钙离子胁迫下SRT对MBR中污泥性质及膜污染的影响

以处理模拟生活污水的浸没式膜-生物反应器(SMBR)为依托,在钙离子投加量为200 mg/L的条件下,考察了不同污泥龄(10d、20 d和30 d)对污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,随着SRT的延长,TMP的增长速率逐渐降低,膜污染得到了有效缓解,其中SRT为30 d时,膜污染最轻.当SRT从10 d延长到30 d时,SMP的含量明显降低,与膜污染变化趋势是一致的.较长的SRT下钙离子更易于累积,钙离子的累积造成了MLVSS/MLSS值的降低,同时也强化了生物絮凝作用,促进了较大絮体的形成.累积的钙离子主要附着于BEPS中,且通过吸附SMP中带负电荷官能团的多糖,导致了较长SRT下SMP含量的降低和BEPS含量的增加.     

MBR技术在污水处理中的应用

MBRI艺所具有的优越性,是目前其他处理工艺无法比拟的。该工艺在城市污水或生活污水处理、高浓度有机废水、难降解有机废水以及中水回用等方面都具有广阔的应用前景。     

膜截留分子量对污水分置式好氧膜生物反应器处理性能的影响

不同截留分子量超滤膜的好氧膜生物反应器研究结果表明,膜的截留分子量越大,膜表面越易出现浓差极化现象,清洗周期缩短;截留分子量对越滤膜水通量的影响随运行时间增加而逐渐减少;截留分子量对好氧膜生物反应器有机物去除性能影响较小;膜截留分子量不同,生物反应器内的MLSS浓度也会明显不同,该现象的确切原因则有待于实验研究来进一步确定。     

污泥膨胀对一体式膜生物反应器影响的研究

以一体式膜生物反应器处理污水，对比研究污泥膨胀对一体式膜生物反应器的影响。结果表明：在污泥膨胀期，由于丝状菌的作用，一体式膜生物反应器中COD的去除率略有增加，但同时出现净水头压差增大、膜孔阻塞严重、膜外大量附着丝状菌等负面结果。由此认为，一体式膜生物反应器一旦发生污泥膨胀应采取必要的控制措施。     

MBR膜污染的形成及其影响因素研究进展

拥有众多优势的膜生物反应器(MBR)技术在污废水处理方面有着广阔的应用前景,膜污染一直是MBR技术应用研究的热点和难点.膜污染的形成和主要污染因素的探讨为MBR膜污染研究奠定了基础,而确定操作工艺条件和膜特性对膜污染的影响规律,可为MBR系统设计或运行中减缓和控制膜污染提供指导.本文概述MBR膜污染的形成过程、主要污染因素及操作参数和膜性能对膜污染的影响.     

电场控制MBR膜污染技术研究进展

膜生物反应器(MBR)出水水质优良,可直接回用.然而,长期运行过程中存在的膜污染问题依然是阻碍其进一步发展及商业化应用的主要因素.电场是缓解膜污染、提高出水水质的有效且清洁的途径之一.微生物燃料电池(MFC)中的微生物通过新陈代谢作用可将污水中蕴含的化学能转化为电能,用于膜污染防治.利用MBR自生电场缓解膜污染的关键是导电微滤膜的制备.综述了电场控制膜污染的基本原理和研究进展、导电微滤膜制备技术及其应用的研究进展,并指出导电微滤膜的规模化生产及实际应用将是MBR膜污染机制研究的重要方向.     

最佳的结合——厌氧与好氧方式结合处理啤酒废水

啤酒生产废水本身一般无毒，BOD/COD值高（可达0.6左右），具有良好生化可解解性，但其排放量大，浓度和pH值的波动大。由于，目前许多啤酒加工厂采用先进的设备和工艺，啤酒生产的吨酒耗水量逐年下降，因而废水中的COD浓度不断提高（高达2500-3000mg/l），采用单独的好氧处理方法能源消耗大，运行成本高，而适于采用厌氧和好氧结合的技术处理。     

MBR NF工艺在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

报告了采用膜生物反应器（MBR）－纳滤（NF）组合工艺处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液,该工艺充分发挥了MBR和NF单元的功能互补性,运行实践表明,对COD和氨氮的平均去除率均达99.5 %,出水满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》的一级标准,运行费用（含折旧）为19.55元/m3,具有较明显的技术经济优势。     

TiO_2动态改性膜应用于MBR的研究

采用二氧化钛(TiO_2)纳米粒子对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜微滤膜(PVDF MF,0.1μm)和实验室自制聚砜中空纤维膜超滤膜(PSF UF,0.05μm)进行表面亲水改性,以期提高膜的抗污染能力.采用膜接触角、纯水通量、出水TOC、膜压差和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表征了TiO_2动态膜的性能.将TiO_2纳米颗粒改性后的PVDF MF和PSF UF膜应用于膜生物反应器(MBR)处理模拟焦化废水(TOC=500 mg/L),考察了其对MBR过滤性能的影响.实验结果表明,改性后膜的水接触角明显减小,亲水性增强,TMP升高速率明显降低,模拟焦化废水,TOC的去除率平均可达95%,经返洗及次氯酸钠清洗后膜表面TiO_2层外观没有明显变化.改性后的膜组件较显著地增加了MBR的膜抗污染的优势,且具有一定的稳定性.因此,将TiO_2动态改性耐污染膜应用于MBR是可行的.     

颗粒悬浮填料复合式膜生物反应器的过滤性能研究

介绍了颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)在工业废水处理中的应用.在运行条件一致的情况下,对普通膜生物反应器(MBR)和颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)进行了对比实验,着重研究了颗粒填料在膜污染控制方面的作用.结果表明:由于投加填料颗粒,HMBR的沉积层阻力减少了86%,临界通量增长了约20%;在长期运行过程中MBR的膜污染速率是HMBR的3.3倍.在膜生物反应器中投加颗粒填料可以有效地改善其过滤性能,减缓膜通量的下降.     

硫酸铝混凝条件的变化对膜分离特性的影响

考察在混凝-膜分离处理中，混凝条件如投加量和pH的变化对膜分离的特性的影响．试验表明，混凝条件的变化会影响矾花的尺寸大小和表面的Zeta电位，因而对膜过滤阻力有较大的影响．适当的投加量能形成较大的矾花，使滤饼层阻力较低；过量的投加形成较小的矾花，使滤饼层阻力较大．当矾花表面的Zeta电位与膜表面的电位相同时，滤饼层阻力较低，相异时，滤饼层阻力较大．试验表明，不存在某种最佳的混凝条件满足最大限度地去除有机物的同时使滤饼层阻力最低．     

浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器的膜污染机理研究

试验研究了新型浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器处理啤酒废水的膜污染机理.分析了膜阻力分布情况和膜污染速率及稳定运行时膜过滤阻力随运行时间变化的阻力模型.结果表明,最初很短时间内膜污染受膜孔堵塞模型控制,之后受泥饼层阻力模型控制,后一阶段是膜污染的主要控制阶段.经过146天的运行,膜污染较轻,过滤阻力随时间增大的速率非常缓慢,并在一定膜转速下,过滤阻力保持不变.证实了系统由双轴旋转膜组件形成的湍流可削弱膜表面的浓差极化及泥饼层的形成,从而有效地控制膜污染.     

Recovery and reutilisation of copper from metal hydroxide sludges

Sludges generated from electroplating wastewaters contain high concentrations of metals. Studies have confirmed that the concentrations of several metals in the sludge exceed that of those found in natural ores. A very good example is in the case of copper. The natural copper ore contains less than 1% of copper, whereas copper precipitate sludges from the electroplating industry may have an average of 5–10% of copper. Thus, they are one of the largest sources of untapped metal-bearing secondary materials amenable to metals recovery. In Malaysia, most of these metal-bearing sludges are disposed in specially engineering landfills, as many of them do not have the proper incentives and recovery technology. Very less metal recovery is being carried out, and there seems to be a huge waste in these valuable metal resources. With regards to that, an experimental study was carried out to develop and optimise a method of copper recovery from metal hydroxide sludges. Sludge samples containing high concentrations of copper were obtained from a local electroplating plant for the study. A procedure based upon mineral acid leaching or solubilisation was carried out. Two different types of acids, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) were used to compare the extractability of copper. Experiments were conducted at various acid concentrations and temperatures to determine the maximum amount of copper recoverable. From the results obtained, maximum copper (95%) was solubilised using H₂SO₄ of 10 M at temperature 110°C, for a leaching period of 4 h. These copper concentrated solutions were then heated and crystallised to form CuSO₄ crystals. These crystals were then washed with water and purified. They can be then further treated and reutilised in the metallurgical industry. This study introduces a sustainable method of utilising an electroplating sludge containing valuable metals.     

COD fractions of leachate from aerobic and anaerobic pilot scale landfill reactors

One of the most important problems with designing and maintaining a landfill is managing leachate that generated when water passes through the waste. In this study, leachate samples taken from aerobic and anaerobic landfill reactors operated with and without leachate recirculation are investigated in terms of biodegradable and non-biodegradable fractions of COD. The operation time is 600 days for anaerobic reactors and 250 days for aerobic reactors. Results of this study show that while the values of soluble inert COD to total COD in the leachate of aerobic landfill with leachate recirculation and aerobic dry reactors are determined around 40%, this rate was found around 30% in the leachate of anaerobic landfill with leachate recirculation and traditional landfill reactors. The reason for this difference is that the aerobic reactors generated much more microbial products. Because of this condition, it can be concluded that total inert COD/total COD ratios of the aerobic reactors were 60%, whereas those of anaerobic reactors were 50%. This study is important for modeling, design, and operation of landfill leachate treatment systems and determination of discharge limits.     

淹没式MBR去除有机物动力学模型及其应用

针对淹没式MBR的工艺特点,以反应器内物料衡算为基础,建立了有机物去除的动力学模型——ROM模型,得出淹没式MBR对有机底物的去除速率Uy不仅与进、出水中的有机底物质量浓度S0、Sc和水力停留对间tH有关,还与膜组件去除的有机底物质量浓度Sm、污泥停留时间ts有关．利用ROM模型,可以预测反应器内活性污泥浓度X,确定污泥停留时间ts和不排泥条件下反应器内的最大活性污泥浓度Xmax,试验中以啤酒厂废水为例,对模型进行了验证,试验结果与模型计算结果基本一致．     

Densities of liquid R 114 at temperatures from 310 to 400 K and pressures up to 10 MPa

Density measurements for liquid R 114 (dichlorotetrafluoroethane) have been obtained with a variable-volume method. The results cover the high-density region from 1007 to 1462 kg·m^–3 along ten isotherms between 310 and 400 K at 16 pressures from 0.5 to 10.0 MPa. The experimental uncertainty in the density measurements was estimated to be no greater than 0.2%. Based on the present results the derivatives with respect to temperature and pressure were calculated, and numerical values of the volume expansion coefficient and of the isothermal compressibility are tabulated as a function of temperature and pressure.     

Precise determination of the compressibility factor of methane,nitrogen, and their mixtures from refractive index measurements

We show that the absolute determination of the refractive index, when combined with an expansion technique for obtaining the higher-order coefficients of the Lorentz-Lorenz expansion, leads to precise values of density. A grating interferometer has been developed for the refractive index measurements as a function of pressure. The advantage of a grating interferometer is that it performs a reversible counting and generates a DC compensated signal from the interference fringes. The pressure is also measured with an interferometer, previously calibrated with an oil-type precision piston gauge. For the precise determination of the compressibility factor, the absolute measurement of the refractive index is combined with the differential technique to determine the refractivity virial coefficients of the Lorentz-Lorenz expansion. The compressibility factors of methane, nitrogen, and their mixtures have been determined at 323.15 K for pressures up to 335 bar. The optical method for the determination of the compressibility factor not only is shown to be precise, but also has the ability to produce numerous experimental points in a short time as compared to other methods.Paper presented at the Ninth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 24–27, 1985, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Simultaneous removal of phenol, ammonium and thiocyanate from coke wastewater by aerobic biodegradation

A laboratory-scale activated sludge plant composed of a 20 L volume aerobic reactor followed by a 12 L volume settling tank and operating at 35 degrees C was used to study the biodegradation of coke wastewater. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH(4)(+) -N), phenols, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and thiocyanate (SCN(-)) in the wastewater ranged between 504 and 2,340, 110 and 350, 807 and 3,275 and 185 and 370 mg/L, respectively. The study was undertaken with and without the addition of bicarbonate. The addition of this inorganic carbon source was necessary to favour nitrification, as the alkalinity of the wastewater was very low. Maximum removal efficiencies of 75%, 98% and 90% were obtained for COD, phenols and thyocianates, respectively, without the addition of bicarbonate. The concentration of ammonia increased in the effluent due to both the formation of NH(4)(+) as a result of SCN(-) biodegradation and to organic nitrogen oxidation. A maximum nitrification efficiency of 71% was achieved when bicarbonate was added, the removals of COD and phenols being almost similar to those obtained in the absence of nitrification. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of pH and alkalinity on the biodegradation of phenols and thiocyanate.     

某过滤净化装置内部流场优化

使用CFD技术对某过滤净化装置内的流场均匀性进行优化研究,计算并分析不同工况下装置内部空气的流速,并利用正交试验方法设计模拟方案,研究不同导流板对装置内部流场的影响,确定最合理的导流板布置形式。采用正交试验对模拟结果进行分析,发现各因素影响水平从大到小分别为导流板数、导流板长度和送风量。在送风量一定的条件下,设置9块导流板,导流板长度为100 mm时装置内部的流场均匀性最好。