Modeling mechanical performance of lightweight concrete containing silica fume exposed to high temperature using genetic programming

In this study, the mechanical performance of lightweight concrete exposed to high temperature has been modeled using genetic programming. The mixes incorporating 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% silica fumes were prepared. Two different cement contents (400 and 500 kg/m³) were used in this study. After being heated to temperatures of 20 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C and 800 °C, respectively, the compressive and splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete was tested. Empirical genetic programming based equations for compressive and splitting tensile strength were obtained in terms of temperature (T), cement content (C), silica fume content (SF), pumice aggregate content (A), water/cement ratio (W/C) and super plasticizer content (SP). Proposed genetic programming based equations are observed to be quite accurate as compared to experimental results.     

Effect of silica fume on cement hydration and temperature rise of concrete in tropical environment

Investigated herein is the effect of temperature on heat development in cement pastes and concretes with and without silica fume cured at relatively high temperatures often encountered in tropical environment. With an initial temperature of 30°C, adiabatic temperature rise of the concrete with 8% silica fume as cement replacement was similar to that of the control Portland cement concrete up to about 18 h. After 24 h, however, the temperature of the silica fume concrete was lower than that of the control concrete. Since the concrete with 8% silica fume had a higher 28-day compressive strength (72.5 MPa) than the control concrete without silica fume (59.2 MPa), the concrete with silica fume is likely to have a lower temperature rise as compared with the control concrete of equivalent 28-day strength by reducing cementitious materials content with the same water content. The extent of heat evolution in the silica fume pastes was generally greater at lower temperatures of 20–50°C, but less at 65°C than in the control paste. At the relatively high curing temperatures, the degree of cement hydration in the paste with silica fume was lower than that in the control cement paste at early ages. However, the pozzolanic reaction started even before 24 h after water was added.     

Effectiveness of technogenic waste usage in products of building ceramics and expanded clay concrete

In this paper the influence of the burned and the unburned mullite wool waste on the properties of ceramics and expanded clay concrete has been analysed. It has been determined, that this waste could be successfully used in the manufacture of expanded clay concrete and wall ceramic products. Increasing the quantity of mullite wool in the mix of expanded clay concrete, the forecasted frost resistance decreased and the water absorption increased. Products without waste and those having 10% of the waste have similar compressive strength. The performed research has shown that the unburned mullite wool waste is the active micro filler, however it does not decrease the quantity of portlandite formed, but performs a framing function. Modifying the composition of ceramics with the burned mullite wool waste, the density of samples decreased, but the parameters of water absorption and compressive strength increased. To receive stronger ceramic products, 15% of the burned mullite wool waste should be added, then the compressive strength is 23 MPa, however the forecasted frost resistance of such ceramic body would be only 65 cycles. The highest frost resistance (about 200 cycles) of ceramic samples was received applying 5% of the waste additive, then compressive strength is about 16 MPa. The unburned mullite wool waste decreases the frost resistance and density of expanded clay lightweight concrete samples, and increases the water absorption. Replacing 10% of cement with the unburned mullite wool waste almost does not change the compressive strength and density, but decrease frost resistance 36% and increase water absorption 4%.     

The effect of high temperature on compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of structural lightweight concrete containing fly ash

In this study, the effect of high temperature on compressive and splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete containing fly ash was investigated experimentally and statistically. The mixes incorporating 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% fly ash were prepared. After being heated to temperatures of 200, 400 and 800 °C, respectively, the compressive and splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete was tested. This article adopts Taguchi approach with an L₁₆ (4⁵) to reduce the numbers of experiment. Two control factors (percentage of fly ash and heating degree) for this study were used. The level of importance of these parameters on compressive and splitting tensile strength was determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) method.     

Performance of lightweight concrete with silica fume after high temperature

In this study, the effect of silica fume on compressive and splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete after high temperature was investigated experimentally and statistically. The mixes incorporating 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% silica fumes were prepared. After being heated to temperatures of 200, 400 and 800 °C, respectively, the compressive and splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete was tested. This article adopts Taguchi approach with an L₁₆ (4⁵) to reduce the numbers of experiment. Two control factors (percentage of silica fume and heating degree) for this study were used. The level of importance of these parameters on compressive and splitting tensile strength was determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) method.     

新型超高性能混凝土的力学性能研究及工程应用

采用天然细集料、掺加高达 6 0 %的外掺料 ,在热水养护和高温养护条件下成功地制备出最高抗压强度达2 0 0MPa、抗折强度为 5 0MPa的超高性能混凝土材料 ;同时系统研究了不同养护制度下超高性能混凝土力学性能的发展规律 ,并将其应用于市政工程用的井盖 ;结果表明 ,用这种超高性能混凝土制作的井盖具有轻质、高强、高韧性 ,使用安全方便 ,造价低廉 ,且无回收价值的特点 ,完全可以取代铸铁井盖 ,具有良好的社会效益和经济效益     

The effect of high temperature curing on the strength and carbonation of pozzolanic structural lightweight concretes

An experimental study on the compressive strength and carbonation depth of lightweight concrete mixes that contain pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and silica fume (SF) as cement replacements is presented in this paper. Mixes that had a relatively high replacement level of PFA at 25, 40, and 55% and of SF at 5, 10, and 15% by weight were compared. The results indicated that accelerated curing at 60 °C for 3 days improved the 28-day compressive strength of the PFA- and SF-incorporated mixes but resulted in higher carbonation of the mixes compared with that under normal temperature curing. Mixes that had 25% PFA or 5–10% SF as partial cement replacements had slightly higher strength under accelerated curing and slightly lower strength under normal curing than the control mix. At higher replacement levels of PFA and SF, further lower strength and higher carbonation was observed.     

阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥混凝土的试配及力学性能的研究

根据混凝土的配合比设计及试验室现场操作,配制出工作性良好的阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥混凝土.采用对比试验研究的方法,研究了不同水灰比对该水泥混凝土抗压强度的影响,并将其与相同配合比的普通混凝土的力学性能进行比较.试验结果表明:两种混凝土的抗压强度均随水灰比的增大而减小;相同配合比下,该水泥混凝土的抗压强度比同龄期的普通混凝土有了明显的改善,尤其早期抗压强度,1d强度提高了50%～65%.微观结构分析发现:阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥混凝土中水化产物的粒径分布均匀,界面粘结状况较好,结构较为致密.     

温变下不同含气量混凝土的力学性能

混凝土在温变疲劳作用下产生的温度应力对混凝土的抗压强度等力学性能均会产生一定的影响。本试验条件下:含气量2%混凝土,在温变循环(-20~15℃)50次后,抗压强度等力学指标损失率都在15%~35%之间;循环100次后均高于40%,而动弹性模量损失率高于25%;含气量4%以上的混凝土,在温变循环100次时抗压强度等力学指标的损失率在5%~10%之间;循环200次后混凝土各项力学指标损失在20%~30%间,动弹性模量损失率在10%左右。含气量相同的低水灰比混凝土受冻损伤程度小于高水灰比混凝土的受冻损伤程度。     

Effect of elevated temperature on physico-mechanical properties of blended cement concrete

Pozzolanas are readily available for use in concrete in the local markets for strength and/or durability enhancement. Although safety and security against disasters are not new, they still presuming a challenge. For instance, the fire resistive properties of concrete are of prime interest.Through this work, the effect of different kinds of pozzolana on the fire resistive properties of concrete was studied. Four types of pozzolana were incorporated into the concrete mixtures, i.e. metakaolin (MK), silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Each of the employed pozzolana was used in two ratios: 10% and 20%, either in the form of cement replacement or as an addition without affecting the cement content. A total of 17 mixes were cast.For all mixtures, compressive strength is evaluated after 28 days of water curing. The mixtures’ compressive strengths were also evaluated after exposure to elevated temperatures: 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C. The residual compressive strengths after heat exposure are evaluated. The formed cementitious phases after incorporation of pozzolana and the heat-induced transformations are investigated via the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD).Test results demonstrate the impact of each type of the employed pozzolana on the heat resistive properties of concrete in addition to their influence on the strength development of the investigated mixes. Therefore, a decision could be made regarding optimizing the benefits specific to each type of pozzolana and their employment method.     

阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥混凝土的试配及力学性能的研究

根据混凝土的配合比设计及试验室现场操作,配制出工作性良好的阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥混凝土。采用对比试验研究的方法,研究了不同水灰比对该水泥混凝土抗压强度的影响,并将其与相同配合比的普通混凝土的力学性能进行比较。试验结果表明:两种混凝土的抗压强度均随水灰比的增大而减小;相同配比下,该水泥混凝土的抗压强度比同龄期的普通混凝土有了明显的改善,尤其早期抗压强度,1 d强度提高了50%~65%。微观结构分析发现:阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥混凝土中水化产物的粒径分布均匀,界面粘结状况较好,结构较为致密。     

利用正交试验法研制结构用陶粒轻骨料混凝土

为满足建筑结构对轻质构件的需求,进行正交配合比试验设计,研制LC35结构用陶粒轻骨料混凝土（LACC）。依据标准进行配合比计算,通过试制试验、多变量数据分析,得出影响LACC强度的影响因子水平,包括净水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、陶粒掺量和砂率。采用极差和方差分析,确定影响LACC 28d抗压强度因素的主次顺序为陶粒掺量>净水胶比>砂率>粉煤灰掺量,陶粒掺量480kg、净水胶比0.36、粉煤灰掺量20%、砂率42%为最优方案,且各因素不对28d抗压强度产生差异关系。最佳配合比净水胶比0.36、水泥360kg、粉煤灰90kg、陶粒480kg、砂775kg、减水剂4.5kg,LACC 28d抗压强度达到45MPa以上,满足轻骨料混凝土结构用强度要求。     

Effects of CaO addition on lightweight aggregates produced from water reservoir sediment

Lightweight aggregates were produced from water reservoir sediment with various amounts of CaO at calcining temperatures of 1170 °C–1230 °C. It was found that C–S–H gel did not form with CaO addition. The bulk density and compressive strength of the lightweight aggregates meet the regulations for lightweight structural concrete. The properties of samples with 1% CaO by weight calcined at 1200 °C match those of a commercial product. Water adsorption and compressive strength decreased with increasing CaO addition since more of the glassy phase formed, which sealed pores and led to few connections between pores.     

聚合物对轻集料混凝土性能的影响

研究了聚合物对轻集料混凝土性能的影响.试验结果表明,当EVA乳液掺量5%～15%时,轻集料水泥混凝土的抗压强度和抗折强度有较大的提高,当掺量为10%时,抗压强度达到28.87 MPa,比空白样提高了70.83%;当掺量为15%时,抗折强度达到6.33 MPa,比空白样提高了79.32%.在轻集料水泥混凝土中掺入聚合物,大大提高了轻集料混凝土的折压比,脆性减小,改善了轻集料混凝土的韧性.聚合物轻集料水泥混凝土的抗渗性、抗冻性显著提高.     

Mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes subjected to high temperatures and using image analysis to detect bond deteriorations

The effect of high temperatures, up to 250 °C, on mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes with and without silica fume was investigated, and image analysis was performed on split concrete surfaces to see the change in bond strength between aggregate and mortar. Specimens were heated up to elevated temperatures (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 °C) without loading and then the residual compressive and splitting tensile strength, as well as the static modulus of elasticity of the specimens were determined. For normal strength concrete residual mechanical properties started to decrease at 100 °C, while using silica fume reduced the losses at high temperatures. In terms of percent residual properties, high strength concrete specimens performed better than normal strength concrete specimens for all heating cycles. Image analysis studies on the split surfaces have been utilized to investigate the effect of high temperatures on the bond strength between aggregate and mortar. Image analysis results showed that reduced water–cement ratio and the use of silica fume improved the bond strength at room temperature, and created more stable bonding at elevated temperatures up to 250 °C.     

掺超细粉煤灰活性粉末混凝土的研究

采用525普能硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、超细粉煤灰、高效减水剂和标准砂等原材料及湿热养护工艺,可配制出抗压强度达200MPa的活性粉末混凝土,在掺入一定量的钢纤维后,活性粉末混凝土的抗压强度近250MPa,抗折强度达45MPa,对超细粉煤灰掺量、水胶比、砂胶比和钢纤维掺量等因素于掺超细粉煤灰活性粉末混凝土抗折、抗压强度的影响进行了详细的讨论。     

锂尾矿砂制备蒸压加气混凝土砌块的实验研究

以锂尾矿砂为主要硅质原料制备蒸压加气混凝土砌块,研究了球磨时间、配方、静停养护时间及静停温度等对蒸压加气混凝土砌块干密度、抗压强度等性能的影响.研究表明,最优配方为:锂尾矿砂65％、生石灰13％、水泥17％、石膏5％、铝粉0.06％,水固比为0.55;最优球磨时间25 min,静停养护时间3 h,静停温度60℃,制得的...     

Influence of class F fly ash on the abrasion–erosion resistance of high-strength concrete

This study investigates the abrasion–erosion resistance of high-strength concrete (HSC) mixtures in which cement was partially replaced by four kinds of replacements (15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) of class F fly ash. The mixtures containing ordinary Portland cement were designed to have 28 days compressive strength of approximately 40–80 MPa. Specimens were subjected to abrasion–erosion testing in accordance with ASTM C1138. Experimental results show that the abrasion–erosion resistances of fly ash concrete mixtures were improved by increasing compressive strength and decreasing the ratio of water-to-cementitious materials. The abrasion–erosion resistance of concrete with cement replacement up to 15% was comparable to that of control concrete without fly ash. Beyond 15% cement replacement, fly ash concrete showed lower resistance to abrasion–erosion compared to non-fly ash concrete. Equations were established based on effective compressive strengths and effective water-to-cementitious materials ratios, which were modified by cement replacement and developed to predict the 28- and 91-day abrasion–erosion resistance of concretes with compressive strengths ranging from approximately 30–100 MPa. The calculation results are compared favorably with the experimental results.     

Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume

This study investigated the effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete specimens obtained by substituting cement with finely ground pumice (FGP) at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight. To determine the effect of silica fume (SF) additive on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete containing FGP, SF has been added to all series except for the control specimen, which contained 10% cement by weight instead. The specimens were heated in an electric furnace up to 400, 600 and 800 °C and kept at these temperatures for one hour. After the specimens were cooled in the furnace, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength and weight loss values were determined. The results demonstrated that adding the mineral admixtures to concrete decreased both unit weight and compressive strength. Additionally, elevating the temperature above 600 °C affected the compressive strength such that the weight loss of concrete was more pronounced for concrete mixtures containing both FGP and SF. These results were also supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies.     

Erosive resistibility of low cement high performance concrete

High performance concrete with less cement content named as low cement high performance concrete (LcHPC) was used to form the top layer of a check dam to take the advantage of the low hydration heat in concrete. A full-scale field test was conducted to compare the erosive resistibility of LcHPC against that of normal concrete (NC). The measured average abraded depths for a designated LcHPC blocks after 24 months of continuous flow tests range from 53 to 78 mm, approximately 25–32% that of the companion blocks made with NC. The average compressive strengths of cored LcHPC samples taken after 28 days are 53.3 MPa, approximately 122% higher than that of the companion blocks. These data convince that the erosive resistibility of LcHPC is significantly higher than that of the NC.