基于MODIS和TM数据的陆面温度反演

陆地表面温度(LST)反演一直是热红外遥感研究中的一大难题。目前,分辨率较高的Landsat5/TM数据是陆地表面温度(LST)反演的常用遥感信息源。然而,由于TM只有一个热通道,大多数情况下由TM6数据得到的都是星上亮度温度,与实际地表温度有较大差距。普适性单通道算法的提出为从TM6数据高精度地反演地表真实温度提供了可能。为寻找一条从TM6数据高精度反演陆地表面温度的有效途径,利用该算法对北京地区的地表温度进行了反演试验,对该算法必需的总大气水蒸汽含量通过MOD IS数据计算获得。同时利用卫星过境时的同步实测数据对反演精度进行了检验,并与用标准大气数据得到的结果进行了比较。其结果表明,该方法具有较高的反演精度,其rmsd值为1.67℃,显示了多源数据结合的优势。     

基于Landsat TM图像的北京城市地表温度遥感反演研究

利用北京地区Landsat TM热红外波段数据，采用单通道算法反演得到北京地区地面温度分布图。从反演结果可以看出，北京城区地面温度比郊区地表温度高，郊区地表温度较低，密云水库、官厅水库等水体的温度最低，总体上北京城市热岛效应显著。地表比辐射率是通过Van经验公式反演得到，通过对比分析，表明该方法对自然地表的比辐射率反演效果较好。     

基于ETM+热红外遥感的武汉市城市地温反演研究

利用ERDAS及ArcGIS软件,通过影像预处理、影像解译,最终提取城区土地分类信息;由单窗算法,以大气辐射传输方程简化的单波段地表温度反演算法为基础,对武汉市2002年ETM+热红外遥感影像及相关气象资料进行地面亮温反演和不同土地利用类型的热效应定量评价研究.研究中采用了基于归一化差值植被指数和基于地表分类相结合的方法确定地表发射率;地温反演引入了热效应贡献度和区域热单元权重指数,对不同地表类型的热贡献度以及植被覆盖与地表温度的关系进行分析.     

利用TM6数据反演陆地表面温度新算法研究

陆地表面温度(LST)反演一直是热红外遥感研究中的一大难题。虽然TM 6数据具有较高的空间分辨率(120 m),但由于只有一个热通道,要得到地表真实温度,原来需要利用辐射传输方程的方法,实时资料的缺乏限制了该方法的应用。因而由TM 6数据得到的通常都是星上亮度温度,而星上亮度温度与实际地表温度差距较大,因此,其反演的温度精度不高。而单窗算法和普适性单通道算法的提出为从TM 6数据较高精度地反演陆地表面温度提供了可能。分析和研究了这两个新的单通道温度反演算法,并针对北京市的实际情况,利用2005年5月6日的TM数据对北京市的陆地表面温度进行了反演,并用实地测量数据进行了比较验证。结果表明这两种温度反演算法都取得了较高的精度,它们的rm sd值分别为1.38°和2.18°。     

高寒山区地表温度反演算法对比——以疏勒河上游流域为例

针对高寒山区地表温度遥感反演误差较大的问题,对比了三种地表温度算法在疏勒河上游流域的适用性。利用2009~2011年9景Landsat-5TM影像和气象数据,对疏勒河上游高寒山区的地表温度进行了反演。地表实测数据与三种地表温度算法及三种比辐射率计算方案下的反演结果进行对比检验的结果表明:辐射传输方程和普适性单通道算法的反演结果均高于实测值,单窗算法的误差最小,采用单窗地表温度算法结合覃志豪等的比辐射率计算方案反演的地表温度与实测结果的一致性最好。对2010年6月9日的不同下垫面类型的地表温度的空间分布分析结果表明,优化组合的地表温度算法反演的地表温度能够反映疏勒河上游山区不同地物的地表温度差别。     

基于GLCM的纹理特征量在TM 6热红外波段影像信息分析中的研究

利用了基于灰度共生矩阵GLCM的纹理特征分析方法,对TM 6热红外波段影像进行目标信息的提取,以增强热辐射量大的亮温目标与背景图像的差异,从而实现对原始图像进行图像增强、实现目标信息提取的目的.本文的实验影像是从武汉市长江流域区域的TM影像的热红外波段影像上截取的16个子区域,对16个实验区域分别采用文中定义的6个纹理特征进行图像分析,原始图像的灰度级是256,考虑到计算量大,在处理过程中压缩原始的256灰度级到64灰度级.实验结果显示出较高的一致性,表明所定义的variance和correlation两个纹理特征对于在TM 第6波段上,对于增强热红外影像上热辐射量大的目标影像与背景影像有显著的效果,该方法可以作为热红外影像处理的预处理,从一定程度上弥补了TM 热红外波段影像分辨率不够高带来的限制.     

城市建筑材质—地表温度关系的多源遥感研究

利用PROBA CHRIS遥感影像对北京城市建筑材质和自然地表进行基于光谱先验知识的分层分类提取,并与Landsat5 TM热红外数据反演得到的北京城市地表温度叠加,采用统计学方法定量分析了主要建筑材质、自然地类与地表温度的关系,并重点就不同建筑材质对城市热岛的影响及其表面特性所起作用进行了分析。结果表明：北京城区中的砖瓦房表面温度最高,比其他材质高0.3K~4.0K,比自然地类高5.1K~7.8K;金属结构表面温度略低;混凝土、水泥和沥青的平均温度相当,他们是城市热环境异常的主要来源之一;另外,城市中的玻璃幕墙能够有效地降低其表面温度,比其它材质低3.3K~4.0K。反照率、热惯量和热传导性是建筑材质影响城市地表温度的3个重要表面特性,对于不同材质,它们存在较大差异。     

北京市城市热岛与土地利用／覆盖变化的关系研究

本文以北京市为例,在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,以TM热红外遥感影像定量反演的城市地表温度为基础,分析了城市热岛效应与城市土地利用/覆盖变化的关系,以期为缓解城市热岛效应提供科学依据。     

基于劈窗算法的Landsat 8影像地表温度反演

陆地表面温度（LST）是表征地表能量交换和地面特征的重要指标,目前遥感技术逐渐成为区域和全球尺度上LST反演的一种便捷工具,而采样不同算法及不同影像的热红外遥感LST反演研究层出不穷,其中基于Landsat数据的反演成果尤为突出。文章利用劈窗算法对Landsat 8遥感影像进行地表温度反演,对比探讨了根据经验值与借助MODIS热红外数据两种不同方式的LST反演结果,并进行北京市热红外波段辐射亮度温度比较,针对地表温度分级进行统计,分析了当地地表温度分布趋势。结果表明：劈窗算法下Landsat 8数据的反演温度更接近实际温度,精度较高且优于MODIS产品;北京市地表温度空间分布格局受地物结构与反射率所制约,高温区主要集中分布于中东部,中低温区分布与林地及水体分布结构较为吻合。     

针对TM6有效波长的计算方法及其对地温反演的影响研究

相对NOAA-AVHRR及MODIS的热波段而言,Landsat TM6有更高的空间分辨率;因而更适合于地面热力场分布特征及微环境研究的准确分析需要。有效波长的确定对反演地表温度有重要影响。本文根据Landsat5及Landsat7 TM6对波长的光谱响应函数(RSR),推导出相应的有效波长值并分析其对地温反演的影响。分析结果表明,一般情况下,就Landsat5而言,用中心波长反演地表温度不会有太大影响;但利用Landsat7反演地表温度时则必须使用有效波长,因为中心波长可能会导致较大的地表温度反演误差。     

使用单窗算法研究北京城区热岛效应

随着全球变暖和城市化进程的加快,大城市城区的热岛效应日益严重。城市下垫面对地表能量交换的影响巨大,引起地表温度分布的不均一性。遥感技术的发展为地表温度的反演提供了可能。近年来人们使用劈窗算法对均一的海面温度的反演很成功,但是受空间分辨率的限制以及陆面的不均一性,陆面温度的反演一直是一个没有解决好的问题。覃志豪提出了一种TM热红外波段单窗算法,可以利用辅助气象资料快速计算出地表温度。本文以北京市城区为研究区,采用LandsetETM第6波段的单窗算法,反演了亮度温度和地表实际温度,分析了城市下垫面情况下NDVI与地表温度的相关关系,并解释了北京城区热岛在空间上的分布及其可能的原因。结果表明:北京市城区热岛效应显著;地表温度与NDVI相关性显著;城区绿地和水体在区域的温度分布中起到重要作用。     

Downscaling AVHRR land surface temperatures for improved surface urban heat island intensity estimation

Surface urban heat island (SUHI) is a phenomenon of both high spatial and temporal variability. In this context, studying and monitoring the SUHIs of urban areas through the satellite remote sensing technology, requires land surface temperature (LST) image data from satellite-borne thermal sensors of high spatial resolution as well as temporal resolution. However, due to technical constrains, satellite-borne thermal sensors yield a trade-off between their spatial and temporal resolution; a high spatial resolution is associated with a low temporal resolution and vice versa. To resolve this drawback, we applied in this study four downscaling techniques using different scaling factors to downscale 1-km LST image data provided by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor, given that AVHRR can offer the highest temporal resolution currently available. The city of Athens in Greece was used as the application site. Downscaled 120-m AVHRR LSTs simulated by the downscaling techniques, were then used for SUHI intensity estimation based on LST differences observed between the main urban land covers of Athens and the city's rural background. For the needs of the study, land cover information for Athens was obtained from the Corine Land Cover (CLC) 2000 database for Greece. Validation of the downscaled 120-m AVHRR LSTs as well of the retrieved SUHI intensities was performed by comparative analysis with time-coincident observations of 120-m LST and SUHI intensities generated from the band 6 of the Thermal Mapper (TM) sensor onboard the Landsat 5 platform. The spatial pattern of the downscaled AVHRR LST was found to be visually improved when compared to that of the original AVHRR LST and to resemble more that of TM6 LST. Statistical results indicated that, when compared to 120-m TM6 LST, the root mean square error (RMSE) in 120-m AVHRR LST generated by the downscaling techniques ranged from 4.9 to 5.3 °C. However, the accuracy in SUHI intensity was found to have significantly improved, with a RMSE value decreasing from 2.4 °C when the original AVHRR LST was utilized, down to 0.94 °C in case that downscaling was applied.     

A mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat TM data and its application to the Israel-Egypt border region

Remote sensing of land surface temperature (LST) from the thermal band data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) still remains unused in comparison with the extensive studies of its visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands for various applications. The brightness temperature can be computed from the digital number (DN) of TM6 data using the equation provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). However, a proper algorithm for retrieving LST from the only one thermal band of the sensor still remains unavailable due to many difficulties in the atmospheric correction. Based on thermal radiance transfer equation, an attempt has been made in the paper to develop a mono-window algorithm for retrieving LST from Landsat TM6 data. Three parameters are required for the algorithm: emissivity, transmittance and effective mean atmospheric temperature. Method about determination of atmospheric transmittance is given in the paper through the simulation of atmospheric conditions with LOWTRAN 7 program. A practicable approach of estimating effective mean atmospheric temperature from local meteorological observation is also proposed in the paper when the in situ atmospheric profile data is unavailable at the satellite pass, which is generally the case in the real world especially for the images in the past. Sensitivity analysis of the algorithm indicates that the possible error of ground emissivity, which is difficult to estimate, has relatively insignificant impact on the probable LST estimation error i T, which is sensible to the possible error of transmittance i 6 and mean atmospheric temperature i T a . Validation of the simulated data for various situations of seven typical atmospheres indicates that the algorithm is able to provide an accurate LST retrieval from TM6 data. The LST difference between the retrieved and the simulated ones is less than 0.4°C for most situations. Application of the algorithm to the sand dunes across the Israel-Egypt border results in a reasonable LST estimation of the region. Based on this LST estimation, spatial variation of the interesting thermal phenomenon has been analysed for comparison of LST difference across the border. The result shows that the Israeli side does have significantly higher surface temperature in spite of its denser vegetation cover than the Egyptian side where bare sand is prevalent.     

A C++ program for retrieving land surface temperature from the data of Landsat TM/ETM+ band6

A C++ language-based software tool for retrieving land surface temperature (LST) from the data of Landsat TM/ETM+ band6 is developed. It has two main functional modules: (1) Three methods to compute the ground emissivity based on land use/cover classification image, NDVI image and the ratio values of vegetation and bare ground and (2) Converting digital numbers (DNs) from TM/ETM+ band6 to LST. In the software tool, Qin et al.'s mono-window algorithm and Jiménez-Muňoz and Sobrino's single channel algorithm are programmed to retrieve LST. It will be a useful software tool to study the thermal environment of ground surface or the energy balance between the ground and the bottom atmosphere by using the thermal band of Landsat TM/ETM+.     

Remote sensing of temperature variations around major power plants as point sources of heat

Variations in land surface temperature (LST) around major point sources of heat were studied using the Tampa Bay region as a case study. LST in the Tampa Bay region, FL, USA, was retrieved from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 6 and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 6 high-gain thermal bands. The TM6 image data were obtained on 29 January (winter season) and 3 April 2007 (spring season). The ETM+6 data were obtained on 11 April 2007 (spring season). Spatial profiles of LST around four major fossil-fuelled power plants (FFPPs) were considered in this study. Temperatures were found to be highest at power plants and to decay to an average background temperature within 1.2–2.0 km from the FFPPs. The average background temperatures obtained in January and April were 17°C and 29°C, respectively. Results indicate that LST in close proximity to the FFPPs could be up to 10°C hotter than the surrounding areas. These findings suggest that FFPPs are significant heat sources and populations living within 1–2 km from an FFPP might be at significantly higher risk of heat-related illnesses and mortality.     

基于Landsat-5 TM的洪河湿地地表温度估算方法对比研究

利用洪河湿地2008年5月15日过境的Landsat/TM图像和实测地面数据以及MODIS 地表发射率数据,分别运用大气辐射传输模型、覃志豪的单窗算法和Jimenez\|Munoz & Sobrino 的单波段算法估算洪河湿地的地表温度,并且对比了大气校正前后的NDVI、LSE以及各种算法估算地表温度的差异。分析估算结果表明,覃志豪的单窗算法与实测地面数据估算结果非常一致。指出在没有实时探空数据的情况下,应用只有一个热红外通道的Landsat/TM数据源,采用覃志豪的单窗算法估算的精度是可以接受的。     

Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery

This paper compares the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percent impervious surface as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery by investigating the relationships between the land surface temperature (LST), percent impervious surface area (%ISA), and the NDVI. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data were used to estimate the LST from four different seasons for the Twin Cities, Minnesota, metropolitan area. A map of percent impervious surface with a standard error of 7.95% was generated using a normalized spectral mixture analysis of July 2002 Landsat TM imagery. Our analysis indicates there is a strong linear relationship between LST and percent impervious surface for all seasons, whereas the relationship between LST and NDVI is much less strong and varies by season. This result suggests percent impervious surface provides a complementary metric to the traditionally applied NDVI for analyzing LST quantitatively over the seasons for surface urban heat island studies using thermal infrared remote sensing in an urbanized environment.