城市不透水面及其与城市热岛的关系研究—以泉州市区为例

利用Landsat TM卫星影像提取了泉州市1989到1996年的城市建成区不透水面,并研究了其与城市热岛之间的关系。根据Ridd(1995)提出的城市建成区不透水面与植被覆盖度有很强的负相关关系的思想,先利用归一化植被指数求出泉州市建成区的植被覆盖度,进而提取了泉州市建成区的不透水面。通过比较所提取的两个时相不透水面信息,可以看出泉州市区不透水面的面积在7年里有了明显的增加,并主要沿研究区东南部扩展。通过将所提取的不透水面信息与利用TM6波段反演的地表温度进行相关分析,可发现二者之间存在着明显的正相关关系。     

通过不透水面聚集密度法提取城市建成区

针对已有基于不透水面提取城市建成区的方法无法保证建成区连续性的问题,提出了一种基于对象不透水面聚集密度的城市建成区提取方法。该方法计算了不透水面聚集密度并进行分级,提取聚集程度高的区域为输入对象,并将被建成区完全包围的绿地水体也包含在内;利用长时序遥感影像建成区提取结果,使用城市空间形态扩展指标对济南市1997—2017年城市时空演化特征进行分析。结果表明,该方法提取精度达到93.5%,能准确刻画出城市形态,保持建成区的完整性;1997—2017年间,济南市建成区面积不断扩张,扩张速度与强度分别达到10.48km²/a、0.32%,呈现带状轴向扩展模式;1997—2013年,建成区扩展的不规则程度在逐年减少,2013年以后建成区形状变得复杂。     

城市混合像元分解中土壤与不透水面纯像元选取方法的对比研究——以厦门为例

近年来混合像元分解在城市地表组分监测与分析中的应用逐渐成为城市遥感的一个热点。纯像元的选取是混合像元分解过程中的重点和关键所在。以沿海城市厦门为研究对象,根据不同的土壤和不透水面纯像元选取规则,使用2组12种不同的纯像元选取方法对2007年1月8日TM影像进行混合像元分解,对分解结果的模型适宜度进行了比较,并使用2006年12月25日SPOT5高分辨率影像对分解结果的精度进行了比较和评估。结果表明:混合像元分解在纯像元选取时,S端元选取兼顾低反射率裸土和高反射率裸露基岩的纯像元可以整体提高分解的模型适宜度和分解精度;适度提高I分量纯像元中高反射率纯像元的比例有助于改善整体尤其是S、W分量的分解效果。     

一种不透水面精细制图新方法及其在城市SDGs指标评估上的应用

城市不透水面是城市化程度的重要指示器,也是城市环境的重要敏感因子.联合国提出的城市可持续发展SDG11.3.1指标——城市土地使用率与人口增长率之比(LCRPGR)需要有效监测土地城镇化与人口城镇化关系.针对其监测与评估中高分辨率和高精度城市用地产品缺失,以及低纬度地区城市可持续发展研究较少的问题.基于Google E...     

基于RS和GIS的城市扩展特征及驱动机制差异性分析——以南通地区为例

以多期遥感影像为主要数据来源,结合社会经济数据,采用景观指数分析了区域内7个县市(含南通市)的城市扩展时间特征,通过城市建设用地重心的转移,研究了不同阶段城市扩展的空间特征,并运用逐步回归方法对比分析了城市扩展驱动机制的差异性。结果表明：南通地区城市发展经历了由点到面、由分散到集中的过程。时空和重心转移分析将区域内城市分为4类：第1类是南通市,保持了较快的扩展速度和最大的扩展面积,主要沿长江沿岸扩展。第2类是海安和如皋,在过去30 a具有最快的城市扩展速度,并且有相向发展、相互融合的趋势。第3类是如东、海门和启东,城市规模较小,扩展速度较慢,但小城镇建设突出。第4类是通州(2009年改为通州区),受到南通市发展的影响,城市规模最小,扩展速度最慢。第1类和第2类城市扩展主要受到政策和人口增长的影响,而第3类和第4类城市扩展受经济发展和人均收入增加影响更为显著。     

基于地表不透水特征的局地暴雨内涝灾害风险等级制图及分布特征分析——以天津主城区为例

城市局地暴雨内涝风险等级识别和制图对于防范洪涝灾害风险及提升韧性城市人居环境具有重要的科学意义。文章以天津市主城区为例,利用融合高精度的地表不透水特征数据的土壤保持服务-径流曲线数模型(soil conservation service-curve number, SCS-CN),分析了城市地表径流状况、地势状态和汇流的分布特征,从而识别不同下垫面特征的暴雨洪灾风险的特征。结果表明：天津市主城区暴雨内涝灾害风险区呈现中心城区聚集、环城四区分散的环状分布格局,暴雨内涝灾害区多分布在高密度不透水和建筑的老旧城区以及商业圈,城市高产流区主要分布在和平区、南开区以及河东区;城区内部的公园绿地通过植物冠层的截留和土壤下渗可以减低内涝灾害发生的风险。当发生大规模降雨时处在地势低洼的立交桥也是内涝灾害发生的热点区,地表产流高风险区是天津主城区暴雨内涝灾害风险区的主导类型。在城市发展规划中需加强中心城区绿化基础设施建设,提升韧性城市和人居环境。     

基于遥感数据SOFM 网络分类结果的城市增长潜力模型研究——以北京1994～2003年城市扩展为例

在长时间序列多光谱遥感数据和高精度自组织神经网络分类方法的支持下, 对北京地区1994～ 2003 年城市化的基本过程进行了分析和研究, 5 种地物分类结果表明: 北京近10 年来城市扩展基本是以老城为中心围绕环线不断向外围扩展, 呈现一个中心多个环线的发展趋势。在此基础上建立了潜力模型, 计算潜力指数和生成潜力指数图, 潜力指数图呈现从四环以内向外围环线不断递增的趋势, 说明北京市发展主要是农业用地发展为城市用地类型, 这与北京北部2000 年～ 2003年航空照片反映的变化规律一致, 同时还介绍了利用潜力指数对2003 年～ 2012 年城市增长潜力的预测分析。     

基于SLEUTH模型的城市增长模拟研究——以长沙市为例

元胞自动机具有模拟二维空间演化过程的能力,并且在时间上也是离散的,因此具有很强的时空动态性,它的这种特性使其模拟城市增长具有明显的优势。SLEUTH模型是元胞自动机模型的一种具体实现形式,通过介绍该模型的增长参数、增长规则以及校正过程,提出了可提高模拟精度的增长参数与增长规则改进方法。最后基于GIS方法和遥感数据源,将该模型应用于长沙市,重建了1996~2005年长沙市历史城市增长过程,预测了2010年长沙市城市增长情景,证明了SLEUTH模型模拟城市增长的可行性。     

哈尔滨城乡梯度建设用地结构变化及不透水面遥感监测分析

在快速城镇化背景下,客观掌握城市扩张进程中的城乡建设用地及内部不透水面变化特征,有利于优化大都市城乡用地结构及空间融合发展。基于城乡建设用地及不透水面遥感监测数据集,应用空间分析模型,对哈尔滨2000~2015年城乡建设用地规模、结构及内部不透水面时空演变特征进行分析,探究城市扩张格局、区位差异、建设用地利用强度及城乡之间的差异。结果表明：①2000年以来城乡建设用地快速扩张了158.32 km²,年变化率和动态度均呈先增大后减小趋势;从城市核心区至远郊区方向其扩张规模依次增大,建设重点不断向城市周边推移,呈现出较明显的空间异质性;②城镇建设用地和独立工矿用地面积及占比逐年增加,扩张来源均以耕地为主;农村居民点占比降低了13.14%,城乡建设用地结构特征发生了较明显变化;③2000~2015年城乡建设用地内部不透水面面积和比例分别增加了145.32 km²和10.04%,城镇建设用地利用强度已达到较高水平,农村居民点用地利用强度快速提高,城市和农村之间的差距不断缩小;自城市核心区至远郊区方向不透水面比例不断降低,可利用潜力越大,不透水面面积增量、比例增量、比例增长率及扩张强度大体呈增加趋势,不透水面与城乡建设用地规模变化趋势相近,可在一定程度上揭示城市扩张轨迹。     

基于多源时空信息的西宁和拉萨近70年来城市扩展过程重现及地表覆盖变化分析

西宁和拉萨城市作为青藏高原人类活动的热点地区,其发展历程对青藏高原社会经济发展具有重要影响。研究基于遥感影像、城市规划图和历史地图等资料重建了西宁和拉萨城市1949基准年、1978基准年、1990年、2000年、2010年和2018年城市扩展及2000年以来城市不透水层和绿地空间组分数据,分析了1949基准年以来西宁和拉萨主城区城市扩展的时空特征,揭示了社会经济因素和政策因素对城市土地利用/覆盖变化的影响。研究结果表明：(1)新中国成立以来,西宁和拉萨主城区持续扩展,均呈现非线性的增长态势,城市土地面积分别从1949基准年的1.98 km²和1.10 km²增长到2018年的75.65 km²和76.04 km²;西宁主城区城市扩展呈现十字状的扩展态势,拉萨呈现出圈层外延式的扩展模式;(2)自2000年来,西宁和拉萨城市绿化水平显著提升。2000～2018年,西宁和拉萨城市不透水层面积分别从36.91 km²和21.56 km²增加到55.34 km     

Effects of urbanization on the aquatic fauna of the Line Creek watershed, Atlanta—a satellite perspective

Impervious surface area (ISA) was derived for a period from 1979 to 1997 from Landsat MSS and TM data for the Line Creek watershed that lies to the south of the city of Atlanta, GA. The change in ISA is presented as an ecological indicator to examine the cumulative water resource impacts on mussel population in three sub-watersheds of Line Creek—namely, Line, Flat, and Whitewater creeks. The satellite analysis shows that ISA expansion occurred substantially from 1987 to 1997 and is predominantly in industrial, commercial, and shopping center (ICS) complexes but also in smaller lot-size residential development. Evidence of mussel habitat degradation is indicated and loss of species (in the region of 50 to 70%) is present in areas where ISA expansion is observed—specifically in ICS complex development in and around Peachtree City that drains directly into the Line and Flat creeks. This is in marked contrast to Whitewater Creek where overall development of ISA is less and no major loss of mussel species is observed.     

An analysis of urban thermal characteristics and associated land cover in Tampa Bay and Las Vegas using Landsat satellite data

Remote sensing data from both Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 systems were utilized to assess urban area thermal characteristics in Tampa Bay watershed of west-central Florida, and the Las Vegas valley of southern Nevada. To quantitatively determine urban land use extents and development densities, sub-pixel impervious surface areas were mapped for both areas. The urban-rural boundaries and urban development densities were defined by selecting certain imperviousness threshold values and Landsat thermal bands were used to investigate urban surface thermal patterns. Analysis results suggest that urban surface thermal characteristics and patterns can be identified through qualitatively based urban land use and development density data. Results show the urban area of the Tampa Bay watershed has a daytime heating effect (heat-source), whereas the urban surface in Las Vegas has a daytime cooling effect (heat-sink). These thermal effects strongly correlated with urban development densities where higher percent imperviousness is usually associated with higher surface temperature. Using vegetation canopy coverage information, the spatial and temporal distributions of urban impervious surface and associated thermal characteristics are demonstrated to be very useful sources in quantifying urban land use, development intensity, and urban thermal patterns.     

Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: A case study of Shanghai, China

Urbanization is taking place at an unprecedented rate around the world, particularly in China in the past few decades. One of the key impacts of rapid urbanization on the environment is the effect of urban heat island (UHI). Understanding the effects of landscape pattern on UHI is crucial for improving the ecology and sustainability of cities. This study investigated how landscape composition and configuration would affect UHI in the Shanghai metropolitan region of China, based on the analysis of land surface temperature (LST) in relation to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation fraction (Fv), and percent impervious surface area (ISA). Two Landsat ETM+ images acquired on March 13 and July 2, 2001 were used to estimate LST, Fv, and percent ISA. Landscape metrics were calculated from a high spatial resolution (2.5 × 2.5 m) land-cover/land-use map. Our results have showed that, although there are significant variations in LST at a given fraction of vegetation or impervious surface on a per-pixel basis, NDVI, Fv, and percent ISA are all good predictors of LST on the regional scale. There is a strong negative linear relationship between LST and positive NDVI over the region. Similar but stronger negative linear relationship exists between LST and Fv. Urban vegetation could mitigate the surface UHI better in summer than in early spring. A strong positive relationship exists between mean LST and percent ISA. The residential land is the biggest contributor to UHI, followed by industrial land. Although industrial land has the highest LST, it has limited contribution to the overall surface UHI due to its small spatial extend in Shanghai. Among the residential land-uses, areas with low- to-middle-rise buildings and low vegetation cover have much high temperatures than areas with high-rise buildings or areas with high vegetation cover. A strong correlation between the mean LST and landscape metrics indicates that urban landscape configuration also influences the surface UHI. These findings are helpful for understanding urban ecology as well as land use planning to minimize the potential environmental impacts of urbanization.     

Large-area assessment of impervious surface based on integrated analysis of single-date Landsat-7 images and geospatial vector data

Driven by a constantly accelerating increase of urban population in recent decades urban sprawl has become one of the most dynamic processes in the context of global land use transformations. The expansion of urban agglomerations is closely associated with a substantial increase of impervious surface. In Europe, methods for an accurate, fast and cost-effective mapping and assessment of impervious surface on a state-wide or national scale have not been established so far. This study presents an approach for estimating the impervious surface based on a combined analysis of single-date Landsat images and road network and railway vector data using Support Vector Machines and functionalities of geographic information processing. The modeling aims at the provision of data on the impervious surface for the total of residential, industrial and transportation-related areas. The derived information is provided for the administrative units of communities. The output of the procedure is a vector data file providing the ‘percent impervious surface of built-up areas’ (PIS_B) and the ‘percent impervious surface of the total of built-up and transportation-related areas’ (PIS_BT) for the administrative units of communities. The developed method is tested for a study area covering almost one third of the German territory. The results prove the suitability of the approach for a widely automated and area-wide mapping of impervious surfaces. Using reference data sets of three cities (Leipzig, Ludwigshafen, Passau) we realized a mean absolute error of 19.8% and an average error of 6.4% for the percent impervious surface modeled on the basis of the Landsat images. The final product resulting from a combination of the imperviousness raster derived from the satellite images with the transportation-related vector information showed a mean difference of 1% to 4% compared to corresponding reference data and results of previous studies. For the year 2000 our research shows that 45.3% of the area occupied by settlements and transport infrastructure in the German federal state of Bavaria, 44.6% in the state of Baden-Württemberg and 42.6% in the state of Saxony was covered by impervious surface.     

不同地表参数变化的上海市热岛效应时空分析

研究地表参数变化与热岛效应的关系对优化城市功能分区以及城市可持续发展具有重要意义。采用上海市2000、2005、2009年3个时期的Landsat ETM+卫星遥感影像,使用归一化不透水面指数(NDISI)、基于指数的植被指数(IVI)、归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)分别从遥感影像中提取不透水面、植被和水体;然后从时间、空间角度并采用回归分析方法分析了上海市地表参数在这9 a中发生的变化及其对城市热环境造成的影响。结果表明:9 a中城市不透水面面积大幅增加,不透水面增加的代价是植被和水体大范围减少,形成了城市的热岛。上海市整体热岛强度是先增强后缓慢减弱的趋势,且热岛分布从集中型向分散型发展。     

Assessments of urban growth in the Tampa Bay watershed using remote sensing data

Urban development has expanded rapidly in the Tampa Bay area of west-central Florida over the past century. A major effect associated with this population trend is transformation of the landscape from natural cover types to increasingly impervious urban land. This research utilizes an innovative approach for mapping urban extent and its changes through determining impervious surfaces from Landsat satellite remote sensing data. By 2002, areas with subpixel impervious surface greater than 10% accounted for approximately 1800 km², or 27 percent of the total watershed area. The impervious surface area increases approximately three-fold from 1991 to 2002. The resulting imperviousness data are used with a defined suite of geospatial data sets to simulate historical urban development and predict future urban and suburban extent, density, and growth patterns using SLEUTH model. Also examined is the increasingly important influence that urbanization and its associated imperviousness extent have on the individual drainage basins of the Tampa Bay watershed.     

Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis

Estimating the distribution of impervious surface, a major component of the vegetation-impervious surface-soil (V-I-S) model, is important in monitoring urban areas and understanding human activities. Besides its applications in physical geography, such as run-off models and urban change studies, maps showing impervious surface distribution are essential for estimating socio-economic factors, such as population density and social conditions. In this paper, impervious surface distribution, together with vegetation and soil cover, is estimated through a fully constrained linear spectral mixture model using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data within the metropolitan area of Columbus, OH in the United States. Four endmembers, low albedo, high albedo, vegetation, and soil were selected to model heterogeneous urban land cover. Impervious surface fraction was estimated by analyzing low and high albedo endmembers. The estimation accuracy for impervious surface was assessed using Digital Orthophoto Quarterquadrangle (DOQQ) images. The overall root mean square (RMS) error was 10.6%, which is comparable to the digitizing errors of DOQQ images. Results indicate that impervious surface distribution can be derived from remotely sensed imagery with promising accuracy.