Time‐Varying Multipath Channel Estimation with Superimposed Training in CP‐OFDM Systems

Based on superimposed training methods, a novel time‐varying multipath channel estimation scheme is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. We first develop a linear least square channel estimator, and meanwhile find the optimal superimposed sequences with respect to the channel estimates’ mean square error. Next, a low‐rank approximated channel estimator is obtained by using the singular value decomposition. As demonstrated in simulations, the proposed scheme achieves not only better performance but also higher bandwidth efficiency than the conventional pilot‐aided approach.     

Full-Rank and Rank-Deficient Precoding Schemes for Single-Carrier Block Transmissions

In block-mode transmission, inserting a cyclic prefix (CP) between two consecutive blocks provides an efficient way of removing interblock interference and simplifies equalization of frequency-selective channels at the receiver. Here, we address optimal training design for channel estimation in such systems. Our investigations focus on affine precoding schemes. In designing the precoder, least squares channel estimation is constrained to be decoupled from symbol detection, which results in orthogonal precoding schemes. If the precoding matrix is full-rank, the data rate (or bandwidth) has to be traded off to accommodate training. We propose a full-rank orthogonal single-carrier (FROSC) precoding with a low peak-to-average power ratio. Then, in order to improve bandwidth efficiency, we propose a rank deficient orthogonal single carrier (DROSC) precoding scheme. Symbol recovery is still possible thanks to the finite alphabet property of the data symbols.     

Adaptive precoding and power allocation in distributed antenna systems with limited feedback

This paper introduces the limited feedback precoding into the distributed antenna system and proposes to adapt the predetermined orthogonal space time block codes to the available channel state information at the transmitter. The optimal representation of precoding information, namely the precoder, with least bits therefore becomes the key problem. Inspired by the characteristics of the distributed antenna system, we focus our work on the precoder construction, adaptable in response to the large and small scale fading, such that the symbol error probability is significantly reduced over that of a fixed, non‐adaptive, independent and identically distributed precoder codebook design. Furthermore, a suboptimal power‐loading strategy is presented by minimizing the derived tight upper bound on the average pairwise error probability of the precoded orthogonal space time block codes, which approaches the optimal performance asymptotically without additional channel knowledge other than the available feedback information. We prove that the proposed precoded orthogonal space time transmission scheme can achieve full diversity order. In particular, the robustness of our proposed transmission scheme to channel estimation error and feedback delay is respectively investigated in some detail, and numerical results show that it obviously improves the link reliability and obtains substantial gains even with few bits of feedback in comparison with conventional antenna selection scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Superimposed Pilot Aided Multiuser Channel Estimation for MIMO‐OFDM Uplinks

This letter addresses the superimposed pilot aided multiuser channel estimation for the uplinks of multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing systems. To mitigate the embedded‐data effects on the performance of channel estimation, a novel combining algorithm is proposed. Optimal pilot symbols are developed with respect to the least square channel estimate's mean square error. The averaged sum‐capacity lower bound is derived and simulated. Simulation results show that on a low signal‐to‐noise ratio regime, our proposed scheme achieves better performance and higher capacity than the conventional pilot aided approach.     

基于预编码的双路径中继系统信号传输方案研究

针对转发放大(Amplify-and-Forward, AF)模式下的双路径中继网络,为了降低训练序列设计相互约束关系的复杂度,并提升系统误码性能,本文提出了一种基于预编码的信号传输方案。新方案采用一对相互正交的预编码矩阵,分别在两个中继处对信号进行预编码,在目的点右乘相应的解码矩阵将两路叠加信号分离。新方案能够将两路信号完全分离从而使原本需要考虑三处训练序列设计的问题转化为两处,简化了训练序列设计复杂度。由于预编码方案能够在目的点压缩噪声功率,并且避免两路中继信号的互相干扰,单路径误码性能和双路径分集合并误码性能都得到提升。仿真结果验证了新方案的有效性。      

菱形中继网络中基于叠加训练的信道估计技术研究

针对放大转发(Amplify-and-Forward, AF)模式下的菱形中继网络,为了高效获取级联和单跳链路信道状态信息(Channel State Information, CSI),本文提出基于叠加训练的信道估计方案,以消除多址接入干扰和训练间互干扰为目标,进行最优的多训练序列设计。新方案将中继训练叠加到源训练序列上,通过对中继识别符号以及中继训练组进行联合优化设计,设计了一种基于频域循环移位的正交扩展序列组生成算法。为了消除非高斯复合噪声对单跳信道估计造成的严重干扰,提出了一种中继噪声消除算法。通过两路中继链路获取的信息副本,能够在端节点实现分集合并,有效提高符号检测性能。仿真实验对比了同类型的信道估计方案,分析验证了方案的有效性。      

Time‐varying channel estimation for MIMO/OFDM systems using superimposed training and basis expansion models

An approach of superimposed training (ST)‐aided time‐varying (TV) channel estimation for multiple‐input multiple‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems is presented. By modeling the TV channel with the truncated discrete basis expansion model, a two‐step approach is adopted to estimate the TV channel. In addition, the mean square error (MSE) of the proposed channel estimation is analyzed, and its closed‐form expression is derived, which is a function of the data‐to‐ST power ratio. Using the developed channel MSE, we case the problem of ST power‐allocation by minimizing the lower bound on the average channel capacity. To enhance the performance of channel estimation, a low‐complexity decision feedback mechanism is introduced to iteratively mitigate the unknown data interference. Numerical results verify the performances of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

叠加训练序列设计及其高效传输技术研究

采用训练序列与信息数据叠加的传输方案由于消除训练序列占用的频带开销而受到广泛关注。然而,如何高效的分离叠加信号是实现高效信道估计和可靠检测的基础。通过叠加周期训练序列,研究了基于数据依赖的叠加训练(DDST)方案的高效信道估计和检测方案。并结合信道编码技术,研究了编码条件下DDST方案与传统时分复用(TDM)方案的性能。仿真结果表明,在消除训练带宽开销的情况下,获得DDST方案与TDM的误码率基本保持一致。     

Doubly-Selective Channel Estimation Using Superimposed Training and Weighted First-Order Statistics

Doubly-selective channel estimation using superimposed training and complex exponential basis expansion model is considered. By taking a weighted averaging operation of the received data, a weighted first-order statistical estimator is proposed, where the time-varying channel estimation is reduced to the simple average-based solution of time-invariant coefficients and the dominant effect of information-induced interference on channel estimation can be suppressed. To further improve the estimation performance with a limited training power, a joint iterative channel estimation and symbol detection scheme is developed where the detected symbol is exploited to enhance estimation performance instead of being viewed as interference. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme is superior to data-dependent superimposed training scheme and competitive with the conventional time-multiplexed training in terms of symbol error rate over doubly-selective channels.     

基于毫米波通信的混合MIMO系统的信道估计

作为5G的一项关键技术,毫米波通信要求提出专有的信道估计和预编码算法,为此,针对毫米波MIMO系统的窄带平坦衰落信道研究下行信道估计方案.由于毫米波系统的稀疏特性,将稀疏多径信道的信道估计转化为稀疏信号的重建,基于压缩感知设计适用于毫米波通信系统的信道估计方案,深入研究了正交匹配追踪算法.仿真结果显示,它可以高概率地恢复信号,与传统的最小二乘法比较,能获得更好的信道估计性能.     

Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems Using a Controlled Superimposition of Training Sequences

This work pertains to the use of superimposed training (ST) for channel estimation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based systems. A time domain coherent averaging based channel estimator is derived from the least squares criterion. By exploiting the periodicity of the training sequences in the time domain and inserting zeros instead of data at some of the training sequence subcarrier locations depending on the desired estimation accuracy, a controlled superimposition technique is proposed. This method includes the flexibility to trade off between bandwidth efficiency and performance. The mean squared estimation error (MSEE) performance of such a system is mathematically analyzed and a training sequence selection criterion optimizing the same is proposed. The simulation performance of the scheme is presented in terms of the MSEE and the bit error rate (BER) of the OFDM system. Such a scheme is attractive in high data rate scenarios in closed loop OFDM systems.     

Data Aided Iterative Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems Using a Controlled Superimposition of Training Sequences

This work pertains to the use of superimposed training for channel estimation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based systems. An iterative time domain Least Squares based channel estimator is proposed. The estimator is generalized to provide scope for exploiting the coherence time and the coherence bandwidth of the channel. By exploiting the periodicity of the training sequences in the time domain and inserting zeros instead of data at some of the training sequence subcarrier locations depending on the desired estimation accuracy, a controlled superimposition technique is proposed. This method includes the flexibility to trade off between bandwidth efficiency and performance without any change in the structure of the channel estimator. The mean squared estimation error (MSEE) performance of such a system is mathematically analyzed and a training sequence selection criterion optimizing the same is proposed. The simulation performance of the scheme is presented in terms of the MSEE and also its impact on the bit error rate is shown. Such a scheme is attractive in high data rate scenarios in closed loop OFDM systems.     

Improved Wideband Precoding with Arbitrary Subcarrier Grouping in MIMO‐OFDM Systems

Precoding in the multiple‐input multiple‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system is investigated. In conventional wideband precoding (WBP), only one precoder, obtained from the decomposition of the subcarrier independent channel matrix, is used for all subcarriers. With an investigation of the relationship between the subcarrier independent channel matrix and the temporal/frequency channels, an improved WBP scheme is proposed for practical scenarios in which a part of subcarriers are allocated to a user. The improved WBP scheme is a generalized scheme of which narrow‐band precoding and conventional WBP schemes are special modes. Simulation results demonstrate that the improved WBP scheme almost achieves the optimum performance of a single precoder and outperforms the conventional WBP scheme in terms of the bit error ratio and ergodic capacity with slight complexity increase. The largest advantage of the improved WBP scheme on signal‐to‐noise ratio in simulation results is over 2.1 dB.     

On the Power Allocation and System Capacity of OFDM Systems Using Superimposed Training Schemes

Channel estimation in multipath environments is typically performed using the pilot-symbol-assisted modulation (PSAM) scheme. However, the traditional PSAM scheme requires the use of dedicated pilot subcarriers and therefore leads to a reduction in the bandwidth utilization. Accordingly, this paper investigates a channel-estimation approach for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using a superimposed training (ST) scheme, in which the pilot symbols are superimposed onto the data streams prior to transmission. By using equally spaced pilot symbols of equal power and assuming that the number of pilots is larger than the channel order, it is shown that the channel-estimation performance is independent of the number of pilots used. The optimal ratio of the pilot symbol power to the total transmission power is analyzed to maximize the lower bound of the channel capacity. Overall, the current results show that the ST-based channel estimation schemes have a slightly poorer performance than the PSAM scheme but yield higher system capacity.     

OFDM系统叠加序列能量分配及同步方案

在OFDM系统中采用叠加训练序列进行同步、信道估计和均衡是一种好方法,但是,叠加训练序列能量分配及同步等问题一直是困扰学术界的难题.本文提出了关于叠加训练序列的一种能量分配方案、两种最佳叠置结构和一种同步算法.理论分析和仿真证明,这些方案和算法对于改善叠加训练序列OFDM系统性能有很大帮助.     

A lower bound on achievable rate of MRT precoding in multicell multiuser massive MIMO networks with Rician flat fading

A multicell multiuser massive multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) network with Rician flat fading is considered. Given channel reciprocity, non‐orthogonal uplink channel training in conjunction with minimum mean square error channel estimation at the base stations are used to acquire channel state information. In the forward link, using maximal ratio transmission precoding, base stations send data to corresponding users. In this paper, first, a closed‐form expression for signal to interference and noise ratio and a lower bound on achievable rate are obtained for arbitrary number of base station antennas. Then, using random matrix theory, a simplified approximate expression for large number of base station antennas (i.e., massive MIMO scenario) are calculated. This simplified expression shows that in a multicell multiuser massive MIMO network with Rician flat fading, like Rayleigh fading, as the number of base station antennas goes to infinity, the effects of uncorrelated noise and intercell and intracell interferences tend to zero. The only factor limiting the performance of system is the correlated intercell interference, that is, pilot contamination, due to non‐orthogonality of channel training sequences in adjacent cells. Numerical results show that our obtained closed‐form expression is a good lower bound on sum‐rate for various system parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多波束移动卫星系统的自适应开环预编码方法

对于卫星移动通信系统,由于卫星与地面终端之间的相对运动以及星地间传输延迟,传统的基于理想信道信息的预编码方法是不适用的。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于开环信道估计的预编码方法。卫星端利用开环获取的部分信道信息实现多波束联合预编码,并导出了系统传输速率的闭合解析表达式。此外,为了克服强干扰环境下多波束预编码系统性能恶化问题,提出了一种自适应预编码传输方法。卫星发射机依据开环获得的慢时变用户位置信道信息和信道统计量信息,自适应地选择预编码方法或传统频率复用方法,实现最优的系统性能。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与传统的干扰抑制方法相比,所提方法能实现更优的系统性能,同时也克服了传统预编码方法的局限性。     

Linear precoding assisted blind channel estimation for OFDM systems

We propose a novel precoding approach for single transmit/receiver antenna orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems that enables blind channel estimation. A nonredundant nonunitary linear precoder is applied on each pair of blocks before they enter the OFDM system. The structure induced to the transmitted blocks allows for blind channel estimation at the receiver based on simple cross-correlation operations. At the same time, the multipath diversity of the system is increased. An optimal precoding scheme is pursued that, for quadrature phase-shift keying signals results in minimum channel error and asymptotically minimum bit error rate. Analytic performance evaluation of the proposed approach, and Cramer-Rao bound for the proposed channel estimate, are presented.     

The BER analysis of OFDMA and SC‐FDMA under pilot‐assisted channel estimation and pilot jamming in rayleigh slow‐fading channel

In this paper, the authors derived the analytical bit error rate expressions for orthogonal frequency division multiple access and single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access (SC‐FDMA) in Rayleigh slow‐fading channel for binary phase‐shift keying/quadrature phase‐shift keying/16‐quadrature amplitude modulations under pilot jamming and pilot symbol‐assisted channel estimation. Beginning with the bit error rate analysis from the general case of pilot symbol‐assisted channel estimation technique in Rayleigh slow‐fading channel, the expressions are first modified for different modulations and then further customized to account for the Zero‐Forcing equalization in frequency or time direction with application respectively to orthogonal frequency division multiple access or SC‐FDMA without and with pilot jamming. Piecewise‐linear interpolation is used for its simplicity. The simulation results match perfectly with the theoretical predictions except for some discrepancies with SC‐FDMA, which imply that the generalized equations developed here have to be further modified to account for system‐specific features like discrete Fourier transform precoding for SC‐FDMA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Precoding for Orthogonal Space–Time Block-Coded OFDM Downlink: Mean or Covariance Feedback?

This paper presents linear and nonlinear precoding design for error-rate improvement in orthogonal space–time block-coded (OSTBC) multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexed (OFDM) downlink, where both the conditional mean of the channel gain matrix and the channel gain covariance matrix may be available at the transmitter. The conditional means of the channel matrix are derived for a general transmit-antenna-correlated frequency-selective fading MIMO channel with estimation errors and feedback delay. Mean-feedback linear precoding and nonlinear Tomlinson–Harashima precoding (THP) are developed to maximize the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR). The intuition that when the mean feedback becomes accurate the mean-feedback precoding outperforms covariance precoding is confirmed. Dual-mode precoding is also proposed, in which the novel mean-feedback precoding or covariance precoding is adaptively chosen at the receiver. The precoding-mode switching metric is the maximized SNR, which is an indicator of the error rate. The receiver calculates its metric, selects the mode that achieves a higher SNR, and decides whether mean feedback is necessary. Our proposed precoders (both mean feedback and adaptive) significantly reduce the system error rate. Nonlinear precoding is shown to outperform linear precoding. Adaptive precoding outperforms both mean-feedback precoding and covariance precoding if individually applied in OSTBC OFDM.