徐志摩与西方现代派绘画

徐志摩,20世纪早期中国文坛一颗耀眼的明星,他的贡献不仅仅在于他在文学方面所取得的成就,鲜为人知的是,他最早将西方现代派绘画引入中国,并且提出了一系列超越了那个时代的积极的绘画思想,即使对今天我们的艺术创作也具有不可忽视的影响。本文从第一届全国美展引发的"二徐"之争入手,通过对徐志摩人生、留学经历的研究,试图探寻出他在20世纪20年代支持现代派绘画艺术的根源所在以及他对于现代派绘画的一些积极的思想。     

The Accademia della Crusca: New perspectives in lexicography

The Accademia della Crusca is involved in historical, philological and lexicographical research into the Italian language. First, we provide some background information on the Accademia. Second, we discuss the problems of selectivity and inertia of nineteenth century lexicography, and define modern day requirements. We then consider the contribution of the computer to modern lexicography, and some computer-based dictionary projects, including those undertaken specifically at the Accademia. Giovanni Nencioni is the President of the Accademia della Crusca (Florence, Italy), quondam professor of Italian linguistics in the Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa. His main research interests are the history of the literary Italian language and lexicography. He has two major publications: Tra grammatica e retorica, Torino: Einaudi Paperbacks, 1983; and Saggi di lingua antica e moderna, Torino: Rosenberg e Sellier, 1989.     

THE CIPHERED AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A 19th CENTURY EGYPTOLOGIST

Simeone Levi was an Italian Egyptologist who lived in Turin during the second half of the 19th century. His major work is an eight volume hieroglyphic dictionary. He left a ciphered autobiography which remained a mistery for about three generations in his family. We present here the procedure used to decipher the text and the structure of the code invented by Simeone Levi.     

浪漫主义绘画对当今设计的启示

浪漫主义绘画是浪漫主义的一种主要艺术形式,在19世纪西方画坛上占有举足轻重的地位。文章通过对浪漫主义绘画的精神寓意和绘画语言各特征的分析和总结,从而得出现今设计尤其是在产品设计领域可以对浪漫主义绘画的一些特征进行借鉴,并通过具体的设计案例来说明这条"借鉴"道路的可行性。     

Steam locomotive ergonomics

A retrospective study of some of the ergonomic factors of the man/machine interface of the steam locomotive of the 19th century. Reference is made to the dominance of mechanical requirements over human engineering factors, to the perceptual task of drivers, and to the specialised form of the machine and its control position. Examples are given of the application of some ergonomics to control position design in the 20th century, and the present day 'non-steam' control positions are described so as to form comparisons with the 19th century control position practices.     

Fault-tolerant systems

Two mishaps early this year forcefully reminded the authors how important computer systems' reliability has become to human well-being in this last decade of the 20th century. In January, large parts of AT&T's long-distance telephone switching networks failed because of a software problem. Then, in February, a `fly by wire' Airbus A320 aircraft crashed in Bangalore, India. While a definitive cause for the accident has yet to be established (preliminary investigations suggest that the control computers might well have performed to specifications), the fact that the A320 employs a fully electronic cockpit with no mechanical backup for control has raised much speculation about the computers' role in the crash. The authors stress that the basic idea behind building in a fault tolerant capability is to provide the system with extra (redundant) resources     

(Interactive) cinema as a model of mind

(Interactive) cinema is introduced as a model system for describing mind, inspired by Antonio Damasio’s approach (1999, 2002) to emotions and the conscious self. Damasio harnesses ‘movie’ as a metaphor for the integrated, unified composite of sensory images—visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory; the multimedia-show he calls mind. Assuming emotion to be the foundation of any cognitive act, cinema is discussed as a metaphoric externalisation of embodied mind. This discussion creates a novel dialogue between the contemporary philosophy of embodied mind by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1999), and the practice-based cinematic thinking of Russian film director Sergei Eisenstein (from the first half of the 20th century). The work Eisenstein did in order to construct an organic unity of cinematic form serves as the point of departure for an attempt to model the (interactive) film research project Obsession.     

“新艺术”运动对中国近代设计的影响

新艺术运动是19世纪末20世纪初一次重要的设计运动,体现了以农耕文明和渔猎文明为基础的古代设计向以机械化大生产为基础的现代设计的转变,在世界现代设计史具有重要的地位。中国近代设计是中国设计史的重要组成部分,其发展深受新艺术运动的影响。通过对二者的分析与研究,以期能为当代中国设计的发展提供借鉴。     

Identifying Italian ciphers from continuous-figure ciphertexts (1593)

Italian ciphers of the 16th century often used Arabic figures written continuously without a break. The first step in reading such a ciphertext is to split the continuous sequence of figures into individual cipher symbols. However, this is not straightforward for codebreakers when the cipher symbols are not of fixed length. I succeeded in splitting the continuous sequence into individual symbols for three undeciphered ciphertexts from 1593, which all turned out to employ different schemes. Once the figures were broken into individual groups, the ciphers were simple enough to allow preliminary decipherment without knowledge of Italian.     

虚拟现实技术及其应用研究

虚拟现实技术是二十世纪末才兴起的一门崭新的综合性信息技术，本文总结了虚拟现实技术的发展和应用．介绍了虚拟现实技术的分类，并结合具体工程实例重点介绍了桌面虚拟现实技术。     

LeMO: A virtual exhibition of 20th century German history

The aim of the LeMO project is to create a multimedia information system on 20th century German history in the Internet. This work is carried out in a joint project by the Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering (ISST), the German Historical Museum in Berlin and the Haus der Geschichte of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn. The LeMO system provides various options for accessing its information. With the need in mind to make cultural content attractive to young people, 3D environments have been developed for each period of 20th century history. These presentations constitute a different way of looking at history. Visitors navigate through 3D spaces to the various museum exhibits and can request further multimedia information on historical events (text, images, audio and video material). Access to specific content is also provided via a metadata-based search engine. The architecture of the LeMO system is based on Internet technologies (including VRML, HTML, streaming audio/video). This paper describes the concepts and implementations used within LeMO to structure and present information. By the end of 1998, 31 3D environments and over 4000 multimedia web pages covering various periods, topics, chronicles and biographies from German history had been developed for the virtual exhibition (www.dhm.de/lemo). From 1997–1998 LeMO was a project of DFN-Verein (the Association for the Promotion of a German Research Network) with financial support from Deutsche Telekom Berkom. In the LeMO+ follow-up project funded by DFN-Verein, the LeMO system is to be given additional functionality and tested for use in the classroom.     

电路在线测试技术及应用

电路在线测试技术是一种电路板的计算机自动测试技术。本文以意大利的自动测试设备Ｓ２０ （Ｓ２０ＡＴＥ）为例， 阐述了这种技术的基本原理， 同时介绍了Ｓ２０ＡＴＥ的系统结构和编程使用办法。     

Church history and the computer

Ever since the pioneering work of Roberto Busa, computers have had an important work in humanistic research. The Istituto per le Scienze Religiose has been involved in such research since the 1970s. This article describes the Pope John XXIII project whose aim is to produce a computer-aided index of all the Pope's writings in both Italian and Latin; as well as future projects currently under consideration.Alberto Melloni is a church historian of the ISR of Bologna: he has worked at Cornell University, Ithaca NY, and at the Catholic University of Fribourg CH. He was responsible for the concordance of the writings of pope John XXIII (several articles based on it were published and a critical edition of Roncalli's journal has been printed in 1987: II Giornale dell'Anima. Diari e scritti spirituali, ISR Bologna, I). He has worked on the history of canon law through a concordance of the Codes of the Vatican II. Melloni is now secretary of the International Committee for the History of the Vatican II. some tools for this work are presented in a forthcoming article for History and Computing.     

美国滴画大师杰克逊·波洛克作品探析

杰克逊·波洛克(Jackson Pollock)作为美国抽象表现主义的代表人物,他执着于追求艺术情感的真实表达,并勇于尝试一切有助于情感表达的绘画形式,最终以极富挑战的行动绘画创造出自由不羁的抽象表现主义新作,从而成为20世纪美国最有影响力的艺术家之一。在其作品恒久魅力的背后,是深藏在线条交织与色彩碰撞中的强烈情感表现以及勇于突破传统的挑战精神。     

MUSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY

Cipher Device M-94 was adopted by the United States Army in 1922, the same year papers found in the Library of Congress revealed that Thomas Jefferson had invented the same device about 125 years earlier. Almost 100 years after Jefferson, Commandant Etienne Bazeries, a French army cryptologist, independently developed a similar device. Both inventions, which ultimately formed the basis for the most widely used cryptosystems in the 20th century, apparently had a common antecedent in the letter lock, which was popularized in France by Edme Regnier during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.     

21世纪中国土壤科学面临的挑战与任务

在简短回顾20世纪土壤科学发展历程的基础上,分析了中国土壤科学所面临的挑战、任务和发展方向。认为20世纪的土壤科学研究领域得到不断扩大，提出了土壤圈、土壤水能量、运动方程、土壤生态系统、土壤质量综合调控理论、土壤系统分类等一些新观点和新理论，为21世纪土壤科学的发展奠定了良好的基础。21世纪中国土壤科学面临着食物安全、生态环境的挑战，面临着现代科学技术和土壤学自身发展的挑战，同时也面临着社会认同的挑战。21世纪中国的土壤科学应当加强土壤基础理论研究，提高研究水平，为世界土壤科学发展做出应有的贡献；同时在食物安全和生态环境建设等应用研究方面，土壤学应为经济发展和社会进步做出更大的贡献，争取社会的广泛认同。     

龚贤山水画与莫奈风景画之比较

本文旨在对龚贤和莫奈的绘画艺术,在师承、追求、艺术风格等方面作一比较,寻绎出各自的绘画成因。龚贤生活在明清易祚的时期,其承变传统而出新意,在法国社会大变革的潮流中,莫奈领导的印象派运动可以看作是19世纪自然主义倾向的巅峰,也可以看作是现代艺术的起点。笔者将两位画家并论,对这两位画家进行比较研究,得出"继承"和"变革"并非矛盾。由于他们在中西绘画史上占有的重要地位,在很多方面对我们是有所启发的。     

DATAID-1: A database design methodology

DATAID-1 is a database design methodology developed as part of the DATAID project financed by the Italian National Research Council within the Progetto Finalizzato Informatica research project. Several working groups, both from academic and industrial environments, participate in the DATAID project. At present, the authors coordinate the project.The importance of developing methodologies and tools for database design has been indicated in recent years by the constant growth of computer-based systems which involve a database to provide their users with a controlled and centralized access to data. Accordingly, the DATAID project was undertaken in September 1979 with the objective of developing a methodology to support the specification, design and implementation of databases, including the construction of tools that would support the designer.In this study the main features of DATAID-1 are discussed with respect to other approaches existing in literature. A later article will completely describe a case study in DATAID-1 [1].     

Literary texts and the state of the language: The role of the computer

We should follow Mark Olsen's lead and think with maximum ambition of the role of the computer in supporting literary research of the highest order. Thus the computer enables us to answer one of the great questions of literary criticism: how does a given writer contribute to the changing language? We can now chart the influence of given writers by correlating their words and phrasing with computerized dictionaries so as to produce profiles and histories of the way words have entered the language.Dennis Taylor is a professor of English at Boston College and a nineteenth century specialist. His two most recent books areHardy's Metres and Victorian Prosody andHardy's Literary Language and Victorian Philology, both from Clarendon Press, Oxford.     

Have it your way and mine: The theory of styles

Olsen is right to note what can be done with a good theory and the right machine. His particular theory, however, is not transferable to literary studies. If we need a new model, I would suggest that cognitive science can provide a few interesting ones. I have begun to do some work based on David Marr's VISION, in which he hypothesizes two levels of processing within the visual module. My speculation has been on the parallel existence of distinguishable levels of conceptual or language organization which would correspond to the viewer and object centered perspectives Marr describes for vision. I propose to explore the possibility that we may find here the model for the existence of stylistic individualism within overarching historical stylistic generalizations, and even more, that this may be what feminists are searching for when they try to resist being coopted by the masculine language of objectivity. Ellen Spolsky teaches English literature and literary theory and is the Director of the Lechter Institute for Literary Research at Bar-Ilan University, Israel. Her latest book is Gaps in Nature: Literary Interpretation and the Modular Mind(SUNY Press, 1993).