高碳Cr—Mo—W钢M／B复相组织疲劳行为研究

用紧凑拉伸试样测定了65Cr5Mo3W2VSiTi(LM2)钢不同贝氏体量和不同回火温度的M/B复相组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,根据试验数据估算了各工艺的疲劳门槛值。结果表明,LM2钢M/B复相组织的疲劳裂纹扩展属非连续扩展机制,疲劳裂纹微观扩展速率的计算值和宏观扩展速率的实测值相近     

Fatigue crack propagation of super duplex stainless steel with dispersed structure and time-frequency analysis of acoustic emission

The fatigue crack propagation of super duplex stainless steel was investigated for the effect of various volume fractions of the austenite phase by changing the heat treatment temperature. We also analyzed acoustic emission signals obtained during the fatigue crack propagation by the time-frequency analysis method. As the temperature of the heat treatment increased, the volume fraction of austenite decreased and coarse grain was obtained. The specimen treated at 1200 had a longer fatigue life and slower rate of crack growth. Results of time-frequency analysis of acoustic emission signals during the fatigue test showed the main frequency of 200-300 kHz to have no correlation with heat treatment and crack length, and the 500 kHz signal to be due to dimples and separation of inclusion.     

FATIGUE FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF LOW CARBON MARTENSITE AND MARTENSITE/BAINITE DUPLEX STRUCTURE IN STEEL 20CrMnMo

Fatigue crack propagation rate,da/dN,and threshold stress intensity range,ΔK_(th),of steel20CrMnMo containing low carbon martensite or low carbon martensite/bainite(LCM/B)duplex structure,obtained by oil quenching and austempered at 360℃,have been measuredusing specimens under four-point bending.Observation was also made of the crack path andfracture morphology with relation to microstructure.The formation of LCM/B duplexstructure,which caused by 20% lower bainite after short-time isothermal treatment,may re-markably increase ΔK_(th)and considerably decrease da/dN.The effect of microstructure onda/dN and ΔK_(th)was discussed with the emphasis on the crack propagation path.     

Sintered stainless steels: Fatigue crack propagation resistance under hydrogen charging conditions

Monophasic and multiphasic (two and three phases) sintered stainless steels were prepared both considering premixes of AISI 316LHC and AISI 434LHC stainless steels powders and using a prealloyed duplex stainless steel 25% Cr, 5% Ni, 2% Mo powder. Their fatigue crack propagation resistance was investigated both in air and under hydrogen charging conditions (0.5 M H₂SO₄ + 0.01 M KSCN aqueous solution; applied potential = −700 mV/SCE), considering three different stress ratios (R = 0.1; 0.5; 0.75). Fatigue crack propagation micromechanisms were investigated by means of fracture surface scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.For all the investigated sintered stainless, fatigue crack propagation resistance is influenced by hydrogen charging and an increase of crack growth rates dependent on the steel microstructure is obtained. Experimental results also allow to identify the sintered stainless steel obtained from the prealloyed 25% Cr, 5% Ni, 2% Mo powder as the most resistant to fatigue crack propagation in air and under hydrogen charging conditions.     

高速列车车轴用EA4T钢腐蚀疲劳性能研究

目的 研究腐蚀环境中EA4T车轴钢疲劳性能,为车轴的腐蚀检测和使用寿命评估提供依据.方法 采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机,在人造雨水模拟的腐蚀环境和空气环境中,对EA4T车轴钢试样进行疲劳试验,以获得不同环境下试样的疲劳S-N曲线、表面损伤以及裂纹扩展规律.然后对扩展裂纹进行概率统计,通过扫描电镜对疲劳失效的断口进行观察,并分析对比不同环境中裂纹扩展门槛值的变化.结果 空气环境中,试样的疲劳极限为355 MPa,而在腐蚀环境中,试样不存在疲劳极限,107循环周次对应的疲劳强度降低到245 MPa,相比空气环境中降低了31％.Gumbel分布统计与Weibull双参数分布统计相比,更适合描述EA4T车轴钢试样表面腐蚀裂纹长度随加载次数的变化.腐蚀环境中,疲劳裂纹萌生于表面腐蚀坑,并存在多个裂纹源.腐蚀环境显著降低了试样裂纹扩展门槛值,空气环境下,该值为6.29 MPa·m1/2,腐蚀环境下降低到4.1 MPa·m1/2.结论 腐蚀环境降低EA4T钢疲劳寿命的主要原因是,腐蚀环境降低了裂纹扩展门槛值,加快了裂纹萌生以及短裂纹扩展.而当裂纹达到一定长度时,腐蚀环境对裂纹扩展几乎没有影响.     

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Gas Metal Arc Welded AISI 409 Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

The effect of filler metals such as austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, and duplex stainless steel on fatigue crack growth behavior of the gas metal arc welded ferritic stainless steel joints was investigated. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single ‘V’ butt welded joints. Center cracked tensile specimens were prepared to evaluate fatigue crack growth behavior. Servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine with a capacity of 100 kN was used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behavior of the welded joints. From this investigation, it was found that the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal showed superior fatigue crack growth resistance compared to the joints fabricated by austenitic and ferritic stainless steel filler metals. Higher yield strength and relatively higher toughness may be the reasons for superior fatigue performance of the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal.     

2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN新型叶片钢高频淬火后的显微组织与疲劳性能

为提高2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN马氏体不锈钢叶片的疲劳性能,对调质处理后的叶片刃口区进行了高频淬火处理,研究了高频淬火前后2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢的显微组织、残余应力分布和疲劳性能。结果表明:2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢高频淬火后显微组织中的原奥氏体晶粒和马氏体板条束都得到细化,没有明显的析出物,而未高频淬火的马氏体有较多窄条状M3C析出。2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN叶片高频淬火区表层层深0.1 mm以内主要为压应力,应力值约在-450 MPa^-20 MPa之间,且随层深增加而减小。高频淬火态2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值为6.75 MPa·m^1/2,高于未高频淬火态下的4.73 MPa·m^1/2,并且高频淬火态2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率低于未高频淬火态。这表明,高频淬火处理提高了2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN马氏体不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力和疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。     

Ti8LC低成本钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

采用双重退火对Ti8LC低成本钛合金进行热处理,测试其拉伸性能,并对其疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行研究,探索其疲劳断裂机制.结果表明,提高双重退火的第1次退火温度,强度略有升高,塑性降低.da/dN试样断口3个区特征明显:预裂区为解理断裂机制.稳态扩展区裂纹以条纹循环机制向前扩展,同时能观察到很多二次裂纹.快速扩展区的断口呈韧窝型断裂特征.该合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率对退火温度不敏感.     

喷丸强化残余应力对AISI304不锈钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

目的 探究喷丸强化残余压应力对AISI 304不锈钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律.方法 建立并联合紧凑拉伸(CT)试样三维有限元模型和对称胞元喷丸有限元模型,发展一套多步骤数值模拟方法.首先,建立AISI 304不锈钢CT试样的三维有限元模型,模拟不同外加交变载荷工况下的疲劳裂纹扩展过程.基于线弹性断裂力学理论,利用裂纹闭合技术,计算不同裂纹长度对应的应力强度因子范围,采用修正的Paris公式计算疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并通过试验数据对计算结果进行考核.其次,建立多弹丸分层逐次冲击靶面的对称胞元喷丸有限元模型,模拟100％和200％喷丸覆盖率下的残余应力场,并通过试验数据对该对称胞元喷丸有限元模型的有效性进行验证.最后,将喷丸强化诱导的残余应力场以读写外部文件的方式导入CT试样三维有限元模型,模拟在内部残余应力场和外部交变载荷共同作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为.结果 对于相同的喷丸工况,保持外加载荷比不变而减小最大外加载荷,或者保持最大外加载荷不变而减小外加载荷比,喷丸强化诱导的残余压应力对疲劳裂纹扩展的抑制作用愈加显著.对于相同的外加载荷工况,200％喷丸覆盖率工况比100％喷丸覆盖率工况更能有效降低AISI 304不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率.结论 喷丸强化诱导的残余压应力场能够有效抑制AISI 304不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展.     

Fatigue life prediction using two stage model for AISI 304L cruciform joints,with different fillet geometry,failing at toe

Abstract

Reports in the literature indicate that the fillet geometry affects the fatigue properties of cruciform welded joints in structural steels. In an attempt to study the above effect with respect to stainless steel sheet metal welded joints, load carrying transverse fillet welded cruciform joints having a two fillet geometry were fabricated from AISI 304L stainless steel using gas tungsten arc welding and gas metal arc welding with 308L electrodes. The objective of the present work is to predict the fatigue life of AISI 304L cruciform joints failing at the weld toe using a two stage model. The local stress life method was applied to calculate the fatigue crack initiation life, whereas the fatigue crack propagation life was estimated using fracture mechanics concepts. Constant amplitude fatigue tests with stress ratio R ~ 0 were carried out using a 100 kN servohydraulic Dartec universal testing machine at a frequency of 30 Hz. An automatic crack monitoring system based on crack propagation gauges was used to obtain the propagation data during the fatigue process. The predicted lives were compared with the experimental values.     

无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体复相高强度钢的组织与性能

阐述了新型Mn-Si-Cr系无碳化物贝氏体／马氏体(CFB／M)复相钢的组织与合金设计思想；研究了复相钢在空冷条件下的组织及其精细结构，并系统地总结了实验钢经不同温度回火后的力学性能．实验结果表明，复相高强钢在具有优良的强韧性能的同时，又具有较高的延迟断裂抗力和抗疲劳破坏能力，其强韧性的提高归于其独特的组织结构：贝氏体碳化物被薄膜状残余奥氏体所取代，大大改善了复相钢的回火稳定性和疲劳性能，稳定的残余奥氏体薄膜作为不可逆氢陷阱，并显著提高了钢的抗氢脆能力．     

5CrMnMo钢的热疲劳裂纹研究SCIEI

通过自制Coffin型及自约束型热疲劳试验机研究了5CrMnMc钢经不同热处理后的热疲劳行为。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜等揭示了热疲劳裂纹萌生及其扩展。结果表明,淬火态的5CrMnMo钢绝大多数热疲劳裂纹优先在晶界处萌生;淬回火态的试样裂纹主要萌生于碳化物与基体的脱开处,或形成晶界裂纹;无论是淬火或淬回火态的试样其热疲劳裂纹主要沿着碳化物与基体脱开处及晶界裂纹桥接而扩展。     

复相化钻杆在循环应力下断裂行为研究

采用疲劳试验、扫描电镜动态拉伸装置和透射电镜,研究了复相化钻杆的疲劳强度和在循环应力作用下裂纹萌生、扩展的特点,并分析讨论了显微组织对钻杆疲劳断裂行为的影响.研究结果表明：下贝氏体组织或下贝氏体/马氏体界面可使钻杆的显微断裂模式由沿晶＋穿晶断裂转变为穿晶断裂,增加了裂纹转折和二次裂纹,提高了材料的裂纹扩展抗力.在钻杆材料中引入适当比例的下贝氏体＋马氏体复相组织,明显增长了裂纹萌生周期,可使钻杆在机械性能相近情况下具有优于回火索氏体组织的疲劳性能.     

应力比对D36钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

采用三点弯曲实验研究应力比R对处于不同环境下的D36钢稳定裂纹扩展区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明,空气中应力比对pairs区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响不大,然而海水环境中,在中等△K值范围内,应力比对裂纹扩展速率影响较空气中明显,且其裂纹扩展速率随着应力比的增加而增大.这种现象产生的原因是氢脆作用随着应力比的增大显著增强.通过三电极体系在f=1 Hz,R=0.1条件下分别对试件施加-400,-600,-800,-1000和-1200 mV的电极电位.结果表明,强阴极极化 (-1200 mV) 和阳极极化 (-400 mV) 在一定△K范围内会加速裂纹扩展,综合得出该条件下腐蚀疲劳的阴极保护电位为-800 mV.而应力比为0.3和0.5时施加-800 mV的电极电位对材料的保护作用减弱.     

ADB610钢焊接接头概率疲劳裂纹扩展分析

采用焊条电弧焊方法对ADB610钢进行焊接,对焊接接头进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究其概率疲劳裂纹扩展规律.采用两步七点递增多项式拟合方法,计算了一系列相同裂纹长度下母材区、热影响区和焊缝区的对数裂纹扩展速率方差和存活率分别为50%,90%,95%,99%,99.9%的裂纹扩展速率.结果表明,总体上母材区的裂纹扩展分散性最小,热影响区其次,焊缝区分散性最大;而且总体上存活率相同时,在裂纹扩展的初期,母材区的裂纹扩展速率最快,焊缝区的裂纹扩展速率最慢;在裂纹扩展末期,三区域的裂纹扩展快慢相当;随着存活率增大,三区域裂纹扩展快慢差别不大时所对应的裂纹长度减小.     

稀土氮碳硼共渗对45钢疲劳性能的影响

研究了稀土氮碳硼共渗对45钢疲劳性能的影响。结果表明，稀土氮碳硼共渗处理后，45钢疲劳寿命显著提高，裂纹形成延迟，裂纹扩展速度降低。表面出现残余压应力和表面硬度提高是稀土氮碳硼共渗处理改善45钢疲劳性能的主要原因。     

Prediction of fatigue crack propagation life in notched members under variable amplitude loading

One of the interesting phenomenon in the study of fatigue crack propagation under variable amplitude load cycling is the crack growth retardation that normally occurs due to the application of a periodic overload. Fatigue crack growth rate under simple variable amplitude loading sequence incorporating period overloads is studied using single edge notched specimens of AISI304 stainless steel. Load interaction effects due to single and multiple overload have been addressed. Substantial retardation of fatigue crack growth rate is observed due to the introduction of periodic tensile overloads. Estimates of fatigue life have been obtained employing Wheeler model (using Paris and modified Paris equations) and Elber’s model. Analytical predictions are compared with experimental results. Results of these analytical fatigue life predictions show good agreement with the experimental fatigue life data. Fatigue crack propagation rates also have been evaluated from the fractographic study of fatigue striations seen on the fracture surface. Good agreement was found between the experimentally observed crack growth rates and the fatigue crack growth rates determined by the fractographic studies.     

Inclusion‐involved fatigue cracking in high temperature water

The nonmetallic inclusions in low‐alloy pressure vessel steel A533B were carefully examined and the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of the steel was investigated in 288°C air and water. Much attention was paid to the roles of inclusions on fatigue crack initiation and propagation in high temperature water. Three types of inclusions were observed in the steel, consisting of isolated or clustered sulfide inclusions, duplex oxide‐sulfide inclusions and isolated oxide inclusions. In high temperature air, fatigue cracks initiated predominantly from subsurface inclusions. In high temperature water, however, fatigue cracks initiated primarily at corrosion pits on the specimen surfaces resulted mainly from the dissolution of large or clustered sulfide inclusions. The subsurface and bulk inclusions also contributed to the fatigue cracking in high temperature water. Possible influence of the above three types of inclusions on environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) was evaluated. The fatigue fractographic features suggested a synergism between sulfide inclusions and hydrogen‐induced cracking dominate the present EAC in high temperature water.     

Transition of crack propagation from a transgranular to an intergranular path in an overaged Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during cyclic loading

The fatigue crack propagation behavior in the overaged Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The results revealed that a fatigue crack tended to transgranularly propagate in the near-threshold regime, whereas intergranular crack propagation was dominant at the high ΔK regime. The transition of crack propagation from a transgranular to an intergranular path that occurred in the Paris regime was strongly influenced by the misorientation of adjacent grains and precipitate free zones. In addition, a crystallographic model of crack propagation was proposed to interpret the transition. The fatigue short crack propagation on a single slip plane was responsible for the formation of a transgranular propagation path in the near-threshold regime. The fatigue long crack propagation, which was conducted by a duplex slip mechanism in the Paris regime, led to the formation of fatigue striations. The formation of a zigzag crack in the near-threshold regime was ascribed to the high misorientation of adjacent grains.     

不同类型碳化物在基体中的分布对高速钢轧辊性能的影响

通过对具有不同组织的两种进口高速钢轧辊及一种国产辊环进行冷热疲劳试验及摩擦磨损试验,研究了不同类型碳化物在基体中的分布对高速钢轧辊性能的影响。结果表明,在晶界处分布的大块未溶共晶碳化物周围容易萌生裂纹,且大块的未溶共晶碳化物在经过多次冷热疲劳循环后容易碎裂并脱落,在磨损过程中,大块未溶共晶碳化物同样容易发生碎裂及脱落现象,大大影响耐磨损性能;裂纹容易沿晶界处分布的碳化物扩展,且晶界处分布大块的未溶共晶碳化物或碳化物联结成网状容易促进裂纹的扩展;晶界处M2C型碳化物与晶界成一定角度分布,具有一定阻碍裂纹扩展的作用;不同类型碳化物在基体中的弥散分布对于提高其耐磨性能具有很大作用。