OCTEON处理器上实现国密SM2算法整体优化方案研究

SM2椭圆曲线公钥密码算法的核心运算是椭圆曲线上点乘算法,因此高效实现SM2算法的关键在于优化点乘算法。对椭圆曲线的点乘算法提出从底层到高层逐层优化的整体方案。上层算法使用带预计算的modified-w NAF算法计算点乘,中间层使用a=-3的Jacobian投影坐标系计算点加和倍点,底层基于OCTEON平台的大数乘加指令使用汇编程序实现模乘算法。最终在OCTEON CN6645处理器上实现该算法,实验结果表明:SM2数字签名速度提高了约540%,验证提高了约72%,加密提高了169%,解密提高了61%。     

基于进位预估快速模乘方法

研究基于进位预估的大整数模乘运算快速实现方法并应用于FastMM模乘算法的加速。与原算法相比,采用交叉乘和进位预估加速结合方式,理论上最多可以节省33％的字乘操作;在实际应用中,192位椭圆曲线公钥密码系统速度性能与改进前相比提高15％～18％。进位预估方法还可以应用与其它需要截断中间乘积的场合,可以高效实现流行的公钥密码系统。     

椭圆曲线上点的数乘的一种固定窗口算法

椭圆曲线密码体制是公钥密码体制研究的热点。计算椭圆曲线上点的数乘是椭圆曲线密码算法的基础。固定窗口算法利用大整数s的2^u进制表示和适量的预计算,减少椭圆曲线上点的加法运算,从而加快椭圆曲线上点的数乘的运算速度。介绍了利用混合坐标思想,减少有限域上求逆运算的次数,对固定窗口算法进行局部优化的方法。最后给出了固定窗口算法的复杂性分析,并讨论了窗口宽度的最佳选取。     

信息安全中的公钥密码软件-大整数模拟实现

文章主要介绍用软件模拟实现了大整数模乘功能模块。该模拟软件解决了大整数在计算机内表示、数制转换、加法器模拟、加法链计算、计算补码、模加运算、模乘运算等关键难点问题．开发目的是要提高公钥密码运算速度，应用RSA公钥密码体制实现密钥管理、加密通信、数字签名以及身份验证等信息安全功能。     

AKCN-MLWE算法AVX2高效实现

随着量子计算机的快速发展,经典密码系统面临巨大的威胁.Shor算法可以在量子计算机上多项式时间内分解大整数和求解离散对数,而这两类问题分别对应经典公钥密码系统中的RSA和椭圆曲线密码(ECC)所依赖的困难问题,因此可以抵御量子计算攻击的后量子密码近年来受到广泛的研究.格密码是后量子密码中最为高效且拓展性强的一类密码算法,在未来会逐步替代传统公钥密码算法(RSA、ECC等).256位高级向量扩展(AVX2)指令集是英特尔64位处理器中普遍支持的一类单指令多数据(SIMD)指令集,可用于并行计算.但是,由于格密码结构复杂,在支持AVX2指令集的英特尔64位处理器上难以对格密码方案进行高适配的深度优化.AKCN MLWE算法是我国自主设计的基于模格上容错学习(MLWE)问题的格密码密钥封装(KEM)方案,是中国密码学会举办的公钥密码算法竞赛第二轮的获奖算法.本文基于256位高级向量扩展(AVX2)指令集设计了针对AKCN MLWE算法的高效实现方案,包括以下几个关键优化点:针对多项式乘法,本文结合最优的数论变换(NTT)算法,将NTT的最后一层转换为线性多项式并使用Karatsuba算法进行加速计算,大幅提升计算效率的同时减少了预计算表的空间占用;针对取模运算,本文结合了Barrett约减算法和蒙哥马利约减算法的优势,同时采用延迟约减技术降低取模次数;本文针对所有多项式运算均实现了高度并行化,设计了针对多项式压缩与解压缩的并行算法,进一步提升了实现效率.本文设计的AKCN-MLWE算法AVX2高效实现方案在八核Intel Core i99880H处理器上仅需不到0.04 ms即可完成一次完整的KEM(包括密钥生成、密钥封装和密钥解封装),相比于参考实现提升8.84倍,其中密钥生成提升7.07倍,密钥封装提升7.90倍,密钥解封装算法提升11.78倍.本文提出的AKCN MLWE算法AVX2实现方案在相近经典安全强度下性能优于美国国家标准技术研究所(NIST)后量子密码标准化进程第二轮中众多格密码方案(Kyber、NewHope和Saber等).同时,本文设计的部分优化方案可用于提升Kyber、NewHope等格密码方案的性能.     

SM2专用指令协处理器设计与实现

国家商用密码算法SM2是基于椭圆曲线密码学(ECC)而制定的公钥密码协议,已被国际标准化组织(ISO)确立为国际标准.在实际应用中,SM2算法计算过程的复杂性使其面临实现效率低的问题,并且在实现过程中还会出现与密钥相关的侧信道信息泄露.为了解决上述问题,设计了一种适用于SM2的专用指令硬件协处理器.协处理器包含接口逻辑...     

基于Kogge-Stone加法器改进的双域模乘器

模乘作为椭圆曲线公钥密码算法的核心运算,调用频率最高,提高其运算速度对于提高椭圆曲线密码处理器的性能具有重要意义。基于Kogge-Stone加法结构,结合可重构技术,实现一种能够同时支持素数域GF(p)和二元域GF(2~m)上模乘运算的双域模乘器,并对模块进行合理复用,节省硬件资源。用Verilog VHDL语言对该模乘器进行RTL级描述,并采用0.18μm CMOS工艺标准单元库进行逻辑综合。实验结果表明,该双域模乘器的最大时钟频率为476 MHz,占用硬件资源66 518 gates,实现256位的模乘运算仅需0.27μs。     

基于多基表示的滑动窗口椭圆曲线多标量乘算法

标量乘运算从整体上决定了椭圆曲线密码体制的快速实现效率，在一些椭圆曲线公钥密码体制中需要计算多标量乘。多基数链的标量表示长度更短、非零比特数目更少，较好地适用于椭圆曲线标量乘的快速计算。为了提高椭圆曲线密码的效率，在已有的二进制域和素域的标量乘算法的基础上，结合滑动窗口技术、多基算法，提出新的更高效的多标量乘算法。实验结果表明，新算法与传统Shamir算法和交错NAF算法相比，其所需的运算量更少，能有效地提高椭圆曲线多标量乘算法的效率，使多标量乘的运算更高效。相比于其他算法，新算法的计算效率比已有的多标量乘算法提高了约7.9%~20.6%。     

基于RISC-V的SM2点乘运算协处理器设计

针对SM2国密算法在有限域上大数运算结构复杂、运算开销大的问题，通过研究SM2国密算法在二元扩域下的椭圆曲线点乘运算及其相关基础运算，设计了一种基于RISC-V指令集的椭圆曲线点乘运算加速协处理器。协处理器采用三级流水线结构，提高了计算效率。处理器内部集成9条自定义指令，可协助支持RISC-V的主处理器快速完成SM2国密算法。Vivado仿真结果表明，本设计各流水级功能正常，将协处理器烧录至Xilinx XC7A100T FPGA上，在200 MHz频率下运行结果正确，达到预期目标。     

有限域F(2^163)上ECDSA算法研究与实现

椭圆曲线公钥密码算法,以其独特的优越性,日益成为研究热点。文章深入探讨了关于椭圆曲线基域选取、密钥算法快速实现和椭圆曲线数字签名算法(ECDSA)等问题,并采用INFINEON公司的携带域上求模运算的加速协处理模块(DDES-EC2)的智能卡芯片SLE66CX320P,实现了基于有限域上GF(2n)密钥长度为163bits的ECDSA算法,最后经过测试,证明实现是成功的,运行是高效的。该文的研究对于实现安全性更高的长密钥算法及推广我国加密安全产品的应用有着较为实际的意义。     

Improving the computational efficiency of modular operations for embedded systems

Security protocols such as IPSec, SSL and VPNs used in many communication systems employ various cryptographic algorithms in order to protect the data from malicious attacks. Thanks to public-key cryptography, a public channel which is exposed to security risks can be used for secure communication in such protocols without needing to agree on a shared key at the beginning of the communication. Public-key cryptosystems such as RSA, Rabin and ElGamal cryptosystems are used for various security services such as key exchange and key distribution between communicating nodes and many authentication protocols. Such public-key cryptosystems usually depend on modular arithmetic operations including modular multiplication and exponentiation. These mathematical operations are computationally intensive and fundamental arithmetic operations which are intensively used in many fields including cryptography, number theory, finite field arithmetic, and so on. This paper is devoted to the analysis of modular arithmetic operations and the improvement of the computation of modular multiplication and exponentiation from hardware design perspective based on FPGA. Two of the well-known algorithms namely Montgomery modular multiplication and Karatsuba algorithms are exploited together within our high-speed pipelined hardware architecture. Our proposed design presents an efficient solution for a range of applications where area and performance are both important. The proposed coprocessor offers scalability which means that it supports different security levels with a cost of performance. We also build a system-on-chip design using Xilinx’s latest Zynq-7000 family extensible processing platform to show how our proposed design improve the processing time of modular arithmetic operations for embedded systems.     

有限域GF(2m)上椭圆曲线密码体制的快速实现

椭圆曲线密码体制的快速实现是当前公钥密码体制研究的热点之一。椭圆曲线上点的标量乘和加法运算是椭圆曲线密码算法的核心运算。为了提高运算速度,利用射影坐标思想,改进椭圆曲线上求两点和运算公式,对标量乘算法进行优化。讨论了椭圆曲线密码体制的优势及研究其快速实现的意义。     

SM2算法软件实现的安全性分析与防护

国家商用密码标准SM2是以椭圆曲线密码学为基础的公钥密码体制,在软件实现的过程中可能面临敏感数据侧信道泄露的风险.为了提高SM2算法在实际应用中的安全性,针对基于多精度整数和有理算术C语言库(MIRACL)的SM2软件实现,利用缓存计时攻击方法进行了分析.提出监测地址的选取策略,尽可能避免因缓存块大小、时间精度以及数据预取技术带来的误差,并根据泄露点提出改进的固定时长防护方案.实验表明,在以同样方式实施的缓存计时攻击条件下,固定时长的标量乘函数比MIRACL库提供的标量乘函数能够更好地保护SM2中的敏感数据.说明基于MIRACL函数库实现的SM2算法需要采取必要的防护手段,才能具备抵御缓存计时攻击的安全性.     

Applying systolic multiplication–inversion architectures based on modified extended Euclidean algorithm for GF(2) in elliptic curve cryptography

Elliptic curve cryptography is a very promising cryptographic method offering the same security level as traditional public key cryptosystems (RSA, El Gamal) but with considerably smaller key lengths. However, the computational complexity and hardware resources of an elliptic curve cryptosystem are very high and depend on the efficient design of EC point operations and especially point multiplication. Those operations, using the elliptic curve group law, can be analyzed in operations of the underlined GF(2^k) Field. Three basic GF(2^k) Field operations exist, addition–subtraction, multiplication and inversion–division. In this paper, we propose an optimized inversion algorithm that can be applied very well in hardware avoiding well known inversion problems. Additionally, we propose a modified version of this algorithm that apart from inversion can perform multiplication using the architectural structure of inversion. We design two architectures that use those algorithms, a two-dimensional multiplication/inversion systolic architecture and an one-dimensional multiplication/inversion systolic architecture. Based on either one of those proposed architectures a GF(2^k) arithmetic unit is also designed and used in a EC arithmetic unit that can perform all EC point operations required for EC cryptography. The EC arithmetic unit’s design methodology is proposed and analyzed and the effects of utilizing the one or two-dimensional multiplication/inversion systolic architecture are considered. The performance of the system in all its design steps is analyzed and comparisons are made with other known designs. We manage to design a GF(2^k) arithmetic unit that has the space and time complexity of an inverter but can perform all GF(2^k) operations and we show that this architecture can apply very well to an EC arithmetic unit required in elliptic curve cryptography.     

可扩展公钥密码协处理器的设计与实现

在信息安全领域中,公钥密码算法具有广泛的应用.模乘、模加(减)为公钥密码算法的关键操作,出于性能上的考虑,往往以协处理器的方式来实现这些操作.针对公钥密码算法的运算特点,本文提出了一种可扩展公钥密码协处理器体系结构以及软硬件协同流水工作方式,并且改进了模加(减)操作的实现方法,可以有效支持公钥密码算法.同时,该协处理器体系结构也可根据不同的硬件复杂度及性能设计折衷要求,进行灵活扩展.     

Efficient implementation of modular multiplication over 192-bit NIST prime for 8-bit AVR-based sensor node

Modular multiplication is one of the most time-consuming operations that account for almost 80% of computational overhead in a scalar multiplication in elliptic curve cryptography. In this paper, we present a new speed record for modular multiplication over 192-bit NIST prime P-192 on 8-bit AVR ATmega microcontrollers. We propose a new integer representation named Range Shifted Representation (RSR) which enables an efficient merging of the reduction operation into the subtractive Karatsuba multiplication. This merging results in a dramatic optimization in the intermediate accumulation of modular multiplication by reducing a significant amount of unnecessary memory access as well as the number of addition operations. Our merged modular multiplication on RSR is designed to have two duplicated groups of 96-bit intermediate values during accumulation. Hence, only one accumulation of the group is required and the result can be used twice. Consequently, we significantly reduce the number of load/store instructions which are known to be one of the most time-consuming operations for modular multiplication on constrained devices. Our implementation requires only 2888 cycles for the modular multiplication of 192-bit integers and outperforms the previous best result for modular multiplication over P-192 by a factor of 17%. In addition, our modular multiplication is even faster than the Karatsuba multiplication (without reduction) which achieved a speed record for multiplication on AVR processor.

     

一种通用GF(2m)模乘加速器的快速实现

在椭圆曲线密码体制(ECC)中,有限域GF(2m)上模乘运算是最基本的运算,加速模乘运算是提高ECC算法性能的关键。针对不同不可约多项式广泛应用的现状,提出了一种通用GF(2m)模乘加速器设计方案。该加速器通过指令调度的方式,能快捷地完成有限域上模乘运算。实现结果表明,该设计完全适用于智能卡等应用要求。     

GF(p)上椭圆曲线密码的并行基点选取算法研究

提出一种GF(p)上椭圆曲线密码系统的并行基点选取算法,该算法由并行随机点产生算法和并行基点判断算法两个子算法组成,给出了算法性能的理论分析和实验结果.结果表明:各并行处理器单元具有较好的负载均衡特性;当执行并行基点判断算法,其标量乘的点加计算时间是点倍数计算时间的三倍时,算法的并行效率可达90%.因此该算法可用于椭圆曲线密码(Elliptic Curve Cryptography,ECC)中基点的快速选取,从而提高ECC的加/解密速度.     

抗能量攻击的新标量乘算法

标量乘算法是椭圆曲线密码中最基础也是最关键的运算,对整个密码体制的效率和安全性具有举足轻重的作用.在分析NAF(Non-Adjacent Form)标量乘算法和能量分析攻击基础上,综合考虑标量乘算法的速度和安全性,提出一种随机高效的ECC快速算法——改进的随机标量乘算法.与已有算法相比,该算法在保证同NAF等汉明重量的基础上,克服了由于引入随机变量所导致的冗余计算,实现了速度与安全的折中;也克服了NAF标量乘中需要预存储标量的不足,提高了存储效率.同时通过引入随进变量,每次产生不同的随机NAF表示,增强了抗SPA、DPA的攻击.