频率选择性信道下单载波空时分组编码传输系统中的信道估计技术

在频率选择性信道下给出了单载波频域均衡系统结合空时分组编码传输基于训练序列的最优信道估计算法。由于选取具有恒幅特性的Chu序列作为训练序列,因此这一算法能够实现信道估计的最小均方误差,并作了理论证明。最后,对本方案的性能进行了仿真比较,仿真的结果证实了本方案的优点。     

Differential modulation for asynchronous two‐way relay systems over frequency‐selective fading channels

We propose two schemes for asynchronous multi‐relay two‐way relay (MR‐TWR) systems in which neither the users nor the relays know the channel state information. In an MR‐TWR system, two users exchange their messages with the help of N_R relays. Most of the existing works on MR‐TWR systems based on differential modulation assume perfect symbol‐level synchronization between all communicating nodes. However, this assumption is not valid in many practical systems, which makes the design of differentially modulated schemes more challenging. Therefore, we design differential modulation schemes that can tolerate timing misalignment under frequency‐selective fading. We investigate the performance of the proposed schemes in terms of either probability of bit error or pairwise error probability. Through numerical examples, we show that the proposed schemes outperform existing competing solutions in the literature, especially for high signal‐to‐noise ratio values. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Linear diversity precoding design criterion for finite block‐fading parallel MIMO channels

A novel optimal two stage coding for finite set of parallel flat‐fading MIMO channels with single common information source with specific constant rate requirement is derived. The optimality of suggested coding is achieved in terms of the capacity versus outage performance. The well‐known optimal coding rule relies on Gaussian codewords spanned over the whole available finite set of parallel channels. We prove that the equivalent preprocessing to the ideal interleaving is to re‐code independent parallel channels codewords by a linear inner precoder from a special class of unitary precoders complying with the optimality criterion derived in the paper. Performing such linear mixture of codewords sharing common Gaussian block‐wise codebook, the same capacity versus the outage is guaranteed without any interleaving over parallel channels. We utilize a virtual multiple access (VMA) channel approach to derive the optimality criterion. Selected precoders with various space‐time or time‐only domain span were tested against this criterion and we provide the optimality results on variety of the channel parameters. We showed that the temporal processing is the most important one to achieve the optimality of the precoder. A full space‐time precoding does not perform better than one which is temporal‐only. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Closed‐form expression for the BER of m‐QAM‐OFDM systems over time‐ and frequency‐selective wireless channels

The broadcast DVB‐T system is an m‐QAM‐OFDM communication system that includes pilot‐symbol‐assisted modulation (PSAM) in order to enhance channel estimation at the receiver. This characteristic makes DVB‐T suitable for a mobile reception, over time‐ and frequency‐selective wireless channels. In this work, a closed‐form expression for the BER as a function of the transmission system, channel model and the channel estimation strategy employed at the receiver is derived. In addition, adjacent channel interference due to Doppler effects is also considered. The results are focused on the DVB‐T system under different scenarios. The channel estimation at the receiver has been shown to be very critical, and the impact of channel estimation errors on the BER is analysed in detail. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal training for block transmissions over doubly selective wireless fading channels

High data rates give rise to frequency-selective propagation, whereas carrier frequency-offsets and mobility-induced Doppler shifts introduce time-selectivity in wireless links. To mitigate the resulting time- and frequency-selective (or doubly selective) channels, optimal training sequences have been designed only for special cases: pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM) for time-selective channels and pilot tone-assisted orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for frequency-selective channels. Relying on a basis expansion channel model, we design low-complexity optimal PSAM for block transmissions over doubly selective channels. The optimality in designing our PSAM parameters consists of maximizing a tight lower bound on the average channel capacity that is shown to be equivalent to the minimization of the minimum mean-square channel estimation error. Numerical results corroborate our theoretical designs.     

选择性叠加导频信道估计

叠加导频信道估计方法是将导频与信息数据直接叠加,不占用专门的频谱和时隙,估计算法灵活多样,能解决导频信道估计系统中频谱利用率低和盲估计中不能实时估计的问题。介绍了叠加导频的MIMO-OFDM系统,采用正交多相序列作为叠加导频,利用导频符号的自相关及导频和接收信号的互相关,提出了一种选择性叠加导频信道估计信道的算法。最后,通过理论分析和计算机仿真,表明该方法在快衰落环境中有良好的性能。     

Time‐varying channel estimation for MIMO/OFDM systems using superimposed training and basis expansion models

An approach of superimposed training (ST)‐aided time‐varying (TV) channel estimation for multiple‐input multiple‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems is presented. By modeling the TV channel with the truncated discrete basis expansion model, a two‐step approach is adopted to estimate the TV channel. In addition, the mean square error (MSE) of the proposed channel estimation is analyzed, and its closed‐form expression is derived, which is a function of the data‐to‐ST power ratio. Using the developed channel MSE, we case the problem of ST power‐allocation by minimizing the lower bound on the average channel capacity. To enhance the performance of channel estimation, a low‐complexity decision feedback mechanism is introduced to iteratively mitigate the unknown data interference. Numerical results verify the performances of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

叠加共轭对称训练序列的OFDM系统时频同步方法

针对正交频分复用(OFDM)系统对同步错误率和频率偏移敏感的问题,提出了一种叠加共轭对称训练序列的OFDM系统时间和频率同步方法。该同步方法将快速傅里叶逆变换(IFFT)调制后的序列构成具有共轭对称特性的训练序列,并叠加到OFDM数据符号上;在接收端,利用叠加训练序列和融合循环前缀信息来获取OFDM系统同步信息。理论分析和仿真表明:在信噪比为5 dB时,该同步算法定时同步正确概率已接近100%;在信噪比为4 dB时,频偏估计精度可以达到10-4;该同步算法不仅具有更好的同步性能,而且节省系统的有效带宽以及降低系统的计算法复杂度。     

Channel‐power profile estimation for orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing systems

In this work, a channel‐power profile estimation for orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing systems, based on the cyclic prefix (CP), is introduced. By knowing the delay of each path, the time‐dispersion information can be derived. The proposed method, considering long intersymbol interference (ISI) fading channels, requires only the coarse symbol timing information. More specifically, quasi‐stationary fading channels are considered. The basic contribution is to obtain the maximum‐likelihood estimation of the correlation coefficient based on the CP. Subsequently, the relationship between the correlation coefficient and the channel‐tap powers is explored. With the estimate of correlation coefficient, the least‐square solution of the channel‐tap powers can be determined. The proposed method is suitable for both short and long ISI channels. Furthermore, the Cramér–Rao lower bound of the channel‐power profile estimation is analyzed, and simulations confirm the advantages of the proposed estimator. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于叠加训练的非合作多用户/MIMO信道估计

提出一种基于叠加训练的单载波非合作多用户/MIMO系统的迭代信道估计与检测方案。首先利用变换域方法构造具有零周期互相关特性的训练序列,从而消除多天线间的相互干扰,实现基于一阶统计量的信道估计。然后采用联合符号检测的迭代信道估计方法,利用检测序列作为额外的“训练序列”来降低信息序列自身干扰。与现有的叠加训练信道估计方案比较,新方案中训练序列构造更加灵活,在低信噪比下信道估计均方误差和误码率性能更优,且复杂度更低,仿真结果表明了该方案的有效性。     

Progressive intercarrier and co‐channel interference mitigation for underwater acoustic multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing

Multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (MIMO‐OFDM) has been actively studied for high data rate communications over the bandwidth‐limited underwater acoustic (UWA) channels. Unlike existing receivers that treat the intercarrier interference (ICI) as additive noise, in this paper, the proposed receiver considers ICI explicitly together with the co‐channel interference (CCI) due to parallel transmissions in MIMO‐OFDM. Using a recently developed progressive receiver framework, the proposed receiver starts with low‐complexity ICI‐ignorant processing and then progresses to ICI‐aware processing with increasing ICI levels. The key components of the proposed receiver include the following: (1) compressed sensing‐based sparse channel estimation, (2) soft‐input soft‐output minimum mean square error/Markov chain Monte Carlo detector for interference mitigation, and (3) soft nonbinary low‐density parity check decoding. In addition to simulation, we use real data from the Surface Processes and Acoustic Communications Experiment 2008 (SPACE08) and the Mobile Acoustic Communications Experiment 2010 (MACE10) to verify the system performance, where the transmitter in SPACE08 was stationary and that in MACE10 was slowly moving. Simulation and experimental results show that explicitly addressing ICI and CCI significantly improves the performance of MIMO‐OFDM in UWA systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Subcarrier grouping with environmental sensing for MIMO‐OFDM systems over correlated double‐selective fading channels

Multiple‐Input, Multiple‐Output (MIMO)‐orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising technique in 5G wireless communications. In high‐mobility scenarios, the transmission environments are time‐varying and/or the relative moving velocity between the transmitter and receiver is also time‐varying. In the literature, most of previous works mainly focused on fixed subcarrier group size and precoded the MIMO signals with unitary channel state information. In this way, the subcarrier grouping may naturally lead to big loss of channel capacity in high‐mobility scenarios because of the channel state information difference on the subcarriers in each group. To employ the MIMO‐OFDM technique, adaptive subcarrier grouping scheme may be an efficient way. In this paper, we first consider MIMO‐OFDM systems over double‐selective i.i.d. Rayleigh channels and investigate the quantitative relation between subcarrier group size and capacity loss theoretically. With developed theoretical results, we also propose an adaptive subcarrier grouping scheme to satisfy the preset capacity loss threshold by adjusting grouping size with the sensed environmental information and mobile velocity. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that to achieve a better system capacity, a sparse scattering, lower signal‐to‐noise ratio, and lower velocity as well as properly large antenna number are matched with larger subcarrier group size. One important observation is that if the antenna number is too large and higher than a threshold, which will not bring any additional gain to the subcarrier grouping. That is, the system capacity loss will converge to a lower bound expeditiously with respect to antenna number, which is given in theory also. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

叠加训练序列OFDM系统的一种迭代信道估计方法

在瑞利多径衰落信道中，针对叠加训练序列正交频分复用系统的迭代接收机，提出了一种迭代信道估计方法．在迭代译码开始前，利用与数据符号同时发送的训序列得到信道估计初始值，并在每次迭代后利用更新的码字比特先验信息估计接收信号中的数据符号，计算更准确的信道估计值．理论分析给出了每次迭代后的信道估计值的均方误差性能．在多径衰落信道中，通过计算机仿真验证了该迭代信道估计方法的有效性和可靠性。     

基于正交多相序列的OFDM信道估计算法

提出了一种基于正交多相序列的OFDM信道估计算法。该算法采用相关性能良好的正交多相序列作为发送信号的循环前缀,在接收端,提取循环前缀,进行相关计算,最终得到系统频域响应的估计值。通过仿真,验证了在多径衰落信道中,提出的算法比频域梳状导频插入的时域滤波算法及采用小m序列作为循环前缀的信道估计算法具有更高的信道估计精度。     

Performance of DS‐UWB in MB‐OFDM and multi‐user interference over Nakagami‐m fading channels

The mutual interference between the two ultra wideband (UWB) technologies, which use the same frequency spectrum, will be a matter of concern in the near future. In this context, we present a performance analysis of direct‐sequence (DS) UWB communication in the presence of multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB‐OFDM) UWB interfering transmissions. The channel fading is modeled according to Nakagami‐m distribution, and multi‐user interference is taken into account. The DS‐UWB system performance is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER). Specifically, using the characteristic function approach, an analytical expression for the average BER is derived conditioned on the channel impulse response. Numerical and simulation results are provided and compared for different coexistence scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive modulation and decision feedback equalization for frequency‐selective MIMO channels

In this paper, an adaptive modulation scheme for the multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) frequency‐selective channels is investigated. We consider a scenario with precoded block‐based transceivers over spatially correlated Rayleigh multipath MIMO channels. To eliminate the inter‐block interference, the zero‐padding is used. The receiver is equipped with a MIMO minimum‐mean‐squared‐error decision feedback equalizer. The precoder aims to force each subchannel to have an identical signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR). To adjust the constellation size, the unbiased mean square error at the equalizer output is sent back to the transmitter. To simplify our analysis, the feedback channel is considered as instantaneous and error free. We first derive the probability density function of the overall SINR for flat fading and frequency‐selective channels. On the basis of the probability density function of the upper bound of the SINR, we evaluate the system performance. We present accurate closed‐form expressions of the average spectral efficiency, the average bit error rate and the outage probability. The derived expressions are compared with Monte Carlo simulation results. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of the channel spatial correlation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Local mean signal estimation over Nakagami‐m fading channels

Accurate and fast algorithms for the local mean signal level estimation are very important for the successful implementation of many wireless communication enabling techniques such as handoff, power control, and adaptive gain control schemes. In this paper, we present on‐line simple‐to‐implement (i) minimum variance unbiased and (ii) maximum likelihood estimators for the local mean signal power estimation in the decibel domain. We consider a generalized Nakagami‐m fading environment and show that these estimators are asymptotically efficient in the number of samples and in the fading parameter m. Numerical and simulation results confirm that these estimators outperform the sample mean estimator and quickly approach the Cramer–Rao lower bounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Concatenation of space‐time block codes and turbo trellis coded modulation (ST‐TTCM) over Rician fading channels with imperfect phase

In this paper, the performance of space time‐turbo trellis coded modulation (ST‐TTCM) is evaluated over Rician and Rayleigh fading channels with imperfect phase. We modify Baum–Welch (BW) algorithm to estimate the fading and phase jitter parameters for multi‐antenna configurations. Thus, we assume that the channel parameters change slower than carrier frequency. We know that, at high data rate transmissions over wireless fading channels, space–time block codes (STBC) provide the maximal possible diversity advantage. Here, the combined effects of the amplitude and the phase of the received signal are considered, each one modelled by Rician and Tikhonov distributions, respectively. We investigate space time‐turbo trellis coded modulation (ST‐TTCM) for 8‐PSK for several Rician factor K and phase distortion factor η. Thus, our results reflect the degradations both due to the effects of the fading on the amplitude and phase noise of the received signal while the channel parameters are estimated by BW algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A robust µopt‐LMS algorithm for the tracking of fading channels

This paper presents an application of LMS algorithm with optimum step size (µ_opt‐LMS) for fading channel estimation. The expression for optimum step size of the LMS algorithm is modified for use in the fading channel estimation problem. The robustness of the proposed µ_opt‐LMS algorithm is demonstrated via simulation in different channel conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bandwidth‐efficient turbo coding over Rayleigh fading channels

Introduced in 1993, turbo codes can achieve high coding gains close to the Shannon limit. In order to design power and bandwidth‐efficient coding schemes, several approaches have been introduced to combine high coding rate turbo codes with multilevel modulations. The coding systems thus obtained have been shown to display near‐capacity performance over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. For communications over fading channels requiring large coding gain and high bandwidth efficiency, it is also interesting to study bit error rate (BER) performance of turbo codes combined with high order rectangular QAM modulations. To this end, we investigate, in this paper, error performance of several bandwidth‐efficient schemes designed using the bit‐interleaved coded modulation approach that has proven potentially very attractive when powerful codes, such as turbo codes, are employed. The structure of these coding schemes, termed ‘bit‐interleaved turbo‐coded modulations’ (BITCMs), is presented in a detailed manner and their BER performance is investigated for spectral efficiencies ranging from 2 to 7 bit/s/Hz. Computer simulation results indicate that BITCMs can achieve near‐capacity performance over Rayleigh fading channels, for all spectral efficiencies considered throughout the paper. It is also shown that the combination of turbo coding and rectangular QAM modulation with Gray mapping constitutes inherently a very powerful association, since coding and modulation functions are both optimized for operation in the same signal‐to‐noise ratio region. This means that no BER improvement is obtainable by employing any other signal constellation in place of the rectangular ones. Finally, the actual influence of the interleaving and mapping functions on error performance of BITCM schemes is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.