基于SMOS、SMAP数据的青藏高原季风及植被生长季土壤水分长消特征研究

青藏高原地理位置特殊、环境特征显著,是地球系统作用的关键参与和决策者。利用大尺度的星载微波遥感数据开展其土壤水分研究,不仅能为理解典型地区对全球水、气、能、热交互机制的量化影响提供理论支持,还能够为证实遥感数据的可靠性提供实践依据。以SMOS(2011—2020)和SMAP(2016—2020)卫星土壤水分数据为主,以ISMN实测数据、GPCP降水数据、MOD16A2蒸散发数据、C3S地表类型数据为辅,利用土壤水分(年均值,■与时间之间的相关系数(R_xt),研究青藏高原土壤水分在季风及植被生长季(7—9月)的时空分布及长消特征;进而利用偏相关系数(R_xy,z),初步分析了土壤水分与降水和蒸散发的耦合关系。结果显示,青藏高原土壤水分在时间上呈现先减(2011—2015年)后增(2015—2018年)随后波动变化(2018—2020年)的趋势,在空间上呈现自西北向东南逐渐升高的趋势;大部分地区的土壤水分与降水的耦合表现强于蒸散发;SMOS和SMAP对青藏高原土壤水分时空特征的捕捉具有较高的一致性。     

近30a内蒙古NDVI演变特征及其对气候的响应

以1982~2012年GIMMS NDVI 3g数据和同时期气象数据为数据源,借助于最大值合成法、趋势分析和相关性分析等方法,分析了近30a内蒙古NDVI的变化趋势及其对气候因子的响应机制。结果表明:近30a内蒙古NDVI在时空分布上整体呈增加趋势,仅在呼伦贝尔西南部、锡林郭勒盟西北部及乌兰浩特中部少部分区域NDVI呈减少趋势;内蒙古对全球气候变化响应显著,年均气温和年均降水量均呈增加趋势,年均气温变化率为0.2℃/10a,年均降水量变化率为-10.7mm/10a;NDVI与气温、降水的相关关系具有明显的空间差异性,17.6%的区域与降水量显著相关,仅有0.4%的区域与气温显著相关,且降水对NDVI的影响超过了气温对NDVI的影响。     

三江源蒸散发遥感估算及其时空分布特征研究

蒸散发是地表水热平衡的基本变量,也是衡量植被生长水分适应性的重要指标。针对三江源地面实测资料匮乏的现状,以MODIS系列产品为主要数据源,通过对地表温度—植被指数特征空间法的改进,在日尺度实现了该地区2011～2019年蒸散发的连续遥感估算,并进一步解析其时空变化特征与影响因子,揭示不同土地覆被类型的蒸散发差异,以期为三江源畜牧业可持续发展与生态环境保护提供支撑。对比分析表明：蒸散发的估算结果达到了现有遥感蒸散发产品的精度要求,可用于分析三江源地区蒸散发的时空变化特征。近9年,三江源蒸散发总体呈现先减少后增加趋势,多年平均值为420.04 mm;受海拔与降水控制,蒸散发空间分布异质性明显,从东南向西北逐渐减少;3 194～4 620 m海拔范围内,蒸散发随海拔高度增加呈单峰型变化,站点尺度年蒸散发与降水量之间的相关系数为0.71。虽然不同土地覆被分类系统下蒸散发的统计结果存在差异,但单位面积蒸散发具有林地>灌丛/灌木林>草地/草甸>裸土地/无植被区的明显特征,像元尺度多年平均蒸散发与植被覆盖度的相关系数高达0.77。     

中国西北地区植被时空演变特征及其对气候变化的响应

利用GIMMS/NDVI数据分析了1982~2006年我国西北地区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其对气温和降水变化的响应。结果表明：近25 a来,中国西北地区年均植被NDVI增速为0.5%/10a,7月、8月和10月份增加趋势最显著。天山、阿尔泰山、祁连山、青海的中东部等地区植被覆盖显著增加;青海的格尔木至玉树一线、陕西的南部地区、新疆的塔里木盆地、吐鲁番、塔河、托里等地区植被退化。植被覆盖与气温、降水的年际关系都呈弱的正相关。但年内关系则都呈显著的线性关系,植被覆盖随月均温升高而增加,当月均温超过20℃时,植被NDVI呈下降趋势;月降水量在0~100 mm之间,植被NDVI随降水呈线性增长,当月降水量超过100 mm之后,不再有明显的增长趋势。     

基于遥感的NDVI与气候关系图式研究

利用1983～1992年逐月的NOAA/AVHRR归一化植被指数（NDVI）数字影像，计算了中国NDVI动态变化与气温、降水变化的相关关系，在此基础上，分析了中国NDVI变化的区域分异规律，其结果表明：东北地区、内蒙东部以及青藏高原对降水的敏感度较高，而广大的华南平原、黄淮地区和新疆西部对气温的敏感度较高；我国陆地NDVI变化特征从东南到西北，呈现不同驱动因子及强度，且具有明显的地带状分布规律，经研究表明中国1983～1992年间NDVI变化空间差异存在气温、降水、气温降水共同驱动等3种变化图式，利用该图式可进一步表明中国NDVI变化气候驱动的区域差异规律。     

新疆北部植被生长季NDVI时空变化及其与冬季降雪的关系

植被是陆地生态系统最重要的组成部分,在调节陆地碳循环过程和气候变化中起着关键作用。冬季降雪为植被生长提供良好的水分条件,加强冬季降雪与植被关系研究具有重要的生态意义。利用1982~2013年GIMMS NDVI数据,基于趋势分析研究了北疆4~10月植被覆盖的时空变化特征,并结合WRF模拟冬季降雪数据,采用基于栅格的相关性分析方法,分析了各月NDVI对冬季降雪的响应及不同生态系统之间大小的差异。结果表明:(1)北疆地区4~10月NDVI总体呈增加趋势,增加区域主要位于农田地区和高海拔草地,但准噶尔盆地中东部地区呈减少趋势;(2)区域内冬季降雪基本呈环状分布,中部少、四周高,冬季降雪呈增加趋势;(3)冬季降雪与5、6月NDVI显著正相关的面积最大,且显著正相关区域主要位于准噶尔盆地的荒漠生态系统;(4)冬季降雪对整个研究区以及不同生态系统类型NDVI的影响具有显著的滞后性,对4~10月NDVI的影响均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且对6月NDVI的影响最大。     

黄土高原水储量的时空变化及影响因素

近年来黄土高原下垫面情况变化巨大,将多源数据应用于水储量变化研究可进一步揭示该区域水循环过程。利用GRACE数据研究了2003～2015年黄土高原地区陆地水储量变化(TWSC)的时空分布特征,结合大气环流数据、TRMM(3B43)降水、GLDAS蒸散发和MODIS地表温度数据分析了气候变化和人类活动对TWSC的影响。结果表明:①2003～2015年黄土高原TWSC整体表现为下降趋势,下降速率约为-5.16±1.51 mm/a,季节变化表现为秋季冬季夏季春季的下降趋势。②过去13 a黄土高原TWSC在空间上表现为自西向东减少,整体处于亏损状态,最小值可达-4.5 cm。③降水对黄土高原西南部、南部的TWSC有影响较大,地表温度对黄土高原东南部、东部的TWSC影响较大。④人类活动对山西和陕晋豫交界地带的TWSC影响较大。利用多源数据对比研究可以较准确地反映该区域水储量变化的时空分布情况,对水循环机理的进一步研究有较大帮助。     

中国西南山区GEOV1、GLASS和MODIS LAI产品的对比分析

叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)是表征植被生物物理变化和冠层结构特征的关键参数,目前存在多个全球范围、长时间序列LAI产品,对其进行验证是LAI产品应用的重要前提,然而目前山区的验证工作尤其少见。在我国西南山区选取6个典型样区,考虑山区复杂地形特征,从产品时空完整性以及对山区植被时空特征表征能力等方面对GEOV1、GLASS和MODIS LAI产品进行对比分析。研究结果表明:(1)相比于地形平坦地区,在山区随海拔和地形起伏度的增加,LAI产品时空完整性呈递减的趋势,其中,GEOV1LAI表现最差,MODIS LAI次之,GLASS LAI表现最好;(2)GLASS LAI和GEOV1LAI的空间分布合理且具有较好的一致性,MODIS LAI的空间分布和二者存在差异,3种LAI产品均难以准确反映山区植被垂直带谱的变化特征;(3)草地类型LAI产品间差值较小,林地和农作物GLASS LAI和GEOV1LAI产品一致性较好,MODIS LAI产品和二者存在较大的差异;(4)GLASS LAI时间序列曲线平滑且连续,GEOV1LAI存在时间不连续现象,MODIS LAI季相变化中的波动现象比较严重;各产品不仅难以准确反映冬季的常绿针叶林LAI,而且难以准确表征样区内农田作物轮作的物候信息。对比分析有助于发现LAI产品在山区存在的问题,并为今后LAI产品的算法改进提供帮助和参考。     

基于MODIS和AVHRR数据源的东北地区植被NDVI变化及其与气温和降水间的相关分析 

基于逐像元一元线性回归模型,应用MODIS NDVI数据对AVHRR-GIMMS NDVI进行时间序列拓展,拓展序列通过一致性检验,基于所建立的1982~2009年植被年最大NDVI数据集,在GIS平台上进行了植被NDVI变化和NDVI与年平均气温、年降水量之间的相关分析。研究结果表明:过去28 a间,植被年最大NDVI呈3个变化阶段:1982~1992年呈小幅上升趋势,1992~2006年呈缓慢下降趋势,2006~2009年呈缓慢回升态势。由空间变异分析得出NDVI变化相对大的区域主要分布在内蒙干旱和半干旱区。21世纪初和20世纪90年代相对于80年代NDVI值升高,3个阶段平均NDVI变化幅度为±0.3。 20世纪初,赤峰地区以及松嫩平原西部地区植被NDVI呈轻度增加的面积占全区6.45%。植被年最大NDVI与年平均气温、年降水量相关性空间差异明显。偏相关系数绝对值,气温大于降水的像元数占54%;综合分析,较降水而言,气温是东北全区植被年最大NDVI的主控影响因子。对于不同植被类型年最大NDVI,受气温影响强度由大到小依次为:森林>草地>沼泽湿地>灌丛>耕地;受降水影响按草地>耕地>灌丛>沼泽湿地>森林依次减弱。     

星载激光雷达在青藏高原湖泊变迁中的应用研究

基于ICESat GLAS数据,结合气温和降水地面观测数据,利用ANUSPLINE空间内插法和Theil-Sen’s中值斜率法,分析探讨HY 2003~2010年青藏高原湖泊水位变化特点及其对气候变化的时空响应特征。结果表明:青藏高原大部分湖泊水位集中在4 500~5 000m,主要分布在青藏高原的中部和西部地区,该地区湖泊水位变化十分剧烈,部分湖泊水位上升十分明显。高原南部的打加错、羊卓雍错和高原西部的班公错的湖泊水位下降趋势显著。同时,不同流域的湖泊水位随着气温和降水的变化而呈现出不同的变化趋势,湖泊水量的增加除依靠降水的直接补给外,也会受由温度变暖引起的积雪融水增加的影响。     

A Breakpoints based Spatio-temporal Analysis of Tibetan Plateau Vegetation

Due to the fragile ecosystem and unique geographical environment on the TP，the vegetation strongly responds to climatic shifts.Therefore，it is of great significance to discuss the spatiotemporal trend shift of vegetation，to evaluate the climate change of the plateau and to predict regional ecological development.Using the GIMMS NDVI3g dataset from 1982 to 2012 to extract the NDVI information of the TP，as well as establishing seasonal trend model to classify research through the seasonal trend analysis and breakpoints detection method，reveals the spatiotemporal pattern of the trend shifts of plateau vegetation at both ends of the breakpoints combining the classification of land cover.The results shows that conclusions.(1) The seasonal trend model can effectively identify the breakpoints of vegetation time series，moreover the time span of the breakpoints were large and the spatial heterogeneity were strong.(2) The trend of vegetation degeneration in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau was small，vegetation degeneration in the south and northeast regions was obvious，and vegetation in the central and eastern regions has improved.58.93% of the vegetation status tends to be stable.The area where the vegetation status changes significantly accounts for about 32.3% of the entire plateau.(3) In the area where the vegetation status is generally or significantly changed，the vegetation improvement of monotonous trend and interruption trend were more than that of degradation，and the degenerative situation in the reverse trend were more than the improvement.Monotonous trend changed in 3.14% of the regions，58.36% of the regions occurred interruption trend changes，and 38.50% of regions occurred reverse trends.The time distribution of the monotonous trend and the interruption trend were more concentrated，while the reverse trend covered the entire time series.(4) The vegetation improvement and degradation in different land cover types were various conditions.The type with the highest rate of improvement was desert(53.30%)，and the type with the highest rate of degradation was sparse vegetation(60.14%).Overall，the vegetation in Tibetan plateau tends to be greening，but the spatial heterogeneity remains significant.     

基于SEBS模型的藏北那曲蒸散量研究

SEBS模型为研究高原非均匀地表区域蒸散量估算提供了一种新的方法,为高原气象台站稀少地区蒸散量变化研究提供一定的参考依据。应用SEBS模型,利用MODIS遥感数据反演所需的地表物理参数(如反照率、比辐射率、地表温度和植被覆盖度等),再结合气象站地面观测数据,包括温度、相对湿度、风速、气压等,对藏北那曲地表能量通量和蒸散量进行估算;最后分析了蒸散量与气象因子、NDVI之间的关系。结果表明:2010年藏北那曲蒸散量呈春夏季高,秋冬季低的变化趋势,蒸散量较大区域为研究区南部、东北部和区域内的水体;中部和西北部地区蒸散量较小。气温和地表温度对蒸散量的影响较明显,随着气温和地表温度的升高蒸散量不断增大,NDVI对蒸散量也有一定的影响。所以,SEBS模型在估算高原地区蒸散量方面具有一定的精度,可以满足区域日蒸散发估算的需要。     

Spatial and temporal precipitation patterns characterized by TRMM TMPA over the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and surroundings

Compared with traditional methods to investigate spatial and temporal precipitation patterns over mountainous regions with limited meteorological observations, satellite-based precipitation estimates provide much more information to aid in understanding spatial distribution and variability, especially on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions (TP), where the precipitation climate has been insufficiently documented so far. The monthly Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B43 V7 datasets, with high resolution (0.25°), were firstly applied in this study to investigate the spatial and temporal precipitation patterns over the TP, from 1998 to 2013. We found that the mean precipitation at the TP scale did not show clear trends at monthly, seasonal, or annual scales. We also found that precipitation over the TP shows different spatial variation trends at different temporal scales. For example, along the southern Himalayas, there is a clearly decreasing annual precipitation trend, with rates ranging from ?120 to ?20 mm/year, and the precipitation increases along the west coast of India to eastern Pamir, with rates larger than 20 mm/year. Another finding was that the precipitation climate over the TP is influenced by different atmospheric circulation patterns; the contribution of monthly and seasonal precipitation to total annual precipitation varies spatially. For instance, the annual precipitation along the southern Himalayas and the southeast TP mainly occurs in summer, and the northwest TP mainly receives precipitation in spring and winter.     

青藏高原融雪期积雪反照率特性分析

积雪反照率是影响地—气辐射能量平衡的重要地表参数之一。结合青藏高原的积雪消融特点，研究了2018年2~3月青藏高原28个观测点的反照率空间差异，并分析了影响反照率的表层积雪参数，结果表明：融雪期青藏高原的积雪反照率均值为0.72，高原东北部的青海地区观测点的反照率均值高于西藏南部地区，不同区域积雪反照率值内部差异不同；西藏南部地区的水汽来源和较快的积雪消融过程导致该区域反照率低于青海地区；地表被斑状雪覆盖的观测点具有较低的反照率值（小于0.5）；多云天气条件下，短时间的云层遮挡对反照率影响很小，积雪反照率几乎保持不变。     

青藏高原融雪期积雪反照率特性分析

积雪反照率是影响地—气辐射能量平衡的重要地表参数之一。结合青藏高原的积雪消融特点,研究了2018年2~3月青藏高原28个观测点的反照率空间差异,并分析了影响反照率的表层积雪参数,结果表明：融雪期青藏高原的积雪反照率均值为0.72,高原东北部的青海地区观测点的反照率均值高于西藏南部地区,不同区域积雪反照率值内部差异不同;西藏南部地区的水汽来源和较快的积雪消融过程导致该区域反照率低于青海地区;地表被斑状雪覆盖的观测点具有较低的反照率值（小于0.5）;多云天气条件下,短时间的云层遮挡对反照率影响很小,积雪反照率几乎保持不变。     

Satellite-based analysis of regional evapotranspiration trends in a semi-arid area

A regional framework for a spatial and temporal distributed assessment of time series trends in the hydrological variable and its related ecological factors of an arid area was presented in this research. To achieve this, we tested the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) algorithm for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) in regional scale and the result was further validated by water budget. The ET assessment was applied for the Yinchuan and Weining (YW) Plains (China), the upstream areas of the Yellow River. Moreover, we analysed the recent trends (from year 2001 to 2014) in actual ET, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), farmland and wetland using a combination of remote sensing and ground observations. The results illustrated that the yearly ET of 78% areas has no change during the study period and the areas with decreasing ET are larger than the areas with increasing trend. The highest decreasing rate is observed in urban areas and the value is –20 mm year^–1, while the rate of increasing trend is especially higher in the wetlands reaching around 60 mm year^–1. This phenomenon can be explained by changes in NDVI, farmland and wetland. The distribution and magnitude of NDVI trends shows that the higher NDVI (NDVI > 0.4) area is occupied 56% and the farmland (NDVI > 0.55) covered about 35% of the YW Plains. The increasing trends of mean NDVI is mostly observed in farmland and shrub covers, while the decreasing NDVI areas are mainly wetlands and urban area. The emerging image showed that the greening trend of vegetation and variation of evapotranspiration in the YW Plains are related to land-cover changes and to the adjustment of crop pattern for agriculture. The increasing of wetland area is also believed as a cause related to evapotranspiration change. Such spatiotemporally distributed analysis in regional level is important for water management at this scale, which can be also applied to other similar areas.     

北半球及典型区雪深时空分布与变化特征

基于欧空局的GlobSnow雪水当量数据集和国家青藏高原科学数据中心的北半球长时间序列雪深数据集NHSD研究了北半球及9个典型区的雪深时空分布与变化特征。结果表明：北半球1988~2018年平均雪深总体呈显著下降趋势（p<0.01）,年际变化幅度为-0.55 cm·（10 a）^-1。在高纬度地区,加拿大北部和阿拉斯加年平均雪深下降明显（p<0.01）,下降速率分别为3.48 cm·（10 a）^-1和3 cm·（10 a）^-1,两地区月平均雪深在冬季显著下降。西西伯利亚平原和东欧平原年平均雪深呈下降趋势,其中东欧平原雪深下降较为明显（p<0.01）,变化速率为-2.3 cm·（10 a）^-1,两地区的月平均雪深在春季显著下降,其中5月份最为明显。东西伯利亚山地的雪深年际变化呈增加趋势,除堪察加半岛外,其月平均雪深在冬季呈显著增加趋势。对于高山区,阿尔卑斯山脉和落基山脉的年平均雪深呈缓慢增长趋势,而青藏高原地区雪深呈缓慢下降趋势。阿尔卑斯山脉的月平均雪深在冬季呈显著增加趋势,5月份显著减小。落基山脉和青藏高原雪深变化呈现出空间异质性：在整个研究时段,落基山脉北部月平均雪深呈下降趋势,中部和南部呈上升趋势;青藏高原的北部边缘山脉雪深呈显著上升趋势,中部大多数地区呈下降趋势。喜马拉雅山脉的北坡雪深增加,南坡雪深减小,但其变化率绝对值小于0.5 cm·a^-1。东南部雪深较大的念青唐古拉山脉冬季雪深呈显著下降趋势。对9个典型区雪深的年内分析（2001~2010年平均值）结果显示：高山区雪深峰值远低于高纬度地区雪深峰值。除青藏高原外,高山区的积雪融化起始日期明显早于高纬度地区。     

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Vegetation Phenology with Multiple Methods over the Tibetan Plateau based on MODIS NDVI Data

In the context of global climate change,vegetation phenology analysis based on remote sensing has become an critical method for studying the characteristics of physical and physiological changes of vegetation.This paper uses the MODIS NDVI time\|series data of 96 meteorological stations over the Tibetan Plateau during 2000\|2014 to explore the development trend of vegetation phenological and geographical environment factors of each meteorological station,typical vegetation coverage and the whole plateau region.Firstly,using three cubic spline function method (Spline),double logistic function method(D\|L)and singular spectrum analysis (SSA),NDVI time\|series data is reconstructed,then using the derivative method (Der)and threshold method (Trs),the key parameters of phenological information is extracted,after that differences and application conditions between the six methods are analyzed and compared.Secondly,using M\|K test trend analysis method,the phenological development trend of each site and area were calculated,the relationship between phenological development trend and altitude,precipitation,temperature is studied.Finally,by the Growing season length(GSL)obtained by temperature threshold method,LOS is compared and verified.in grassland and forest land cover types,SSA,Spline,D\|L combined with threshold method to get the Start of Season(SOS),end of season(EOS),Length of season (SOS)respectively is a good combination strategy.(2)The spatial differences of various phenological parameters extracted by different methods are large,and the trend is relatively consistent at small scales.Southeast humid and semi\|humid shrub steppe region and northwestern desert steppe in the Tibetan Plateau,SOS and EOS delayed,but LOS prolonged;southwestern humid region,SOS and EOS delayed,LOS shortened;widely distributed grassland,the phenological parameters did not show significant tendency.(3)Temperature is related to the development trend of phenological parameters.With temperature increasing,the phenomena of SOS advance,EOS lag are presented.Because of the complexity of the plateau landform and climate,there was no significant relationship between phenological development trend for most of the site with the altitude and precipitation,only a few sites have strong correlation,the correlation between GSL and LOS also showed similar characteristics.For remote sensing based phonological analyses,our study identify there is no method existing here that is a adaptive across all the Tibetan Plateau.in addition,at point scale the phenological parameters do not represent a significant earlier or later trend.     

Analysis of the Spatio-temporal Variation in FPAR of the Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2015

The absorbed and utilized Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation(FPAR) reflects the capacity of carbon fixation and oxygen release by vegetation, which may vary over space and time in large scale. Analysis of spatial-temporal variation in FPAR is an important topic of plant ecology. Based on GIMMS NDVI3g (1982~2015) and MODIS NDVI (2001~2015) data in the Tibetan plateau, here we used the nonlinear, semi-theoretical and semi-empirical models to inverse and analyze the spatial and temporal variation in FPAR. The results showed that (1) The spatial distributions of FPAR derived from GIMMS NDVI3g and MODIS NDVI were highly consistent, with the correlation coefficient being 0.82 (P<0.01). The area in which the trends of inter-annual change in the two inversion data were consistent for at least 6 years made up 80% of the studying area. (2) FPAR in Tibetan Plateau was greatly affected by slope and altitude. Changes in FPAR were fastest at slopes of 15~35 degrees and highest at altitude of 700~2 100 m. The effect of slope direction on FPAR was limited. There was little difference in FPAR among different slope directions except for the south where the FPAR was relatively lower. (3)The FPAR data from 1982 to 2015 demonstrated seasonal variation. The inter-annual variation in FPAR was most significant in winter, in which FPAR in about 78.5% of the area increased. FPAR declined most significantly in the fall. (4) FPAR derived from both the MODIS NDVI and GIMMS NDVI data demonstrated a small, temporary decline in 2012. The trend of inter-annual variation in FPAR was largely different among different vegetation types. In conclusion, the FPAR data from 1982 to 2015 in the Tibetan plateau demonstrated both spatial and seasonal variation, which may have important implications for further studies concerning climate and environmental changes in the region.     

青藏高原1982~2015年FPAR时空变化分析

植被吸收利用太阳光合有效辐射比率反映了植被固碳释氧能力,根据青藏高原GIMMS NDVI3g（1982~2015年）和MODIS NDVI（2001~2015年）数据,采用非线性半理论半经验模型进行FPAR反演及时空变化分析。结果表明：①2001~2015年GIMMS NDVI3g和MODIS NDVI反演FPAR在空间分布上具有较高的一致性,相关系数为0.82（P<0.01）,年际变化趋势一致至少6年的区域占80%;②青藏高原FPAR受坡度和海拔影响较大,其中15~35坡度FPAR变化最快,700~2 100 m海拔区间FPAR值最大;不同坡向对应的FPAR除南坡方向偏低外其他方向差异不大。③1982~2015年青藏高原四季FPAR时空变化研究中,冬季FPAR年际变化最明显,约78.5%的区域表现为增长趋势;秋季FPAR下降区域最多,但超过71.5%区域变化不显著;④基于MODIS NDVI和GIMMS NDVI两数据反演的所有植被类型的FPAR都在2012年间出现小幅度下降趋势,且不同植被类型FPAR的年际变化趋势各不相同。