影响

介绍了光突发交换原理及波长变换技术.模拟了基于美国国家科学基金网络模型的光突发交换.数据源选用具有自相似性的突发性数据源,采用JET(Just-enough-time)信令协议,使用LAUC-VF数据信道调度算法.为减小竞争的发生,在网络中加入波长变换器.对带波长变换器和不带波长变换器的网络的性能进行了模拟,并对结果进行了分析.     

自适应弹性环光缓存结构设计及其网络性能分析

最大缓存时间限制、时延粒度限制、光分组长度限制3大限制因素,对传统光缓存器的前馈型和反馈型两种结构进行了分析。分析表明,影响光缓存器性能的3大限制因素在两种结构中的相互制约关系限制了光缓存器性能的进一步提高。在此基础上提出的一种自适应弹性环光缓存器(E-FLOB)结合了两种传统结构的优势,并分离了3大限制因素间的相互制约关系。结构分析显示,E-FLOB在缓存级数为16时可减少反馈型光缓存器噪声积累约3个数量级。网络性能仿真表明,弹性环结构比前馈型结构使用更少的缓存级数,获得比两种传统结构更低的分组丢失率。     

Performance characteristics of cascaded delay‐line node architectures in single‐path interconnection networks

Internally buffered multistage interconnection network architectures have been widely used in parallel computer systems and large switching fabrics. Migration from electrical domain to optical domain has raised the necessity of developing node architectures with optical buffers. Cascaded fibre delay line architectures can be seen as possible realizations of output and shared buffering in a 2 × 2‐switching element. These approaches can be used as buffered node architecture in a Banyan like interconnect. In this paper, we investigate and compare these approaches by using simulation methods. Different performance metrics, such as normalized throughput, average packet delay, packet loss rate and buffer utilization have been used under uniform and non‐uniform traffic models. Results show that the TC‐chain node Banyan network offer an improved normalized throughput and average packet delay performances under both traffic models without disrupting first‐in‐first‐out order of arrivals. The switched delay‐line requires fewer switching elements than TC and TTC architectures but at the cost of high packet delay. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DWDM光传送网中选路和波长分配

本文综述了密集波分复用（DWDM）光传送网中选路和波长分配（RAW）研究领域的最新研究成果。分析比较了固定路由和备用路由下不同RAW算法的性能,还讨论了不同情况下采用波长变换对网络性能的改善。     

Approximate Modeling of Optical Buffers for Variable Length Packets

This paper addresses the problem of dimensioning buffers realized by means of fiber delay lines in optical routers able to switch packets that have variable length and are sent asynchronously on the optical links. The optical buffer is analyzed focusing on the different behavior of a delay buffer and an electronic memory. The role of the time unit of the fiber delay lines is discussed, showing that it is a crucial parameter to determine the queuing performance. The paper presents two approximate analytical models that can be used both for analysis and engineering of the optical buffer and in particular to dimension the buffer time unit in an way that is optimal with respect to packet loss probability. The first model is based on an infinite queuing approximation. It is not very accurate and is valid for a limited set of values of the traffic load, but is extremely simple. The second model is based on a finite queuing approximation. It is more complex but more accurate and is valid for any value of traffic load. The accuracy of the models is compared with simulation and their range of applicability purposes is discussed.     

一种基于负载选择的光分组交换缓存结构

提出了一种基于业务负载选择的光分组交换(OPS)网络的光缓存结构,根据业务负载大小灵活选择缓存方式。输出缓存光纤延迟线(FDL)采用分段式共享机制配置,输出/反馈共享缓存模块采用简并式配置,以提高有限数目FDL的利用率。分析和仿真表明,这种可选择的缓存结构可以有效降低丢包率和OPS节点需求的FDL数目。     

基于光子晶体光纤四波混频的光波长变换

研究了光子晶体光纤(PCF)中基于四波混频(FWM)的全光波长变换实现以及相应的变换效能。使用C-L波段内具有平坦正色散特性的高非线性PCF,对基于FWM效应的光波长变换进行了理论分析,根据相应原理进行了波长变换实验系统的软件仿真,并以此为依据设计实验装置进行了实验验证。实验结果基本符合相应的理论计算以及系统仿真,在中心波长为1 5401、545以及1 550 nm的频带范围内分别得到了-17.381、-16.897和-17.787 dB的最高转换效率,分别对应181、7和13 nm的3dB转换带宽。