温度、pH和Cl-浓度对NiTi形状记忆合金电化学行为的影响

通过正交试验法,采用动电位扫描技术研究了温度、pH和Cl-浓度对NiTi形状记忆合金在模拟口腔溶液中电化学行为的影响.结果表明温度、pH和Cl-浓度对NiTi的点蚀行为都有较大影响.溶液温度为25℃时点蚀电位最负,随着温度的升高,点蚀电位逐渐升高.溶液中的Cl-浓度很低时(不超过0.1 mol/L)点蚀电位较高,随着Cl-浓度的增加,点蚀电位急剧下降.当溶液的pH为6.0时,点蚀电位最高.     

316L不锈钢耐蚀性能的回归正交试验研究

在吸收式热泵工况条件下,采用二次回归正交设计研究了热泵用管材316L不锈钢在热网水中的点蚀电位Eb关于温度、Cl-浓度和p H值的关系,建立了三元二次回归模型。结果表明,各因素对316L不锈钢点蚀电位影响的显著程度为p H值温度Cl-浓度,且温度与p H值、Cl-浓度与p H值的交互作用较为明显。温度与Cl-浓度对点蚀电位影响负相关,而p H值则正相关。随温度的升高,其显著性在减弱,当高于75℃时,温度对点蚀电位影响则正相关但作用微弱。p H值的显著性明显且随p H值增大而增大。热网水中Cl-浓度较小,其对316L不锈钢的腐蚀无显著性影响。在热泵运行过程中应注意热网水p H值与温度的变化,把p H值控制在10.5及其以上为宜。     

X70钢在模拟土壤溶液中点蚀敏感性影响因素交互作用研究

通过正交试验法,采用动电位扫描技术研究了Cl-浓度、pH值和温度对X70钢在HCO3-+Cl-介质中电化学行为的交互影响.结果表明:Cl-浓度、pH值、温度三因素对X70管线钢在模拟土壤溶液中腐蚀及钝化行为影响较大,三因素对其点蚀敏感性影响依次为:pH值Cl-浓度温度;在Cl-浓度为0.010 mol/L、温度35℃、pH值为8.2的模拟土壤溶液中X70钢的点蚀敏感性最大,钝化区间较窄(-0.257~0.204 V),当电位超过0.204 V时已处于过钝化状态.     

敏化对不锈钢孔蚀性能的影响

用电化学测试技术研究了不同敏化处理的304不锈钢的耐孔蚀性能,探讨了Cl-浓度、温度和pH值对孔蚀电位Eb的影响。结果表明,敏化热处理导致Eb值下降;随Cl-浓度增加,介质温度升高,pH下降,使Eb值变负;不锈钢的晶间腐蚀使耐孔蚀性能变劣     

316L不锈钢在吸收式热泵中耐蚀性能的研究

通过电化学动电位扫描技术,采用正交试验法,研究了溴化锂(LiBr)吸收式热泵用管材316L不锈钢在热网水中的耐蚀性,建立了316L点蚀电位关于热网水温度、Cl-浓度和p H值三因素数学模型。通过腐蚀失重和电化学极化法进行了316L不锈钢在吸收器LiBr溶液中的点蚀性能研究。结果表明:温度与Cl-浓度对316L点蚀电位影响负相关,而p H值对其影响正相关,且各因素影响的显著程度为p H值温度Cl-浓度。吸收器条件下316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率仅为0.78μm/a,其表面点蚀坑多但较浅,且分布较均匀;但是316L点蚀电位Eb低于其氧平衡电位φ较多,点蚀仍可能发生。     

碳钢在碱性溶液中的孔蚀电位与HCO_3~-/Cl~-比值关系的研究

研究了Na HCO3+Na Cl碱性溶液中,较宽Cl-浓度(0.001~0.3 mol/L)范围内Cl-浓度及HCO_3~-和Cl-的浓度比值([HCO_3~-]/[Cl-])对Q235碳钢小孔腐蚀电位的影响。结果表明,Cl-浓度较大(0.02 mol/L)时,碳钢的稳定孔蚀电位Eb和亚稳态孔蚀电位Em都与[HCO_3~-]/[Cl-]符合很好的线性关系,[HCO_3~-]/[Cl-]升高Eb和Em线性增大;当Cl-浓度较小(0.02 mol/L)时,Eb和Em与[HCO_3~-]/[Cl-]之间不存在良好的线性关系,该条件下碳钢表面在发生稳定孔蚀前观察不到微米级的亚稳态小孔。     

光亮退火处理304不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性

采用稳态阳极极化曲线、恒电位开路衰减响应曲线和电化学噪声等多种电化学测试技术研究了光亮退火处理的304不锈钢在0.01-0.6mol/L NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性能.研究结果表明,不锈钢的点蚀击穿电位Eb值与Cl-浓度的对数呈线性关系,在同一浓度下,光亮不锈钢的Eb值比普通不锈钢大约正400-600mV;在0.6mol/L NaCl溶液中不锈钢恒电位开路衰减及电流噪声的测量结果也表明,光亮退火处理使不锈钢在NaCl溶液中钝化膜的稳定性明显改善,耐点蚀能力显著提高.     

应变作用下Q235碳钢在NaHCO_3+NaCl溶液中的孔蚀行为

用动电位极化、EIS和XPS等方法研究了应变作用下Q235碳钢在Na HCO3+Na Cl溶液中的孔蚀行为。结果表明:在0.2 mol·L-1Na HCO3+0.01 mol·L-1Na Cl溶液中,与无应变试样相比,8%的应变导致Q235碳钢的孔蚀电位Eb升高;随溶液Cl-浓度升高,应变试样的Eb逐渐降低,当Cl-浓度增大到0.1 mol·L-1时,应变试样的Eb值降低到与无应变试样相同的水平。另一方面,应变导致Q235钢钝化膜中Fe3+/Fe2+比值减小,膜阻抗降低,电荷转移电阻变小,钝化膜的稳定性有所降低。在实验条件下应变导致Eb升高的现象归因于溶液中HCO3-的存在,应变促进钢表面的阳极溶解,进而促进了HCO3-在表面的优先吸附,一定程度上抑制了Cl-促进孔蚀的作用。随溶液中HCO3-/Cl-的比值降低,应变导致的Eb值变化逐渐减小直至消失。     

316L不锈钢在有机胺脱硫溶液中的耐蚀性

采用浸泡方法研究了316L不锈钢在烧结烟气有机胺脱硫溶液中的腐蚀行为,主要对pH、温度、Cl-浓度和SO42-浓度变化引起的影响进行了分析。结果表明,316L不锈钢在脱硫溶液中存在点蚀行为,随着溶液pH、温度、SO42-浓度(60~140g/L)、Cl-浓度(1~10g/L)因素的变化,均有不同程度的腐蚀;但当pH4、温度80℃、ρ(Cl-)10g/L时,对316L的腐蚀影响较为明显。     

SO_4~(2-)对X80管线钢在含Cl~-的NaHCO_3溶液中点蚀行为影响

通过动电位极化方法研究了SO42-对X80管线钢在含0.01 mol/L NaCl的0.5 mol/L NaHCO3溶液中点蚀行为的影响,并通过电容测量方法对其机理进行了研究。结果表明:当溶液中SO24-和Cl-共存时,随着SO42-浓度的增大,点蚀电位降低,点蚀数量增加,X80钢发生点蚀的倾向性增大。这主要是因为吸附在试样表面的SO42-增加了X80钢表面钝化膜内的缺陷数量,从而增加了点蚀萌生的位置和几率。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。