永磁直驱风电机组的双PWM变换器协调控制策略

永磁直驱风力发电系统中可采用全功率双脉宽调制（PWM）变换器作为永磁同步发电机（PMSG）的并网电路，当风速变化时，双PWM变换器的直流链电压会随着PMSG输出功率的改变而出现大幅度波动，这将不利于变换器功率器件的安全运行及整个发电系统的稳定运行。结合永磁直驱同步风力发电系统的运行特点，提出一种适用于永磁直驱风电机组的双PWM变换器协调控制策略。系统仿真和实验结果验证了所提出的控制策略的正确性，该方案可显著提高风速变化时双PWM变换器的直流链电压的稳定性，有助于提高发电系统的安全稳定运行能力。     

逆变型分布式电源控制系统的设计

分布式发电系统并网运行时外特性控制是关系到其应用的关键问题之一。根据并网分布式电源的可控拟负荷外特性，设计了采用电流正弦脉宽调制（PWM）调节方法的电压型逆变控制器，整个体系充分考虑提高电能质量水平。该控制器的核心采用含有直流电压波动前馈补偿的双环串级PI结构。第1级为功率调节器，选择公共连接点（PCC）电压、电流作为反馈量，有功、无功可以分开独立调节；第2级为电流调节器，选择逆变器输出电流作为反馈量，考虑电流反馈解耦补偿，响应速度快。直流电压前馈补偿则可以降低直流侧缺少储能引发输入电压波动对控制效果的影响。输出滤波器的考虑则可进一步提高电能质量水平。仿真结果表明电流正弦PWM的双环串级PI控制系统能够较好地维持逆变型分布式电源恒功率电压源的拟负荷外特性，简单实用、设计灵活，可以得到较好的谐波注入。     

基于PMSG风力发电系统的最大功率追踪控制

建立了以永磁同步发电机(PMSG)为对象的变速恒频风力发电系统,推导了d-q坐标系下PMSG的数学模型,提出了风力发电系统中的功率控制、转速控制与最大功率追踪(MPPT)算法以及双PWM电能变换器的控制策略.同时,搭建了该系统的仿真模型,对风速阶跃变化时机组运行情况,进行了仿真,结果验证了最大功率追踪控制的有效性.     

电网故障时永磁直驱风电机组的低电压穿越控制策略

为提高永磁直驱风电机组所并电网的运行稳定性,研究电网故障下永磁直驱风电机组的运行特性以及提高其低电压穿越运行能力,文中提出一种适用于采用双脉宽调制变换器并网的永磁直驱风电机组的低电压穿越运行控制方案。通过在电网故障时限制发电机的电磁功率来限制输入至直流侧电容和电网侧变换器的功率,通过在电网故障时采用考虑发电机功率信息的网侧变换器电流闭环控制来实现直流链电压稳定控制,从而有效实现发电系统的低电压穿越运行。系统仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方案无需增加硬件保护装置,在电网对称及非对称故障下均可有效实现永磁直驱风电机组的低电压穿越运行。     

电网短路时交流励磁风电机组网侧变换器控制策略

电网短路故障时交流励磁用双脉宽调制（PWM）变换器应提供足够的励磁电压实现交流励磁发电机的不间断运行，要求双PWM变换器直流链电压在故障时波动较小。分析并提出一种电网短路故障时交流励磁风电机组电网侧变换器的控制策略，该方案在电压跌落时仅利用电流内环控制电网侧变换器，并于电压正常时采用带前馈的双闭环电压控制策略控制电网侧变换器。通过仿真验证了所提出的方案在电网短路故障发生和切除时稳定控制直流链电压的有效性，为故障过程发电机不脱网励磁控制奠定了基础，同时该方案也能有效保护直流侧电容及提高系统的稳定性。     

双馈感应风力发电机网侧变换器低压运行与控制

电压型双PWM变换器用作双馈风力发电机的交流励磁电源在风力发电系统中得到广泛应用,但在电网故障时会引起电网侧变换器直流链电压波动,影响双馈感应风力发电机的不间断运行。分析了引起交流励磁发电机电网侧变换器直流链电压波动的因素,提出了在电压跌落时采用基于小波模型方法,通过引入恰当的前馈项,使流入母线电容的电流为零。与传统的前馈控制策略进行仿真比较分析,验证了改进的前馈控制策略能在负载突变和电网电压骤降的情况下,有效地控制变换器直流母线电压,提高了直流电压调节速度,减小了振荡幅值,同时也起到保护直流链电容的作用,提高了电力系统的稳定性。     

非并网风力发电系统的电压协调控制

在非并网风力发电系统中，当风能突然增加或负载突然减少时，系统的功率平衡将被打破，从而造成直流电网中出现电压尖峰和电压升高，可能造成系统中功率器件的损坏。文中通过改变负载电流、输电线电压或注入电网电流等参考值，从而改变从直流电网吸收或向直流电网注入的电流值，抑制了电压尖峰和电压升高。仿真分析结果表明该控制方法能够起到很好的抑制作用。     

包含VDCCOL的VSC-HVDC改进控制策略

在交流系统故障或者甩负荷等暂态过程中，由于有功功率不平衡，电压源换流器型高压直流（VSC-HVDC）输电系统直流侧会出现过电压或者欠电压现象，危及换流阀、直流电容器和直流电缆等设备的安全。为了限制暂态过程中直流电压波动幅度，提出了一种改进的控制策略，即在外环有功功率控制器中增加了一个依赖于直流电压的电流指令限制单元（VDCCOL），它通过内环电流控制器有功电流指令的变化来反映直流电压的变化。当直流电压异常时，VDCCOL根据预设的特性迅速修正外环功率控制器输出的有功电流指令值，减缓有功功率的不平衡，从而达到限制直流过电压/欠电压的发展、保护设备安全运行和避免频繁切机等目的。仿真研究表明，文中提出的控制策略能有效地抑制故障条件下直流电压波动幅度，提高系统的运行特性。     

直流母线电压控制实现并网与最大风能跟踪

针对永磁同步风力发电机加不控AC/DC和可控DC/AC结构，提出采用直流母线电压控制同时实现并网与最大风能跟踪。分析了可控DC/AC通过功率解耦控制直流母线电压的原理。提出采用可控DC/AC对直流电容充电的直接并网方法，并详细讨论了充电电流和限流电阻的取值范围。分析了直流母线电压与发电机转速之间的关系，提出采用直流电压变步长扰动代替转速定步长扰动实现最大风能跟踪，进一步提出采用功率变化量平方的比例值作为扰动值。详细的仿真验证了文中提出的控制策略简单、可行，适用于并网型永磁同步风力发电机。     

基于负载功率前馈一体化控制的双PWM变频调速系统的仿真

针对双PWM变频器整流侧与逆变侧独立控制时,直流侧必须利用大电容稳压,导致系统成本增加且寿命缩短的问题,提出一种整流侧采用引入新型开关矢量表的直接功率控制(Direct Power Control, DPC)方案。该方案逆变侧采用转子磁场定向矢量控制,并采用负载功率前馈控制策略,以实现双PWM变频器的协调控制。仿真实验结果表明,相比独立控制的双PWM变频调速系统,采用该一体化协调控制策略的双PWM变频调速系统,不仅能减小网侧电流的谐波,还可较好地抑制负载突变时直流电压的波动,加快整流侧和逆变侧的动态响应,大大提高系统的抗扰能力,从而减小电容体积并降低成本。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…