计量新技术—激光超声

本文介绍了激光激励超声的原理和特性，非接触检测激光超声的方法以及激光超声在计量与检测的应用前景，并报导了作者用Ｑ开关ＹＡＧ激光器在铝、铜和钢中激励的超声脉冲和和压电换能器和外差干涉接收激光脉冲的实验结果。     

圆管超声换能器响应的激光超声检测

文章着重叙述一种用激光超声检测圆管超声换能器响应的方法。为激励和接收轴对称声场，采用压电圆管作为压电换能元件，并分别用环氧、环氧加钨粉为背衬，制作了两种压电圆管换能器。由激光超声方法和自发自收脉冲反射法实验测定了所制作的换能器的频率响应，并比较了频谱分析结果。实验结果不仅在一定程度上说明了两种背衬的效果，同时也表明激光超声检测换能器响应的可行性。     

超声换能器检测方法的研究

超声检测技术广泛使用在无损检测领域中,而换能器是超声工程中极其重要的技术和分支领域。超声换能器是一种电声能量转换器件,是超声检测技术中的关键,直接影响无损检测结果的可靠性,本文阐述了超声换能器的原理和测量接触换能器的检测方法,分析了A型换能器脉冲回波灵敏度校准的不确定度。     

超声的电磁脉冲激发方式的探讨

主要研究了一种新的电磁超声激发方法．脉冲电磁超声的激发,旨在提高电磁超声换能器的磁声转换效率,解决其灵敏度低以及热效应的不良影响等问题。设计制作了脉冲电磁超声的激发装置。通过实验验证,该方式超声信号强度较强,激发装置发热量小。最后分析了超声波信号的激发强度与初始电压、电容容值等因素的关系,认为线圈中铁芯的加入在一定程度上可以提高磁声转换的效率。但目前产生的超声波信号频率仍在低频范围内,在今后的研究中还将进一步考虑采用信号压缩等方法来提高频率。     

金属表面裂纹脉冲压缩增强型激光超声检测方法研究

为了提高激光超声技术检测能力,提出了一种基于脉冲压缩的增强型激光超声检测方法,并将其用于金属表面裂纹检测。该方法结合激光束空间分布调控技术,激发线性调频超声表面波信号,进一步利用匹配滤波算法对线性调频激光超声表面波信号进行脉冲压缩,可大幅度提高激光超声检测信号的信噪比和分辨率。建立空间调制激光超声数值计算模型,研究线性调频激光超声信号激励方法;基于数值模拟获得的线性调频激光超声检测信号,开发基于匹配滤波器的激光超声脉冲压缩信号处理方法;通过数值模拟不同表面裂纹缺陷与不同空间调制情况下的脉冲压缩信号效果,探究该方法对于激光超声检测信号信噪比的增强能力,并最终通过试验验证。结论表明,基于脉冲压缩技术的增强型激光超声检测方法,可以大幅度抑制噪声信号,提高针对金属表面裂纹的缺陷检测能力,解决激光超声无损检测信噪比低,灵敏度差的问题,也为该方法进一步研究提供理论依据和试验指导。     

板状材料激光超声CT成像的研究

1引言激光超声技术[1]是指由一束激光来检测另一束激光激发超声的技术,其较传统用压电换能器的超声检测有以下优点:高的空间和时间分辨率,高的灵敏度,非常适合在线非接触检测。目前激光超声检测技术不仅是声传播基础研究的重要实验手段,而     

超声换能器声场的激光可视化研究

为了提高超声检测的灵敏度和检测精度,优化检测工艺参数,充分了解超声换能器形成的声场至关重要。搭建了超声换能器声场的激光可视化实验平台,利用超声换能器在试样中激发出超声波,利用激光散斑接收试样表面某点在一段时间内的位移,再通过扫查获得一定区域内质点的位移,进而形成多时刻的质点位移场,以此实现超声场的动态显示。利用该系统对超声换能器声场的扩散情况进行了探测,探测结果与理论计算结果基本一致。     

复频超声换能器的研究

研究了一种具有多个共振频率的功率超声换能器，即复频超声换能器。换能器由一个纵向振动夹心式压电超声振子和一个弯曲振动薄圆盘复合而成。给出了换能器的理论共振频率方程，对实际制作的换能器的共振频率，等效电阻抗及有效机电耦合系数进行了实验测试，并对换能器的大功率工作性能进行了定性的测量及观察。实验结果表明，给出的换能器可以在不同的振动模式上工作，因此具有许多共振频率，且对应换能器不同的共振频率，换能器的等     

激光增材制造合金钢力学性能超声纵波定量无损评价

目的研究采用超声无损检测方法定量评价激光增材制造合金钢的布氏硬度和抗拉强度。方法通过搭建高精度超声纵波声时测量系统,采用脉冲反射回波法测量不同热处理状态激光增材制造24CrNiMo合金钢标定试件的超声纵波传播声时,计算超声纵波声速;在考虑激光增材制造合金钢各向异性和成形界面对超声纵波传播特性影响的基础上,研究标定试件微观组织对超声纵波声速的影响,建立标定试件激光扫描方向布氏硬度、抗拉强度、微观组织与超声纵波声速之间的映射关系。结果建立了超声纵波评价硬度及抗拉强度的标定模型,并对标定模型预测误差进行验证,硬度及抗拉强度标定模型预测误差均小于10%,满足工程应用误差指标要求。结论采用超声纵波声速可以实现激光增材制造合金钢硬度及抗拉强度的定量评价与表征。     

超声探伤检查圆棒料缺陷

从几何声学原理出发，对圆棒料表面、近表面和芯部等处缺陷的超声检查进行了讨论，给出了探头旋转速度与超声脉冲重复频率的关系以及进料速度。对于自制配件，正确使用探伤装置对保证探伤质量能起到一定的作用。     

Micromachined high frequency ferroelectric sonar transducers

Millimeter-sized ferroelectric monomorph sonar transducers have been built using sol-gel PZT on micromachined silicon wafers. First generation transducer arrays with diaphragms varying in size from 0.2 to 2 mm were tested. Second generation 8×8 arrays have also been built and tested in water in the frequency range of 0.3 to 2 MHz. Improvements to the sol-gel process have yielded high-quality, crack-free PZT films up to 12 μm in thickness, which leads directly to higher sensitivity and figure of merit for acoustic transducers. The longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ is 140 to 240 pC/N, measured through a double beam laser interferometer. Remanent polarization of 28 μC/cm², a coercive field of 30 kV/cm, and dielectric constant of 1400 were measured on 4-μm thick films. Test results are presented, including frequency response, beam patterns, and sensitivity. High-resolution acoustic images have been generated using these transducers and a four-element underwater acoustic lens. Potential applications for these transducers include high-frequency imaging sonars, medical ultrasound, ultrasonic communication links, and flaw detection (NDT)     

Avoiding diffraction grid effect in ultrasonic fields of 1-3 PZT polymer piezocomposite transducers

Improvement of sensitivity in ultrasonic fields of piezocomposite transducers is limited because of diffraction effects arising from the periodic structure. We present a theoretical and experimental study of ultrasonic fields of 1-3 PZT polymer piezocomposite transducers. The relation between the composite grid periodicity and the wavelength is critical in order to obtain a far field similar to that of homogeneous transducers. If diffraction grid effect is present, it results in an important energy loss in the higher diffraction orders. These higher orders perturb the central field of the transducer because of multipath contributions to the main lobe caused by reflections from the boundaries of the test sample.     

Single crystal PZN/PT-polymer composites for ultrasound transducer applications

Single crystal relaxor ferroelectrics of PZN-8%PT were investigated for potential application in ultrasound transducers. The full set of electromechanical properties was determined using combined resonance and laser interferometry techniques. Ultra-high length extensional coupling (k(33)) of 0.94 was observed, a 25% increase over Navy Type VI PZT ceramics. The thickness extensional coupling (k(t)) of 0.48 was comparable to PZT compositions, and the compliance S(33)(E) was a factor of six greater. To maximize height extensional coupling (k'(33)), while minimizing length extensional coupling k(31) in array elements, it was necessary to align the elements along the 100 crystallographic direction in the x-y plane. Mode coupling plots and test samples for array elements determined that width-to-height ratios of less than 0.5 were desired, similar to the requirement for polycrystalline PZT ceramics. Modeling of 1-3 composites and experimental results demonstrated that thickness coupling greater than 0.80 could be achieved with a 40% to 70% volume fraction of PZN-PT. Although this is a substantial increase over PZT 1-3 composites, with a thickness coupling coefficient of 0.66, it represents a smaller fraction of the length extensional coupling k(33). This reduction may be a consequence of the increased compliance of PZN-PT, which results in significant clamping by the polymer matrix. Ultrasonic transducers fabricated using PZN-8%PT 1-3 composites achieved experimental bandwidths as high as 141%. The pulse-echo responses displayed good agreement with modeled results using the Redwood equivalent circuit.     

Pulsed phase-locked loop calibration over frequency

This paper presents a method of correcting for unwanted phase shifts introduced by interchanging ultrasonic transducers and other measurement system components when using the pulsed phase-locked loop (PPLL) ultrasonic system. Theory is derived mathematically separating phase errors into their constituents. The relationship to a previously derived method of determining the number of periods into the tone-burst, at which the system samples, is established, and a method of adjusting this number to be an integer is presented. Implementation of the technology on a computer is demonstrated through experimental results on transducers of differing frequencies and diameters. Sensitivity to path-length is tested. This work has resulted in a straightforward means of calibrating transducers in conjunction with PPLL measurements using a single, fixed reference block     

Simple model for piezoelectric ceramic/polymer 1-3 composites used in ultrasonic transducer applications

A theoretical model is presented for combining parameters of 1-3 ultrasonic composite materials in order to predict ultrasonic characteristics such as velocity, acoustic impedance, electromechanical coupling factor, and piezoelectric coefficients. Hence, the model allows the estimation of resonance frequencies of 1-3 composite transducers. This model has been extended to cover more material parameters, and they are compared to experimental results up to PZT volume fraction ν of 0.8. The model covers calculation of piezoelectric charge constants d₃₃ and d₃₁. Values are found to be in good agreement with experimental results obtained for PZT 7A/Araldite D 1-3 composites. The acoustic velocity, acoustic impedance, and electromechanical coupling factor are predicted and found to be close to the values determined experimentally     

基于弹性导波的厚钢梁结构的损伤检测

弹性导波由于其对损伤的敏感性和长距离传播特性,成为近年来结构健康监测领域的一个研究热点.探讨了利用 PZT 换能器在较厚结构中进行基于弹性导波方法的损伤识别的可能性.首先参考 Lamb 波的频散曲线,设置了导波的激励信号参数如激励频率、激励波形周期数等;基于优化的激励波形和 PZT 换能器布局,在结构健康监测实验平台上对试件进行了检测.通过对实验结果的处理分析,计算出导波的群速度,并根据群速度和飞行时间(ToF)得到了损伤的位置信息.结果表明利用导波方法能够针对较厚结构进行损伤定位并能识别出不同大小的损伤.     

Health monitoring of concrete structures strengthened with advanced composite materials using piezoelectric transducers

An active damage interrogation (ADI) method which uses an array of piezoelectric (PZT) transducers attached to a structure was used to detect and localize disbonds and delaminations of advanced composite reinforcement from concrete structures. The ADI system provides the ability to detect, localize, and estimate the extent of the disbond by actively exciting the structure with PZT transducers and processing the structural response as measured by the PZT transducers. The ADI system makes use of both amplitude and phase information from various actuator/sensor transfer functions, and also provides a unique method for determining when the transducer/structure bond has degraded. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the ADI method for health monitoring of concrete structures repaired with composite materials, and the advantages and limitation of this method are discussed.     

Piezoelectric Active-Sensor Diagnostics and Validation Using Instantaneous Baseline Data

This paper presents a signal processing tool that efficiently performs piezoelectric (PZT) sensor diagnostic and validation. Validation of the sensor/actuator functionality during structural health monitoring (SHM) operation is a critical component to successfully implement a complete and robust SHM system, especially with an array of PZT active-sensors involved. The basis of this method is to track the capacitive value of PZT transducers, which manifests in the imaginary part of the measured electrical admittance. Both degradation of the mechanical/electrical properties of a PZT transducer and the bonding defects between a PZT patch and a host structure can be identified by the proposed process. However, it is found that the temperature variations in sensor boundary conditions manifest themselves in similar ways in the measured electrical admittances. Therefore, we examine the effects of temperature variation on the sensor diagnostic process and develop an efficient signal processing tool that enables the identification of a sensor validation feature that can be obtained instantaneously without relying on prestored baselines. This paper concludes with experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.     

Time Reversal Based Piezoelectric Transducer Self-diagnosis Under Varying Temperature

Conventional structural health monitoring (SHM) studies using surface-mountable wafer-type piezoelectric transducers such as Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) mainly have focused on structural damage identification, but not so much on functionality of the PZT transducers although the transducers themselves could be often the weakest link in the entire system. In this study, piezoelectric transducer self-diagnosis schemes are developed based on a time reversal process and explicitly considering temperature effects. Several transducer self-diagnosis indices are proposed so that debonded and cracked PZT conditions can be identified and distinguished from temperature variation. First, the proposed self-diagnosis schemes are theoretically formulated, and then the effectiveness of the proposed schemes under varying temperature is verified through numerical simulations and experimental tests.     

陶瓷骨架对3-3型复合材料压电性能的影响

本工作研究了压电陶瓷的化学组成对3-3型复合材料介电、压电性能的影响。选用了三种类型的压电陶瓷:“硬性”压电陶瓷(PZT-F)、“软性”压电陶瓷(PZT-N)和“稳定型”压电陶瓷(PZT-C)。实验结果指出:以PZT-F 和 PZT-C 为骨架制成的复合材料仍然具有较低的体积密度、较高的静水压灵敏度、小的机械品质因数和较小的介质损耗,同时其耐静水压稳定性也有所改善。这种复合材科已装配成发射型换能器,成功地用于地震模拟试验。这类材料的问世将有助于宽带换能器的发展。